Paul Freeman (communist)
Paul Freeman (c. 1884 – 24 July 1921) was a political activist known for his deportation from Australia in 1919 and his subsequent role as a liaison between the Communist International and the Australian communist movement.
Freeman's origins are unclear, although he was probably American. He arrived in Australia in 1909 and lived for several years in
In 1920, Freeman travelled to
Early life
Freeman's origins are uncertain, but he was "most likely American-born, possibly a Canadian and possibly again of German parentage".[1] His 1981 entry in the Australian Dictionary of Biography concluded that he was probably born in Germany in about 1884,[2] but later research published in 1989 noted that there is "little or no direct evidence of German birth".[3] In Australia, Freeman registered as an American citizen in 1916, although he would later be refused entry to the United States.[2] He was described by a colleague in the labour movement as having an American accent,[3] while a police report noted "a very strong German accent".[1] He also once told a reporter from The Australian Worker that he was Canadian. Before moving to Australia he claimed to have worked as a coal miner in Pennsylvania, a silver miner in Nevada, and at various copper mines elsewhere in the United States.[3]
Australia
Freeman first arrived in Australia in 1909 aboard SS Zealandia.
By 1917 Freeman was living in Queensland, where he joined the Australian Workers' Union (AWU).[1] He worked as a copper miner in Cloncurry for a period, and later as a prospector.[2] In June 1917 he and future senator Gordon Brown addressed a beachfront protest in Townsville against the imprisonment of the Sydney Twelve.[1] He also campaigned against overseas conscription in the 1916 and 1917 referendums.[2] In May 1918, Freeman was one of the leaders of a strike at the Mount Elliott Copper Mine. At an open-air meeting he reportedly disparaged soldiers, allegedly stating that "a man who joined the Army was lower than a dog".[1]
Although he denied making anti-soldier remarks, Freeman's activities brought him to the attention of the mine's management, and in October 1918 he was reported to
Deportation
On 8 January 1919, Freeman was arrested in his tent 10 miles (16 km) outside of the small mining settlement of Dobbyn. He was briefly imprisoned at Victoria Barracks, Brisbane, before being sent to Sydney where he was placed on board SS Sonoma bound for San Francisco.[6] Freeman's deportation took place without trial under the War Precautions Act 1914; he was never charged with any offence.[7]
The first attempt to deport Freeman failed when Sonoma sustained a damaged propeller and returned to Sydney. He was interned at Darlinghurst Gaol for three days before being returned to Sonoma, in breach of the prison's own quarantine regulations during the Spanish flu pandemic.[7] When the ship reached San Francisco, Freeman was denied entry to the United States despite his claims of American citizenship. He ultimately crossed the Pacific four times on Sonoma, being refused entry to both countries.[2] In May 1919, with the ship berthed at Pyrmont, Freeman commenced a hunger strike to draw attention to his situation, which had previously been unknown to the public. His cause was quickly taken up by the labour press, with The Australian Worker stating that he had been "denied the justice which, under the constitution of this country, is supposed to be the inviolable right of every citizen".[7]
Freeman's deportation became a cause célèbre in the Australian labour movement. In addition to the press campaign, his supporters employed direct action tactics, which included demonstrations, strikes and riots as well as an attempt to board the ship by force.[2][8] Future federal MP Eddie Ward was among the workers injured in conflicts with police. Freeman was eventually removed from Sonoma after eight days on hunger strike.[8] Although his removal was seen as a success for the labour movement, he remained in military custody and was held at Holsworthy Internment Camp.[8] He was successfully deported on 11 October 1919, on a ship bound for Rotterdam.[9]
Russia and international communism
Freeman entered
Freeman came to enjoy the patronage of
On arrival, Freeman found that the newly established Communist Party of Australia had splintered into two factions: one associated with the former Australian Socialist Party and another "Trades Hall" faction led by William Earsman and Jock Garden. Both groups sought recognition from the ECCI as the official communist party in Australia. Freeman favoured his former colleagues in the ASP, of which Artem had also been a member, while the Trades Hall group enjoyed the support of the Russian consul-general Peter Simonov.[11] His attempts to unite the feuding factions failed.[13]
Freeman returned to Russia in June 1921, leading the Australian delegation to the
Death
Freeman was killed on 24 July 1921 in the crash of the Aerowagon, Valerian Abakovsky's experimental propeller-driven railcar.[2] He had been invited to a trial of the Aerowagon by his patron Artem, who was also killed in the crash.[15] Freeman became one of the few Westerners interred at the Kremlin Wall Necropolis, the national cemetery of the Soviet Union.[16]
His obituary in the IWW's Industrial Pioneer was written by Tom Barker, who eulogised him as "one of an army who were ejected from one continent to bestride other continents and leave behind them a fiery trail of work for their class".[17]
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e f g Evans 1989, p. 21.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Farrell, Frank (1981). "Freeman, Paul (1884–1921)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 8. Melbourne University Press.
- ^ a b c d Evans 1989, p. 20.
- ^ Evans 1989, p. 19.
- ^ a b Evans 1989, p. 22.
- ^ a b Evans 1989, p. 23.
- ^ a b c Evans 1989, p. 16.
- ^ a b c Evans 1989, p. 24.
- ^ a b Windle 2006, p. 33.
- ^ Windle 2006, p. 37.
- ^ a b Windle 2006, p. 41.
- ^ Windle 2006, p. 31.
- ^ Windle 2006, p. 45.
- ^ Windle 2006, p. 30.
- ^ Windle 2006, p. 40.
- ^ Evans 1989, p. 26.
- ^ Barker, Tom (November 1921). "Paul Freeman" (PDF). The Industrial Pioneer. Vol. 1, no. 6. p. 24.
Sources
- Evans, Raymond (1989). "Radical Departures: Paul Freeman and Political Deportation from Australia Following World War One". Labour History (57). Liverpool University Press: 16–26. JSTOR 27508951.
- Windle, Kevin (2006). "A Troika of Agitators: Three Comintern Liaison Agents in Australia, 1920–22" (PDF). Australian Journal of Politics & History. 52 (1): 30–47. hdl:1885/25391.