Panelház
Panelház (Short: panel) is a Hungarian term for a type of concrete block of flats (panel buildings), built in the People's Republic of Hungary and other Eastern Bloc countries.
It was the main urban
.According to the 2011 census, there were 829,177 panel apartments in Hungary (18.9% of the dwellings) that were home to 1,741,577 people (17.5% of the total population).[3] Panelház are not the only type of block of flats in Hungary; as of 2014, 31.6% of Hungarians lived in flats (according to data from Eurostat).[4]
History
After
The first, experimental panel residential building was built in
The structure of Hungarian cities in the immediate post-war period consisted of a historic core surrounded by mostly single-story buildings and workers' houses, predominantly on unpaved streets. The nationwide public housing program of the 1960s changed this.[7] The Communist government demolished the single-story buildings, replacing them with panel blocks. It also created new neighbourhoods on former farmland around the cities.[7]
Panel apartments provided their inhabitants with a real improvement in living conditions. Two and three-bedroom sunny apartments with district heating, piped hot water, and flush toilets replaced what had been predominantly one-bedroom dwellings without modern conveniences.[2][8][9] According to the 1960 census, one-bedroom flats made up 60% of the dwellings in Budapest; this had decreased to 25% in 1990. During this period, the share of dwellings with three or more bedrooms rose from 9% to 35%.[10][11] The last panel building was finished in 1993.[6]
The Hungarian government and local municipalities started renovation programs during the 2000s. These programs insulated the panel buildings, replaced the old doors and windows with multi-layer thermo glass, renovated the heating system, and gave the buildings more attractive exterior colours.[12]
These buildings still dominate the Hungarian cityscape. The share of panel dwellings is 31% in Budapest, 39% in Debrecen, 52% in Miskolc, 38% in Szeged, 42% in Pécs, 41% in Győr, 50% in Székesfehérvár and 60% in Dunaújváros.[3]
Former housing factories
City[1] | Plant | Start of working |
Technological equipment |
---|---|---|---|
Budapest | Budapesti I.sz. Házgyár (BHK I.) | 1965 | Soviet-Hungarian |
Budapest | Budapesti II.sz. Házgyár (BHK II.) | 1968 | Danish (Larsen-Nielsen)[13] |
Budapest | Budapesti III.sz. Házgyár (BHK III.) | 1970 | Soviet-Hungarian |
Budapest | Budapesti IV.sz. Házgyár (BHK IV.) | 1974 | Soviet-Hungarian |
Győr | Győri Házgyár (GyHK) | 1968 | Soviet, GDR and Hungarian |
Miskolc | Miskolci Házgyár (MHK) | 1969 | Soviet-Hungarian |
Debrecen | Debreceni Házgyár (DHK) | 1971 | Soviet-Hungarian |
Szeged | Szegedi Házgyár (SzHK) | 1972 | Soviet-Hungarian |
Veszprém | Veszprémi Házgyár (VHK) | 1975 | Soviet-Hungarian |
Kecskemét | Kecskeméti Házgyár (KHK) | 1976 | Soviet-Hungarian |
Former panel works
City[1] | Plant | Start of working |
Technological equipment |
---|---|---|---|
Dunaújváros | Dunaújvárosi Panelüzem | 1962 (shut down in 1982) | Hungarian |
Pécs | Pécsi Panelüzem | 1963 | Hungarian |
Szolnok | Szolnoki Panelüzem | 1969 (shut down in 1978) | Hungarian |
Békéscsaba | Békéscsabai Panelüzem | 1970 | Hungarian |
Szekszárd | Szekszárdi Panelüzem | 1972 | Hungarian |
Kaposvár | Kaposvári Panelüzem | 1973 | Hungarian |
Statistics
According to the 2011 census, there were 829,177 panel flats in Hungary (777,263 inhabited, 51,914 tenantless, 18.9% of the dwellings overall), of whom there were 548,464 flats (66.1%) in
Average floor space was 54 m2 for an LPS flat and 69 m2 for a PC flat in 2011, lower than the national average (78 m2).
