Communist Party of Australia

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about the first Communist Party of Australia (1920–1991). For the party founded in 1964, see Communist Party of Australia (Marxist–Leninist). For the party founded in 1971 as the Socialist Party of Australia, see Communist Party of Australia (1971).
"Eureka Youth League" redirects here. For the Eureka Youth League founded in 2010, see Australia First Party § Patriotic/Eureka Youth League.

Communist Party of Australia
(1920–1944; 1951–1991)
Australian Communist Party
(1944–1951)
Abbreviation
  • CPA
  • ACP
Founded30 October 1920
Registered19 October 1984[1]
Legalised18 December 1942[2][3]
Dissolved
  • 15 June 1940 (banned)[4][2]
  • 3 March 1991 (dissolved)[5]
Merger ofState Labor Party (1944)[a]
Succeeded byCommunist Party of Australia (1971)[b]
HeadquartersMarx House, Sydney, New South Wales[c]
Newspaper
Youth wingEureka Youth League
Paramilitary wingWorkers' Defence Corps (1929–1935)
Membership (1945)22,052[7][8]
Ideology
Political position
International affiliation
Queensland Parliament
1 / 62
(1944–1950)
De facto flag used in the 1940s–50s
De facto flag used in the 1940s–50s
Part of a series on
Socialism in
Australia
History
Early history

Great Depression and Aftermath

Cold War

New Left

Contemporary

People
Organisations (Active)
Organisations (Defunct)
Literature
Newspapers/Journals/Magazines

Active

Historical

Related topics
Part of a series on
Labour politics
in Australia
Organisations (Active)
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The Communist Party of Australia (CPA), known as the Australian Communist Party (ACP) from 1944 to 1951, was an

federal MP, Fred Paterson was elected to the Parliament of Queensland (for Bowen) at the 1944 state election. He won re-election in 1947 before the seat was abolished. The party also held office in over a dozen local government areas across New South Wales and Queensland
.

After nineteen years of activity, the CPA was formally banned on 15 June 1940 under the relatively new

Victoria and Queensland, and over 19,000 in New South Wales.[9] It was the party's biggest vote total since the 1934 federal election. However, by the late 1960s the party fell into single digit numbers before a brief spike in the mid 1970s. By the mid to late 1980s, the party was effectively stagnant and the party was soon dissolved. To the present, the party is the fourth-oldest political party in Australian political history since Federation
, lasting for 70 years, 122 days.

History

Foundation and early years

Jock Garden, Communist Party of Australia co-founder in 1920
Adela Pankhurst, Communist Party of Australia co-founder in 1920

The Communist Party of Australia (CPA) was founded at the Australian Socialist Party Hall in

Russian Revolution. Groups included the Australian Socialist Party, some members from the Victorian Socialist Party (although the party itself did not join), as well as a variety of militant trade unionists.[14] Among the party's founders were a prominent Sydney trade unionists, Jock Garden, Tom Walsh, and William Paisley Earsman,[15] and suffragettes and anti-conscriptionists including Adela Pankhurst (daughter of the British suffragist Emmeline Pankhurst), Christian Jollie Smith and Katharine Susannah Prichard.[16]

Most of the then illegal Australian section of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) joined, but the IWW soon left the Communist Party, with its original members, over disagreements with the direction of the Soviet Union and Bolshevism. In its early years, mainly through Garden's efforts, the party achieved some influence in the trade union movement in New South Wales, but by the mid-1920s it had dwindled to an insignificant group.

A visits to the 1924 New Zealand conference by CPA executive members Hetty and Hector Ross got the (also small) Communist Party of New Zealand agreeing to temporary affiliation with the CPA, and were followed by visits in 1925 by Harry Quaife, and by Norman Jeffery a bow-tie wearing former "Wobbly" (IWW member).[17]

Garden and other communists were expelled from the Labor Party in 1924. The CPA ran candidates including Garden[

H.B. Higgins
.

