Kingdom of Serbia
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Kingdom of Serbia Краљевина Србија Kraljevina Srbija | |||||||||||
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1882–1918 | |||||||||||
Anthem: Боже правде parliamentary constitutional monarchy | |||||||||||
King | |||||||||||
• 1882–1889 | Milan I | ||||||||||
• 1889–1903 | Alexander I | ||||||||||
• 1903–1918 | Peter I | ||||||||||
Prime Minister | |||||||||||
• 1882–1883 (first) | Milan Piroćanac | ||||||||||
• 1912–1918 (last) | Nikola Pašić | ||||||||||
Legislature | National Assembly | ||||||||||
Historical era | |||||||||||
6 March 1882 | |||||||||||
• May Coup | 10 June 1903 | ||||||||||
30 May 1913 | |||||||||||
10 August 1913 | |||||||||||
20 July 1917 | |||||||||||
28 November 1918 | |||||||||||
21 December 1918 | |||||||||||
Currency | Serbian dinar | ||||||||||
ISO 3166 code | RS | ||||||||||
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Today part of | |||||||||||
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The Kingdom of Serbia (
In 1882, Serbia was elevated to the status of a kingdom, maintaining a foreign policy friendly to
History
Principality of Serbia
The
At first, the principality included only the territory of the former
In 1867 the Ottoman army garrisons retreated from the Principality, securing its de facto independence.[5] Serbia expanded further to the south-east in 1878, when it won full international recognition at the Congress of Berlin.
After the 1877–1878 expansion, in the new areas (present-day
Serbo-Bulgarian War, 1885
The Serbo-Bulgarian War erupted on November 14, 1885, and lasted until November 28 of the same year. The war ended in defeat for Serbia, as it had failed to capture the Slivnitsa region which it had set out to achieve. Bulgarians successfully repelled the Serbs after the decisive victory at the Battle of Slivnitsa and advanced into Serbian territory taking Pirot and clearing the way to Niš.
When
Balkan Wars and expansion
Negotiations between Russia, Serbia and Bulgaria led to the Serbian-Bulgarian Treaty of Alliance of March 1912, which aimed to conquer and to divide the Ottoman held Macedonia. In May, a Serbian-Greek alliance was reached and in October 1912, a Serbia-Montenegro alliance was signed.[10]
After the war started, Serbia, together with Montenegro, conquered Pristina and Novi Pazar. At the Battle of Kumanovo Serbs defeated the Ottoman army and proceeded to conquer Skopje and the whole of Kosovo vilayet. The region of Metohija was taken by Montenegro. At Bitola and Ohrid Serbian army units established contact with the Greek army. Populations of ethnic Serbs and Albanians tended to shift following territorial conquests. As a result of the multi-ethnic composition of Kosovo, the new administrations provoked a mixed response from the local population. Serbs considered this a liberation.[11]
On November 29, 1913, the
After the
The old disagreements regarding the territory of Macedonia among the members of the Balkan League and primarily Serbia and Bulgaria, led to the Second Balkan War. Here, Serbia, Greece, Romania, the Ottoman Empire, and Montenegro fought against Bulgaria in 1913.
The final borders were ratified at the Treaty of Bucharest of 1913. Serbia came to control the land which became known as Vardar Macedonia, and today stands independent as the Republic of North Macedonia but land-locked Serbia was prevented from gaining access to the Adriatic Sea by the newly established Principality of Albania.
As the result of these wars, Serbia's population increased from 2.9 million to 4.5 million and territory increased by 81%.
Assassination in Sarajevo
Economy
Transport
Serbia was geographically located in the path of several trade routes linking Western and Central Europe with Middle East.
Culture
The Kingdom of Serbia participated in the International Exhibition of Art of 1911, with a number of artists showing their work as a part of the Serbian pavilion, including Marko Murat, Ivan Meštrović, Đorđe Jovanović and other artists.[25]
See also
- History of Serbia
- Invasion of Serbia by Bulgaria during the First World War
References
- ISBN 9788671790680.
- ^ Ćirković 2004, pp. 143–148, 153–154.
- ^ Гавриловић 2014, pp. 139–148.
- ^ Rama 2019, p. 72:The outcome of this policy was that since the beginning of the war in 1876, according to, Braha and Brestovci, about 150,000 Albanians living there had been gradually expelled from the Serb state or emigrated from there
- ^ "The Republics of the Former Yugoslavia: Independent States or Yugoslav People?" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-27. Retrieved 2010-01-10.
