Overhead (business)
In business, overhead or overhead expense refers to an ongoing
Overheads are often related to accounting concepts such as fixed costs and indirect costs.
Overhead expenses are all costs on the income statement except for direct labor, direct materials, and direct expenses. Overhead expenses include accounting fees, advertising, insurance, interest, legal fees, labor burden, rent, repairs, supplies, taxes, telephone bills, travel expenditures, and utilities.[3]
There are essentially two types of business overheads: administrative overheads and manufacturing overheads.[4]
Administrative overheads
Administrative overheads include items such as utilities, strategic planning, and various supporting functions. These costs are treated as overheads due to the fact that they are not directly related to any particular function of the organization, nor do they directly result in generating any profits. Instead, these costs simply take on the role of supporting all of the business's other functions.[5]
Charities may refer to their administrative overheads as "core costs".[6]
Universities regularly charge administrative overhead rates on research. In the U.S. the average overhead rate is 52%, which is spent on building operation, administrative salaries and other areas not directly tied to research.
Examples
Employee salaries
This includes mainly monthly and annual salaries that are agreed upon. They are considered overheads as these costs must be paid regardless of sales and profits of the company. In addition, salary differs from wage as salary is not affected by working hours and time, therefore will remain constant.[10] In particular, this would more commonly apply to more senior staff members as they are typically signed to longer tenure contracts, meaning that their salaries are more commonly predetermined.[11]
Office equipment and supplies
This includes office equipment such as printer, fax machine, computers, refrigerator, etc. They are equipment that do not directly result in sales and profits as they are only used for supporting functions that they can provide to business operations.[12] However, equipment can vary between administrative overheads and manufacturing overheads based on the purpose of which they are using the equipment. For example, for a printing company a printer would be considered a manufacturing overhead.[13]
External legal and audit fees
This includes the cost of hiring external law and audit firms on behalf of the company. This would not apply if company has own internal lawyers and audit plans. Due to regulations and necessary annual audits to ensure a satisfactory work place environment, these costs often cannot be avoided. Also, since these costs do not necessarily contribute directly to sales, they are considered as indirect overheads. Although in most cases necessary, these costs can sometimes be avoided and reduced.[14]
Company cars
Many companies provide usage of company cars as a
Travel and entertainment costs
This will include company-paid business travels and arrangements. As well as refreshments, meals, and entertainment fees during company gatherings. Although one might argue that these costs motivate workers to become more productive and efficient, the majority of economists agree that these costs do not directly contribute to sales and profits, therefore shall be categorized as an administrative overhead.[16] Despite these costs occurring periodically and sometimes without prior preparation, they are usually one-off payments and are expected to be within the company's budget for travel and entertainment.[17]
Manufacturing overheads
Manufacturing overheads are all costs endured by a business that is within the physical platform in which the product or service is created. Difference between manufacturing overheads and administrative overheads is that manufacturing overheads are categorized within a factory or office in which the sale takes place.[18] Whilst administrative overheads is typically categorized within some sort of back-office or supporting office. Although there are cases when the two physical buildings may overlap, it is the usage of the overheads that separates them.[19]
Examples
Employee salaries
Although the general concept is identical to the example under administrative overheads, the key difference is the role of the employee. In the case of manufacturing overheads, employees would have roles such as
Depreciation of assets and equipment
This refers to the reduction in
Property taxes on production facilities
Every single
Rent of factory building
Unless the business decides to purchase land and build its own factory, it will be subject to some sort of rent due to the amount of capital required to build a privately owned factory. Therefore, this rent must be paid to the landlord on a regular basis regardless of the performance of the business. Although the rent for the building provides the physical platform for the company to produce its products and services, it is not a direct contributor.[25]
Utilities for factory
This would vary depending on how the
Application of business overheads
For most businesses, business overheads are calculated by accountants for budgeting purposes but also often so the business has an idea of how much they must charge consumers in order to make a profit. The following are common accounting tools which take account of business overheads.[29]
Break-even analysis
The
Shut-down graph
In economics, revenue curves are often illustrated to show whether or not a business should stay in business, or shut down. In theory, if a business is able cover variable
Activity-based costing
Activity-based costing (ABC) aims to reduce the proportion of costs treated as overheads by allocating costs to each activity involved in the production of a product or delivery of a service.[34]
Balance sheet
See also
References
- ^ "PMO and Project Management Dictionary - PM Hut". www.pmhut.com. Retrieved 2015-10-26.
- ^ a b "What is overhead? - Questions & Answers - AccountingTools". www.accountingtools.com. Retrieved 2015-10-26.
- ^ "Calculating overhead and price | Missouri Business Development Program". missouribusiness.net. Archived from the original on 2019-03-07. Retrieved 2015-10-26.
- ^ Cook ; Graser, Cynthia ; John (2001). The Effects of Lean Manufacturing. RAND Corporation. p. 103.
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Administrative Costs and Overhead". The Huffington Post. 2009-03-02. Retrieved 2015-10-26.
- ^ Charity Fundraising Ltd., Top Trusts and Foundations Supporting Core Costs, accessed 15 November 2023
- ^ Tracy Jan. Research giants win on federal funding: Fend off US bid to cut overhead payments. Boston Globe. March 18, 2013. https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/nation/2013/03/17/harvard-mit-and-other-research-schools-thwart-obama-administration-effort-cap-overhead-payments/Nk5PT0Mc8MQZihFVNs5gNK/story.html
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- ^ How Antiquated Accounting Costs American Science Millions a Year. ZME Science 3.9.2016.
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- ^ "Are Wages Paid to Temporary Personnel a Variable Cost?". Small Business - Chron.com. Retrieved 2015-10-26.
- ^ "Fixed Costs: Definition, Formula & Examples - Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.com". Study.com. Retrieved 2015-10-26.
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- ^ BARRETT JR., JOHN E. (2001). Putting a Price Tag on Perks: Valuing employee benefits. American Bar Association. p. 26.
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ^ "Chapter 46 Overhead Variances". www.unf.edu. Archived from the original on 2019-01-23. Retrieved 2015-11-01.
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Estimating Valuation". GnuCash. Retrieved 2015-11-01.
- ^ "Capitalization Period of Direct and Indirect Costs". www.irs.gov. Retrieved 2015-11-01.
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- ^ Ulrich ; Vasudevan, Gael D. ; PALIF T. (April 2006). "How to Estimate Utility Costs" (PDF). University of New Hampshire Press. Retrieved 2015-11-01.
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Saez, Emmanuel. "Externalities: Problems and Solutions" (PDF). 131 Undergraduate Public Economics. University of California Berkeley Press. Retrieved 2015-11-01.
- ^ Kim ; Ballard, Yong-Woo ; Glenn (August 2002). "OVERHEAD COSTS ANALYSIS" (PDF). University of Berkeley Press. Retrieved 2015-11-02.
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Break-Even Analysis Definition | Investopedia". Investopedia. Retrieved 2015-11-02.
- ^ Gallo, Amy (2015-06-22). "An HBR Refresher on Breakeven Quantity". Harvard Business Review. Retrieved 2015-11-02.
- ^ "Economics 201 Lecture 12" (PDF). people.oregonstate.edu. Oregon State University. Retrieved 2015-11-02.
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- ^ Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (2006), Activity Based Costing: Topic Gateway Series No. 1, accessed 25 February 2019
- ^ "The Balance Sheet: What Does It Mean? CDFS-1154". ohioline.osu.edu. Retrieved 2015-11-02.