But in 1929 the party leadership fell into disfavour with

Harry M. Wicks, was sent to correct the party's perceived errors. Kavanagh was expelled in 1930 and Higgins resigned. A new party leadership, consisting of J.B. (Jack) Miles, Lance Sharkey and Richard Dixon, was imposed on the party by the Communist International, and remained in control for the next 30 years. During the 1930s the party experienced some growth, particularly after 1935 when Communist International changed its policy in favour of a "united front against fascism." The Movement Against War and Fascism was founded to bring together all opponents of fascism under a communist controlled umbrella organisation. The movement instigated the events which led to the attempted exclusion of Egon Kisch from Australia in late 1934 and early 1935. Alongside this, the CPA formed the Workers Defence Corps.[18]

In the 1930s the CPA began a campaign to create mass organisations to organise militancy in the working-class, while ostensibly independent, the CPA remained in control of such organisations. This result in the creation of the Unemployed Workers Movement which at its height had 30,000 members and was infamous nationally for its anti-eviction campaign in Sydney.[19][20][21]

The CPA was the first Australian political party to make a commitment to Aboriginal rights, which were included in its manifesto from 1931 onwards. The CPA, discussing in great detail the abuses suffered by Aboriginals, published a lengthy list of demands, calling for "full economic, political and social rights" for Aboriginal people.[22]

Rise during World War II

See also: 1944 Kearsley Shire Council election

The Communist Party began to win positions in trade unions such as the

Second Republic against Franco's troops. Throughout this time, members of the CPA were under constant surveillance by police and intelligence forces and harassed by the courts.[23]

In 1939, after Soviet efforts to contain Nazi aggression through co-operation and alliance with France and Britain were rejected by the French and British,

social wage, and was unique for its commitment to activism around federal and international affairs.[25] But the party remained marginal to the Australian political mainstream. The Australian Labor Party
remained the dominant party of the Australian left.

Postwar

After 1945 and the onset of the Cold War, the party entered a steady decline. Following the new line from Moscow, and believing that a new "imperialist war" and a new depression were imminent, and that the CPA should immediately contest for leadership of the working class with the Australian Labor Party, the CPA launched an industrial offensive in 1947, culminating in a prolonged strike in the coal mines in 1949. The Chifley Labor government saw this as a Communist challenge to its position in the labour movement, and used the army and strikebreakers to break the strike. The Communist Party never again held such a strong position in the union movement.

Women members of the Communist Party leading the May Day march in Brisbane, 1944.

In 1949, the USSR detonated its first

1951 referendum was opposed by the Communist Party as well as the Australian Labor Party, and was narrowly defeated. The issue of Communist influence in the unions remained potent and led to the Australian Labor Party split of 1955 and the formation of the Democratic Labor Party
comprising disaffected ALP members who were concerned over Communist influence in Australian unions.

Internal division and defections

In 1956, three years after Stalin died, Soviet leader

Secret Speech, denouncing Stalin and Stalinism as fostering a cult of personality, and revealing many abuses of power Stalin had committed while in power. The Australian party leadership—entirely committed to Stalinism—was confused about what to do. It tried to suppress discussions of the speech, which was widely reported in the press.[27] According to Ralph Gibson, several high-ranking members including Ted Hill had received a copy of Krushchev's secret speech directly from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union[28] However, the party denied the criticisms of Stalin within the party newspaper, Tribune.[28]

Disillusioned members began to leave the party. More left after the

Communist Party of Australia (Marxist-Leninist)
.

By the 1960s, the party's membership had fallen to around 5,000 members,

Socialist Party of Australia
.

Through the 1970s and 1980s the party continued to decline, despite adopting

Revolutionary Front for the Independence of East Timor (Fretilin) who resisted the Indonesian occupation in the 1970s and 1980s.[23]
By 1990, membership had declined to below the one thousand mark.

Logo of the CPA, on election sticker, 1980.