- ^ Olivera Milosavljević; (2002) U tradiciji nacionalizma ili stereotipi srpskih intelektualaca XX veka o "nama" i "drugima"(in Serbian) p. 80; Helsinški odbor za ljudska prava u Srbiji [1] Archived 2022-10-06 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Geniş & Maynard 2009, pp. 556–557."Using secondary sources, we establish that there have been Albanians living in the area of Nish for at least 500 years, that the Ottoman Empire controlled the area from the fourteenth to nineteenth centuries which led to many Albanians converting to Islam, that the Muslim Albanians of Nish were forced to leave in 1878, and that at that time most of these Nishan Albanians migrated south into Kosovo, although some went to Skopje in Macedonia.
- ^ Daskalovski 2003, p. 19. "The Serbian-Ottoman wars 1877/1878, followed mass and forceful movements of Albanians from their native territories. By the end of 1878 there were 60,000 Albanian refugees in Macedonia and 60,000–70,000 in the villayet of Kosova. At the 1878 Congress of Berlin, the Albanian territories of Niš, Prokuple, Kuršumlia, Vranje and Leskovac were given to Serbia."
- ^ Stefanović 2005, pp. 469–470:Despite some voices of dissent, the Serbian regime 'encouraged' about 71,000 Muslims, including 49,000 Albanians, 'to leave'. The regime then gradually settled Serbs and Montenegrins in these territories. Prior to 1878, the Serbs comprised not more than one half of the population of Nis, the largest city in the region; by 1884 the Serbian share rose to 80 per cent. (..) The 1878 cleansing was a turning point because it was the first gross and large-scale injustice committed by Serbian forces against the Albanians. From that point onward, both ethnic groups had recent experiences of massive victimization that could be used to justify 'revenge' attacks. Furthermore, Muslim Albanians had every reason to resist the incorporation into the Serbian state.
- ISBN 9780199299058. Archivedfrom the original on 6 October 2022. Retrieved 4 May 2018 – via Google Books.
- ^ Malcolm, Noel (26 February 2008). "Is Kosovo Serbia? We ask a historian". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 1 September 2013.
- ISBN 9788639101947. Archivedfrom the original on October 6, 2022. Retrieved August 2, 2011.
На освојеном подручју су одмах успостављене грађанске власти и албанска територија је Де Факто анектирана Србији : 29. новембра је основан драчки округ са четири среза (Драч, Љеш, Елбасан, Тирана)....On conquered territory of Albania was established civil government and territory of Albania was de facto annexed by Serbia: On November 29 was established Durres County with four srez (Durres, Lezha, Elbasan, and Tirana)
- from the original on December 30, 2010.
Potom, 29. novembra 1912. formiran je Drački okrug u okviru kojeg su srezovi – Drač, Tirana, Elbasan i Lješ. ... On November 29, 1912 the Durres County was established and in it there were established the following districts – Durres, Tirana, Elbasan and Lezhe
- ^ "(HIS,P) Treaty of Peace between Greece, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Serbia on the one part and Turkey on the other part. (London) May 17/30, 1913". www.zum.de. Archived from the original on 6 April 2009. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
- ^ "The Treaty of London, 1913". www.mtholyoke.edu. Archived from the original on 1 May 1997. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
- ISBN 9780810874831. Retrieved 4 May 2018 – via Google Books.
- ISBN 0-19-926191-1
- PMID 9863416.
- ^ "Montenegrins' Effort to Prevent Annexation of Their Country to Serbia" (PDF). The New York Times. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
- ^ Serbs wipe out royalist party in Montenegro Archived 2010-03-02 at the Wayback Machine
- ISBN 9780415229470. Archivedfrom the original on 6 October 2022. Retrieved 4 May 2018 – via Google Books.
- ^ Sekelj, Laslo (1981). "ANTISEMITIZAM U JUGOSLAVIJI (1918—1945)". Rev. Za Soc. XI.
- .
- ^ History of Serbian railways Archived 2019-10-14 at the Wayback Machine at serbianrailways.com, retrieved 26-10-2018
- ^ Elezović, Zvezdana (2009). "Kosovske teme paviljona Kraljevine Srbije na međunarodnoj izložbi u Rimu 1911. godine". Baština. 27.
