Quality control
Quality control (QC) is a process by which entities review the quality of all factors involved in production. ISO 9000 defines quality control as "a part of quality management focused on fulfilling quality requirements".[1]
This approach places emphasis on three aspects (enshrined in standards such as ISO 9001):[2][3]
- Elements such as quack, job management, defined and well managed processes,[4][5] performance and integrity criteria, and identification of records
- Competence, such as knowledge, skills, experience, and qualifications
- Soft elements, such as personnel, team spirit, and quality relationships.
Inspection is a major component of quality control, where physical product is examined visually (or the end results of a service are analyzed). Product inspectors will be provided with lists and descriptions of unacceptable product defects such as cracks or surface blemishes for example.[3]
History and introduction
Early
The simplest form of quality control was a sketch of the desired item. If the sketch did not match the item, it was rejected, in a simple
Notable approaches
There is a tendency for individual consultants and organizations to name their own unique approaches to quality control—a few of these have ended up in widespread use:
Terminology | Approximate year of first use | Description |
---|---|---|
Statistical quality control (SQC) | 1930s | The application of statistical methods (specifically control charts and acceptance sampling) to quality control[8]: 556 |
Total quality control (TQC) | 1956 | Popularized by Armand V. Feigenbaum in a Harvard Business Review article[9] and book of the same name;[10] stresses involvement of departments in addition to production (e.g., accounting, design, finance, human resources, marketing, purchasing, sales) |
Statistical process control (SPC) | 1960s | The use of control charts to monitor an individual industrial process and feed back performance to the operators responsible for that process; inspired by control systems |
Company-wide quality control (CWQC) | 1968 | Japanese-style total quality control.[11] |
Total quality management (TQM) | 1985 | Quality movement originating in the United States Department of Defense that uses (in part) the techniques of statistical quality control to drive continuous organizational improvement[12] |
Six Sigma (6σ) | 1986 | Statistical quality control applied to business strategy;[13] originated by Motorola |
Lean Six Sigma (L6σ) | 2001 | Six Sigma applied with the principles of lean manufacturing and/or lean enterprise; originated by Wheat et al.[14] |
In project management
In project management, quality control requires the project manager and/or the project team to inspect the accomplished work to ensure its alignment with the project scope.[15] In practice, projects typically have a dedicated quality control team which focuses on this area.[16]
See also
- Analytical quality control
- Corrective and preventative action(CAPA)
- Eight dimensions of quality
- First article inspection (FAI)
- Good automated manufacturing practice(GAMP)
- Good manufacturing practice
- Quality assurance
- Quality management framework
- Standard operating procedure (SOP)
- QA/QC
References
- ^ ISO 9000:2005, Clause 3.2.10
- ^ Praxiom Research Group Limited (16 August 2017). "ISO 9001 Translated Into Plain English". Praxiom Research Group Limited. Retrieved 29 November 2017.
- ^ a b Aft, L.S. (1997). "Chapter 1: Introduction". Fundamentals of Industrial Quality Control. CRC Press. pp. 1–17.
- ^ Dennis Adsit (9 November 2007). "What the Call Center Industry Can Learn from Manufacturing: Part I" (PDF). National Association of Call Centers. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 July 2017. Retrieved 21 December 2012.
- ^ Dennis Adsit (23 November 2007). "What the Call Center Industry Can Learn from Manufacturing: Part II" (PDF). National Association of Call Centers. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 21 December 2012.
- ^ a b Shewhart, Walter A. (Walter Andrew); Deming, W. Edwards (William Edwards) (1939). Statistical method from the viewpoint of quality control. Washington: The Graduate School, The Department of Agriculture. pp. 1–5.
- ^ "Position Classification Standard for Quality Assurance Series, GS-1910" (PDF). US Office of Personnel Management. March 1983. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 21 December 2012.
- OCLC 32394752
- OCLC 1751795.
- OCLC 250573852
- OCLC 11467749
- OCLC 38475486,
The term total quality management, or TQM, has been commonly used to denote the system of managing for total quality. (The term TQM was actually developed within the Department of Defense. It has since been renamed Total Quality Leadership, since leadership outranks management in military thought.)
- ^ "What Is Six Sigma?" (PDF). Schaumburg, Illinois: Motorola University. 19 February 2010. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 24 November 2013.
When practiced as a management system, Six Sigma is a high performance system for executing business strategy.
- ISBN 9780971249103.
- ^ Phillips, Joseph (November 2008). "Quality Control in Project Management". The Project Management Hut. Retrieved 21 December 2012.
- ISBN 9781604271027.
- This article incorporates public domain material from Federal Standard 1037C. General Services Administration. Archived from the original on 22 January 2022. (in support of MIL-STD-188).
Further reading
- Radford, George S. (1922), The Control of Quality in Manufacturing, OCLC 1701274, retrieved 16 November 2013
- OCLC 1045408
- OCLC 1220529
- OCLC 33858387
- OCLC 567344