Dissolution

At the party's 31st Congress in Sydney, New South Wales (2–3 March 1991),[5][31] the Communist Party was dissolved and the New Left Party formed.[5][31] The New Left Party was intended to be a broader party which would attract a wider range of members, which did not happen, and the New Left Party disbanded in 1992. The assets of the Communist Party were thereafter directed into the SEARCH Foundation (acronym for "Social Education, Action and Research Concerning Humanity"),[32] a not-for-profit company set up in 1990 "to preserve and draw on the resources of the Communist Party of Australia and its archives."[33] The archives of the party are now held at the State Library of NSW[34] and can be accessed with the written permission of the SEARCH Foundation. The State Library of New South Wales holds an extensive collection of material related to the Communist Party of Australia including oral history recordings, business papers, the personal papers of a range of men and women involved in the Party and a collection of images that were published in Tribune, the Party's newspaper.[35] The Victoria University Library holds the Crow Collection,[36] donated by long-time Communist Party member Ruth Crow, which includes materials from her years campaigning for the Communist Party. The University of Melbourne collection is "one of the most significant from the CPA held in Australia", containing 20th-century materials from the Victorian branch.[37][38]

Successor Party

In 1996 at the 8th National Congress the Socialist Party of Australia was renamed to Communist Party of Australia, thereby becoming the successor of the original party. [39]

Search Foundation

See also: SEARCH Foundation

The SEARCH Foundation is a left-wing Australian not-for-profit company that was established in 1990 as a successor organisation of the Communist Party of Australia to preserve and draw on its resources and archives.[40][41] It inherited over 3 million dollars from the CPA.[42]

SEARCH is an active membership-based organisation that runs speaking tours, publications and training programs.[43][40] Members are welcome from across the Australian Left and include prominent political figures such as Australian Council of Trade Unions Secretary Sally McManus, and former NSW Greens Senator Lee Rhiannon.[44][45][46] SEARCH maintains an office at Sydney Trades Hall and holds events across Australia.[47] Its archives are held by the State Library of NSW.[48]

SEARCH is an acronym for "Social Education, Action and Research Concerning Humanity".[49]

Youth movement

Eureka Youth League[d]
Founded1923
Dissolved1984
Merged intoLeft Alliance
Ideology
Colours  Red
Mother partyCommunist
International affiliationWorld Federation of Democratic Youth (WFDY)
NewspaperThe Young Worker

Its youth wing worked under several different names at different times, including the Young Communist League (YCL); the Young Comrades Club (YCC); the League of Young Democrats (LYD); the Eureka Youth League (EYL); and lastly the Young Socialist League, which in 1984 became part of the Left Alliance.

The youth wing of CPA worked under several different names in different periods from the 1920s onwards, including the Young Communist League (YCL), which was created in 1923 and published its own newspaper, The Young Worker, and the Young Comrades Club (YCC), founded in 1927. At a meeting in

National Service in Australia in the 1950s.[50]

The Eureka Youth League also had an important role in the early promotion of jazz music in Australia in the 1940s under the leadership of Harry Stein.[51]

EYL collaborated with the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU) and helped to arrange its Youth Weeks, and also ran youth camps across Australia, attended by thousands of young people. It protested the Vietnam War actively, but by 1968 membership had declined, and a change of name to the Young Socialist League did not last long.[50]

Camp Eureka, created in 1973, is still maintained as an historic and usable camp for up to 32 people.[52]

The Eureka Youth League was a founding member of the World Federation of Democratic Youth, a membership later taken over by the Young Communist Movement.[citation needed] In 1984 (or 1987?) the Young Socialist League became part of Left Alliance.[53]

Elected representatives

New South Wales

Broken Hill

  • Bill Flynn, Alderman of the City of Broken Hill (1953–1974).
  • Bill Whiley, Alderman of the City of Broken Hill (1962–1974).

Bulli

Cessnock

  • Charles Evans, Alderman of the Municipality of Cessnock (1944–1947).[55]
  • Herbert Wilkinson, Alderman of the Municipality of Cessnock (1944–1947).[56]
  • Thomas Gilmour, Alderman of the Municipality of Cessnock (1944–1947, 1953–1962).[55]

Coonabarabran

Kearsley

  • Jock Graham, Councillor of the Kearsley Shire (1944–1947).[58][59]
  • Allan Opie, Deputy Shire President and Councillor of Kearsley Shire (1944–1947).[59]
  • James Palmer, Councillor of Kearsley Shire (1944–1947).[59]
  • Mary Ellen "Nellie" Simm, Councillor of Kearsley Shire (1944–1947).[59][60]
  • William Varty, Shire President and Councillor of Kearsley Shire (1944–1947).[61]

Lake Macquarie

  • William Quinn, Councillor of Lake Macquarie Shire for B Riding (1944–1947, 1953–1959).
  • R. Chapman, Councillor of Lake Macquarie Shire for B Riding (1944–1947), Deputy Shire President (1945–1946) and Shire President (1946–1947).[62]
  • J. Thomson, Councillor of Lake Macquarie Shire for B Riding (1944–1947).