Sources
- ISBN 9781405142915.
- Гавриловић, Владан С. (2014). "Примери миграција српског народа у угарске провинцијалне области 1699–1737" [Examples of Serbian Migrations to Hungarian Provincial Districts 1699–1737]. Истраживања (in Serbian). 25. Филозофски факултет у Новом Саду: 139–148.
- Rama, Shinasi (2019). Nation Failure, Ethnic Elites, and Balance of Power: The International Administration of Kosova. Springer. ISBN 978-3030051921.
Further reading
- Babac, Dušan M. (2016). The Serbian Army in the Great War, 1914–1918. Solihull: Helion. ISBN 9781910777299.
- ISBN 9781405142915.
- Cox, John K. (2002). The History of Serbia. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313312908.
- Daskalovski, Židas (2003). "Claims to Kosovo: Nationalism and Self-determination". In Bieber, Florian; Daskalovski, Židas (eds.). Understanding the war in Kosovo. London: Psychology Press. ISBN 9780714653914.
- DiNardo, Richard L. (2015). Invasion: The Conquest of Serbia, 1915. Santa Barbara: Praeger. ISBN 9781440800924. Archivedfrom the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2019-04-27.
- Dragnich, Alex N., ed. (1994). Serbia's Historical Heritage. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780880332446. Archivedfrom the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2018-08-19.
- Dragnich, Alex N. (2004). Serbia Through the Ages. Boulder: East European Monographs. ISBN 9780880335416. Archivedfrom the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2018-08-19.
- Dvornik, Francis (1962). The Slavs in European History and Civilization. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
- Frucht, Richard, ed. Encyclopedia of Eastern Europe: From the Congress of Vienna to the Fall of Communism (2000) online Archived 2018-08-19 at the Wayback Machine
- ISBN 9780521274586. Archivedfrom the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2018-08-19.
- ISBN 9780521274593.
- Geniş, Şerife; Maynard, Kelly Lynne (2009). "Formation of a Diasporic Community: The history of migration and resettlement of Muslim Albanians in the Black Sea Region of Turkey". Middle Eastern Studies. 45 (4): 553–569. S2CID 143742189.
- Miller, Nicholas (2005). "Serbia and Montenegro". Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture. Vol. 3. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 529–581. ISBN 9781576078006. Archivedfrom the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2018-08-19.
- Radovanović, Bojan, and Mioljub Veličković. 110 years of the National Bank: 1884–1994: establishment and beginning of operation of the Privileged National Bank of the Kingdom of Serbia. National bank of Yugoslavia, 1994.
- Stefanović, Djordje (2005). "Seeing the Albanians through Serbian eyes: The Inventors of the Tradition of Intolerance and their Critics, 1804–1939". European History Quarterly. 35 (3): 465–492. S2CID 144497487.
- Rama, Shinasi (2019). Nation Failure, Ethnic Elites, and Balance of Power: The International Administration of Kosova. Springer. ISBN 978-3030051921. Archivedfrom the original on 6 October 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
- Reiss, Rodolphe Archibald. The Kingdom of Serbia, 1919.
- Šojić, Milan, and Ljiljana Đurđević. "Dinar Exchange Rate in the Kingdom of Serbia 1882–1914." The Experience of Exchange Rate Regimes in Southeastern Europe in a Historical and Comparative Perspective, ONB Workshop. No. 13. 2007.
- Stavrianos, L.S. The Balkans Since 1453 (1958), major scholarly history; online free to borrow
- Temperley, Harold W. V. (1919) [1917]. History of Serbia (PDF) (2 ed.). London: Bell and Sons.
Other languages
- ISBN 9782825119587. Archivedfrom the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2018-03-02.
- Đurović, Arsen (2004). Modernizacija obrazovanja u Kraljevini Srbiji: 1905–1914. Istorijski institut.
- Kostić, Đorđe S. (2006). Dobro došli u Srbiju: Kraljevina Srbija u nemačkim vodičima za putnike; 1892–1914. Evoluta.
- Nikolić, Pavle (2001). Ustav Kraljevine Srbije (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-02-02. Retrieved 2017-01-27.
- Vucinich, Wayne S. (1954). "Serbia between East and West: the events of 1903–1908". X. 9. Stanford University Press.
- Dokumenti o spoljnoj politici Kraljevine Srbije.
External links
Media related to Kingdom of Serbia at Wikimedia Commons