The society of panel housing estates was heterogeneous until the privatization in the early 1990s (after the fall of the Communism), when the poor and the rich fled from these buildings, made them middle class characteristic.[16] The residents of panel buildings predominantly have an above-average level of education,[16] according to the 2011 census, 19.1% of the residents over 25 had Bachelor's degree or higher, while the national average was 17.3%.[17]
Largest panel housing estates
Lakótelep (housing estate)[18] | City | Flats | Inhabitants (person) |
---|---|---|---|
Újpest-Városközpont ("Újpest City Center") | Budapest | 16,832 | 36,000 |
Újpalota | Budapest | 15,886 | 33,000 |
Pécs-Kertváros ("Pécs Garden City") | Pécs | 15,856 | 35,000 |
Óbuda-Városközpont ("Óbuda City Center") | Budapest | 13,736 | 27,000 |
Békásmegyeri lakótelep ("Békásmegyer housing estate") | Budapest | 13,394 | 27,000 |
Füredi utcai lakótelep ("Füredi housing estate") | Budapest | 12,233 | 21,000 |
Kispesti lakótelep ("Kispest housing estate") | Budapest | 12,000 | 27,000 |
Avasi lakótelep ("Avas housing estate") | Miskolc | 11,498 | 40,000[19] |
Pécs-Uránváros ("Pécs Uranium City") | Pécs | 9,651 | 22,000 |
Tatabánya-Újváros ("Tatabánya New City") | Tatabánya | 8,862 | 20,000 |
Széchenyi város lakótelep ("Széchenyitown housing estate") | Kecskemét | 8,673 | 20,000 |
Other countries
- Khrushchyovka(Former Soviet Union)
- Panelák and Sídlisko (Czech Republic and Slovakia)
- Plattenbau(Germany)
- Systematization (Romania)
- Ugsarmal bair (Mongolian People's Republic)
In popular culture
- Béla Tarr's film Panelkapcsolat tells a doomed love story set in a housing project in Hungary. Special Mention at the 1982 Locarno Film Festival.
See also
References
- ^ ISBN 963-10-4235-9
- ^ ISBN 963-16-1467-0
- ^ a b c d e f g Hungarian census 2011 tables 2.1.13, 2.1.22, 2.1.26, 2.2.3, 2.2.6, 2.2.7 (Hungarian)
- ^ see section Source data for tables and figures, Housing statistics: tables and figures [1]
- ^ "Failure of a High-Rise System". Concrete Construction. 1 March 1969. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
- ^ a b c Tímea Dénes: Házgyári panelos épületek felújítása Archived 2010-08-07 at the Wayback Machine Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 2000
- ^ a b Imre Perényi: A korszerű város ("The modern city"), Műszaki Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1967, p. 183, pp. 157-165
- ISBN 963-05-6411-4
- ^ Ernő Heim: Új városrész születik - a zuglói új lakónegyed részletes rendezési terve, Budapest, a Főváros folyóirata, Year IV, Vol. 3, 1966, pp. 26-28
- ^ 1960. évi népszámlálás (1960 census), 8. Lakások és lakóépületek adatai, Hungarian Central Statistical Office, Budapest, 1963, pp. 26-32
- ^ 1990. évi népszámlálás (1990 census), 26. A lakások adatai, Hungarian Central Statistical Office, Budapest, 1993, pp. 260
- ^ "General information on various student flats and building types in Budapest". Budapest Corner. Archived from the original on 2010-12-14. Retrieved 2010-12-11.
- ^ The Larsen-Nielsen system was retired in 1970 (due to the 1968 Ronan Point explosion) and the BHK II. also adopted the Soviet-Hungarian system.
- ^ ISBN 963-9535-45-1
- ISBN 963-9170-86-0
- ^ a b "Egedy Tamás írása 2005/03-04". beszelo.c3.hu.
- ^ 2011-es népszámlálás - 12. Lakásviszonyok (2011 census - 12. Housing conditions, Hungarian)
- ^ "Largest housing estates in Hungary (Hungarian), p. 274" (PDF).
- ^ "NOL.hu". NOL.hu.