Lithgow

North Illawarra

Penrith

Randwick

Redfern

Sydney

  • Ronald Maxwell, Alderman of the City of Sydney for City Ward (1953–1956).[65]
  • Thomas Wright, Alderman of the City of Sydney for City Ward (1953–1959).[66]
  • Jack Mundey, Alderman of the City of Sydney (1984–1987).[67]

Queensland

Western Australia

Election results

Federal

Average number of votes p/candidate (both houses)

New South Wales

Legislative Assembly
Election year No. of
overall votes 		% of
overall vote 		seats won +/– Notes
1930 10,445 0.79 (5th)
0 / 90
 Steady Extra-parliamentary
1932 12,351 0.92 (5th)
0 / 90
 Steady Extra-parliamentary
1935 19,105 1.52 (5th)
0 / 90
 Steady Extra-parliamentary
1938 10,386 0.88 (5th)
0 / 90
 Steady Extra-parliamentary
1944 21,982 1.74 (9th)
0 / 90
 Steady Extra-parliamentary
1947 27,237 1.71 (6th)
0 / 90
 Steady Extra-parliamentary
1950 13,589 0.84 (7th)
0 / 94
 Steady Extra-parliamentary
1953 21,421 1.38 (5th)
0 / 94
 Steady Extra-parliamentary
1930 29,534 1.74 (5th)
0 / 94
 Steady Extra-parliamentary
1959 24,784 1.45 (5th)
0 / 90
 Steady Extra-parliamentary
1962 12,150 0.63 (7th)
0 / 94
 Steady Extra-parliamentary
1965 13,082 0.64 (7th)
0 / 94
 Steady Extra-parliamentary
1968 5,828 0.27 (7th)
0 / 94
 Steady Extra-parliamentary
1971 2,098 0.79 (7th)
0 / 96
 Steady Extra-parliamentary
1973 838 0.03 (6th)
0 / 99
 Steady Extra-parliamentary
1976 2,220 0.08 (7th)
0 / 99
 Steady Extra-parliamentary
1978 8,472 0.30 (5th)
0 / 99
 Steady Extra-parliamentary
1981 6,250 0.22 (5th)
0 / 99
 Steady Extra-parliamentary

Queensland

Legislative Assembly
Election year No. of
overall votes 		% of
overall vote 		seats won +/– Notes
1929 2,890 0.67 (3rd)
0 / 72
 Steady Extra-parliamentary
1932 1,057 0.23 (5th)
0 / 62
 Steady Extra-parliamentary
1935 6,101 1.32 (4th)
0 / 62
 Steady Extra-parliamentary
1938 8,510 1.60 (6th)
0 / 62
 Steady Extra-parliamentary
1941 5,383 1.00 (8th)
0 / 62
 Steady Extra-parliamentary
1944 12,467 2.43 (4th)
1 / 62
 Increase1 Crossbench
1947 7,870 1.24 (5th)
1 / 62
 Steady Crossbench
1950 2,351 0.37 (6th)
0 / 75
 Decrease1 Extra-parliamentary
1953 3,948 0.65 (6th)
0 / 75
 Steady Extra-parliamentary
1956 1,332 0.20 (5th)
0 / 75
 Steady Extra-parliamentary
1969 476 0.06 (6th)
0 / 78
 Steady Extra-parliamentary

South Australia

Tasmania

House of Assembly
Election year No. of
overall votes 		% of
overall vote 		seats won +/– Notes
1950 86 0.06 (4th)
0 / 30
 Steady Extra-parliamentary
1956 91 0.06 (5th)
0 / 30
 Steady Extra-parliamentary
1959 144 0.09 (5th)
0 / 35
 Steady Extra-parliamentary
1964 92 0.05 (5th)
0 / 35
 Steady Extra-parliamentary

Victoria

Legislative Assembly
Election year No. of
overall votes 		% of
overall vote 		seats won +/– Notes
1929 1,962 0.31 (5th)
0 / 65
 Steady Extra-parliamentary
1932 953 0.14 (5th)
0 / 65
 Steady Extra-parliamentary
1935 9,301 1.11 (4th)
0 / 65
 Steady Extra-parliamentary
1937 5,700 0.72 (4th)
0 / 65
 Steady Extra-parliamentary
1940 2,935 0.38 (5th)
0 / 65
 Steady Extra-parliamentary
1943 38,802 4.51 (5th)
0 / 65
 Steady Extra-parliamentary
1945 25,083 0.31 (7th)
0 / 65
 Steady Extra-parliamentary
1947 1,575 0.13 (4th)
0 / 65
 Steady Extra-parliamentary
1950 6,308 0.52 (4th)
0 / 65
 Steady Extra-parliamentary
1955 4,589 0.35 (7th)
0 / 66
 Steady Extra-parliamentary
1967 1,443 0.09 (5th)
0 / 73
 Steady Extra-parliamentary
1973 398 0.02 (8th)
0 / 73
 Steady Extra-parliamentary
1979 2,305 0.11 (8th)
0 / 81
 Steady Extra-parliamentary

Western Australia

Legislative Assembly
Election year No. of
overall votes 		% of
overall vote 		seats won +/– Notes
1933 442 0.25 (5th)
0 / 50
 Steady Extra-parliamentary
1936 118 0.09 (6th)
0 / 50
 Steady Extra-parliamentary
1939 308 0.15 (5th)
0 / 50
 Steady Extra-parliamentary
1943 713 0.40 (6th)
0 / 50
 Steady Extra-parliamentary
1947 1,641 1.00 (5th)
0 / 50
 Steady Extra-parliamentary
1950 815 0.36 (5th)
0 / 50
 Steady Extra-parliamentary
1953 1,350 0.72 (5th)
0 / 50
 Steady Extra-parliamentary
1956 1,167 0.50 (5th)
0 / 50
 Steady Extra-parliamentary
1959 2,216 0.84 (6th)
0 / 50
 Steady Extra-parliamentary
1962 1,201 0.41 (6th)
0 / 50
 Steady Extra-parliamentary
1965 284 0.09 (5th)
0 / 50
 Steady Extra-parliamentary
1968 1,694 0.53 (6th)
0 / 51
 Steady Extra-parliamentary
1971 2,265 0.48 (6th)
0 / 51
 Steady Extra-parliamentary

See also

References

Notes:

  1. ^ Although an official amalgamation, the State Labor Party and the Communist Party did not join together until 1944.[6]
  2. ^ Breaking away in 1971, the Socialist Party renamed to the Communist Party of Australia in 1996, five years after the dissolution of its predecessor.
  3. ^ The headquarters of the Communist Party had moved several times of the course of the party's history, however the location at the time of its peak membership, and activity, was "Marx House", Sydney.
  4. ^ The youth organisation of the party went by numerous names throughout its existence, however it held the name Eureka Youth League for the longest period: twenty-seven years.

Footnotes:

  1. ^ "Communist Party of Australia". aec.gov.au. Australian Electoral Commission (AEC).
  2. ^ a b c Winterton, George (1992). "The Significance of the Communist Party Case". Melbourne University Law Review.
  3. ^
    ISBN 978-1-76087-518-3
    .
  4. ^ a b "Government Notices Gazette, No. 110". Australian Government Gazette. 15 June 1940.
  5. ^ a b c Fitzgerald, Ross (1997). The People's Champion Fred Paterson: Australia's Only Communist Party Meember of Parliament. University of Queensland Press.
  6. ^ Macintyre, Stuart (1 February 2022). The Party: The Communist Party of Australia From Heyday to Reckoning. p. 107.
  7. ^ a b c Hobday, Charles (1986). Communist and Marxist Parties of the World. Longman. pp. 386–387.
  8. ^ Macintyre, Stuart (1 February 2022). The Party: The Communist Party of Australia From Heyday to Reckoning. p. 79.
  9. ^ Barber, Stephen. "Federal election results 1901–2016—Reissue #2". parlinfo.aph.gov.au. Parliamentary Library of Australia.
  10. ^ Sharkey, L. L. (December 1944). An Outline History of the Australian Communist Party (PDF). Australian Communist Party. p. 17. The formation of the Communist Party (October 30, 1920) was one of decisive revolutionary acts of the Australian working class.
  11. ^
    ISBN 978-0-8179-3261-9
    . On 30 October 1920 twenty-six men and women gathered at the Australian Socialist Party Hall in Sydney and formed the Communist Party of Australia. Less than half those invited to the meeting had come.
  12. ^ Sharkey, L. L. (27 October 1954). "34th Anniversary of the Communist Party of Australia". No. 867. Tribune. p. 6. Retrieved 21 September 2020 – via Trove.
  13. ^ "Communist Party of Australia was born Thirty-One Years Ago". Tribune. 31 October 1951. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
  14. ^ Percy, John. A History of the Democratic Socialist Party and Resistance, Volume 1. p. 24.
  15. ^ "Earsman, William Paisley (1884–1965)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University.
  16. ^ Bennett 2004, p. 85.
  17. ^ Bennett 2004, p. 84.
  18. JSTOR 27516075. Archived
    from the original on 20 October 2023. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
  19. ^ Wheatley, Nadia (2013). "The unemployed who kicked: a study of the political struggles and organisations of the New South Wales unemployed in the Great Depression". Macquarie University – via Libcom.org.
  20. ISBN 0947127038
    .
  21. ^ MacIntyre, Ian (2008). "Lock Out The Landlords: Australian Anti-Eviction Resistance 1929-1936". The Commons Social Change Library.
  22. ^ "Communist Party s fight tor Aborigines". Workers' Weekly. 25 September 1931. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  23. ^ a b "Happy 100th Birthday to the Communist Party of Australia".
  24. ISBN 9781864480399
    .
  25. ^
    JSTOR 27508799
    .
  26. ^ Communist Party Dissolution Bill 1950.
  27. ^ Phillip Deery, and Rachael Calkin. "'We All Make Mistakes': the Communist Party of Australia and Khrushchev's Secret Speech, 1956." Australian Journal of Politics & History 54.1 (2008): 69–84. online
  28. ^
    ISBN 9780429487347
    .
  29. ^ Benjamin, Roger W.; Kautsky, John H.. Communism and Economic Development, in The American Political Science Review, Vol. 62, No. 1. (Mar., 1968), p. 122.
  30. ^ "Minto Mare's Nest". Tribune (Sydney, NSW : 1939–1991). 25 June 1958. p. 12. Retrieved 11 July 2021.
  31. ^ a b Symons, Beverley (1994). Communism in Australia: A Resource Bibliography. National Library of Australia. p. x.
  32. ^ "SEARCH Foundation". SEARCH Foundation. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
  33. ^ Links International Journal of Socialist Renewal
  34. ^ "Communist Party of Australia collection, c. 1917–1992". State Library of New South Wales. Retrieved 26 March 2014.
  35. ^ http://www.acmssearch.sl.nsw.gov.au/s/search.html?collection=slnsw&form=simple&query_phrase=communist+party+of+australia&type=2&meta_G_sand=&sort=&submit-search=Search [dead link]
  36. ^ Crow Collection
  37. ^ Melbourne, Labour History (26 November 2015). "Melbourne University Archives: Communist Party collection lists now available". Labour History Melbourne. Retrieved 22 June 2017.
  38. hdl:11343/126946
    .
  39. ^ "An Introduction to the Communist Party of Australia". CPA Introduction - CPA. CPA.
  40. ^ a b "Our Mission". SEARCH Foundation. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
  41. ^ "SEARCH Foundation (Australia) | Links International Journal of Socialist Renewal".
  42. ^ "Think tank secrets". The Sydney Morning Herald. 12 August 2003. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
  43. ^ "SEARCH News". SEARCH Foundation. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
  44. ^ "Sally McManus's links to Communist Party's successor". www.theaustralian.com.au. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  45. ^ Middleton, Karen (25 March 2017). "New ACTU secretary Sally McManus on the new IR battlegrounds". The Saturday Paper. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  46. ^ "Twelve questions for Rhiannon". 30 September 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  47. ^ "Search Foundation". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
  48. ^ "Communist Party of Australia Archives". archival.sl.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
  49. ^ "Welcome to the SEARCH Foundation". Archived from the original on 1 April 2001. Retrieved 1 April 2001.
  50. ^
    ANU. Archived from the original on 17 March 2021. Retrieved 3 April 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link
    )
  51. ^ Sparrow, Jeff (20 June 2012). "A short history of Communist jazz". Overland. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
  52. ^ "Camp Eureka history". Camp Eureka. Retrieved 3 April 2021.
  53. ^ Gould, Bob (2002). "Labor students: cream or scum?". Marxists.org.
  54. ^ a b "LOCAL GOVERNMENT ELECTIONS". Illawarra Mercury. Vol. 90, no. 10. New South Wales, Australia. 8 December 1944. p. 5. Retrieved 21 October 2017 – via National Library of Australia.
  55. ^
    The Cessnock Eagle and South Maitland Recorder
    . Vol. 32, no. 4196. New South Wales, Australia. 29 September 1944. p. 2. Retrieved 21 October 2017 – via National Library of Australia.
  56. ^ "Cessnock Municipal Elections". The Cessnock Eagle And South Maitland Recorder. Vol. 32, no. 4215. New South Wales, Australia. 5 December 1944. p. 1. Retrieved 21 October 2017 – via National Library of Australia.
  57. ^ "WALTER FRATER - A TRIBUTE". Tribune. No. 1101. New South Wales, Australia. 20 May 1959. p. 10. Retrieved 21 October 2017 – via National Library of Australia.
  58. ^ "LABOUR'S BID FAILS IN NEWCASTLE". Newcastle Morning Herald And Miners' Advocate. No. 22, 209. New South Wales, Australia. 8 December 1947. p. 1. Retrieved 21 October 2017 – via National Library of Australia.
  59. ^
    JSTOR 27508799. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 19 April 2018. Retrieved 21 October 2017.
  60. ^ "Local Government Election Results". Sydney Morning Herald. 4 December 1944.
  61. ^ "KEARSLEY COUNCIL ELECTS PRESIDENT". Tribune. No. 82. New South Wales, Australia. 21 December 1944. p. 8. Retrieved 21 October 2017 – via National Library of Australia.
  62. ^ "Councillor Resigns COMMUNIST TO LEAD LAKE SHIRE". Newcastle Morning Herald And Miners' Advocate. No. 21, 898. New South Wales, Australia. 10 December 1946. p. 2. Retrieved 21 October 2017 – via National Library of Australia.
  63. Goulburn Evening Post
    . New South Wales, Australia. 15 May 1952. p. 5 (Daily and Evening). Retrieved 21 October 2017 – via National Library of Australia.
  64. ^ "Communist Wins Council Seat". Tribune. No. 335. New South Wales, Australia. 22 July 1947. p. 1. Retrieved 21 October 2017 – via National Library of Australia.
  65. ^ "Ronald Alexander Maxwell". Sydney's Aldermen. City of Sydney. Retrieved 21 October 2017.
  66. ^ "Thomas Wright". Sydney's Aldermen. City of Sydney. Retrieved 21 October 2017.
  67. ^ "Jack Mundey". SYDNEY'S ALDERMEN. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
  68. ^ "APPOINTMENT OF SHIRE COUNCILLOR". Bowen Independent. Vol. 41, no. 4167. Queensland, Australia. 23 June 1944. p. 3. Retrieved 21 October 2017 – via National Library of Australia.
  69. ^ "Joan Williams – author, peace activist and fighter for women's rights". Communist Party of Australia. 8 March 2021.
  70. ^ "Communist Party". Australian Politics and Elections Database. University of Western Australia. October 2001. Archived from the original on 14 March 2018. Retrieved 17 February 2014.

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Communist Party of Australia.
  • Stuart Macintyre, The Reds, 1998, Allen and Unwin. 1st volume of a major history covering foundation to 1941.
  • Alastair Davidson, The Communist Party of Australia: A short history, 1969. Covers foundation to the late 1960s.
  • Bennett, James (2004). Rats and Revolutionaries:The Labour Movement in Australia and New Zealand 1890–1940. Dunedin, NZ: University of Otago Press.
    ISBN 1-877276-49-9
    .
  • ISBN 0-9590486-1-8
    .
  • ISBN 0909913323
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