San Francisco

Coordinates: 37°46′39″N 122°24′59″W / 37.77750°N 122.41639°W / 37.77750; -122.41639
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San Francisco
San Francisco from the Marin Headlands
San Francisco from the Marin Headlands
St. Francis of Assisi
Government
 • TypeStrong mayor–council
 • BodyBoard of Supervisors
 • MayorLondon Breed (D)[6]
 • Supervisors[10]
 • 
PDT)
ZIP Codes[21]
List
  • 94102–94105
  • 94107–94112
  • 94114–94134
  • 94137
  • 94139–94147
  • 94151
  • 94158–94161
  • 94163–94164
  • 94172
  • 94177
  • 94188
GDP (2022)[23]
City—$252.2 billion

MSA—$729.1 billion (4th)

CSA—$1.318 trillion (3rd)
Websitesf.gov
  1. ^ Urban area population/density are for the San Francisco–Oakland, CA urban area as of the 2020 Census.

San Francisco (

New York City boroughs. Among the 92 U.S. cities proper with over 250,000 residents, San Francisco was ranked first by per capita income and sixth by aggregate income as of 2022.[26] Colloquial nicknames for San Francisco include Frisco, San Fran, The City, and SF (although Frisco and San Fran are generally not used by locals).[27][28]

Prior to

United Nations Charter was signed in San Francisco, establishing the United Nations and in 1951, the Treaty of San Francisco re-established peaceful relations between Japan and the Allied Powers.[32][33][34] After the war, the confluence of returning servicemen, significant immigration, liberalizing attitudes, the rise of the beatnik and hippie countercultures, the sexual revolution, the peace movement growing from opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War, and other factors led to the Summer of Love and the gay rights movement, cementing San Francisco as a center of liberal activism in the United States
.

San Francisco and the surrounding

.

In 2022, San Francisco had more than 1.7 million international visitors - the fifth-most visited city from abroad in the United States after

varied neighborhoods, as well as its cool summers, fog, and landmarks, including the Golden Gate Bridge, cable cars, and Alcatraz, along with the Chinatown and Mission districts.[47] The city is home to a number of educational and cultural institutions, such as the University of California, San Francisco, the University of San Francisco, San Francisco State University, the San Francisco Conservatory of Music, the de Young Museum, the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, the San Francisco Symphony, the San Francisco Ballet, the San Francisco Opera, the SFJAZZ Center, and the California Academy of Sciences. Two major league sports teams, the San Francisco Giants and the Golden State Warriors, play their home games within San Francisco proper. San Francisco's main international airport offers flights to over 125 destinations while a light rail and bus network, in tandem with the BART and Caltrain systems, connects nearly every part of San Francisco with the wider region.[48][49]

Etymology

San Francisco, which is Spanish for "Saint Francis," takes its name from Mission San Francisco de Asís, which in turn was named after Saint Francis of Assisi. The mission received its name in 1776, when it was founded by the Spanish under the leadership of Padre Francisco Palóu. The city has officially been known as San Francisco since 1847, when Washington Allon Bartlett, then serving as the city's alcalde, renamed it from Yerba Buena (Spanish for "Good Herb"), which had been name used throughout the Spanish and Mexican eras since approximately 1776. The name Yerba Buena continues to be used in locations in the city, such as on Yerba Buena Island and in the Yerba Buena Center for the Arts and Yerba Buena Gardens.

While residents outside the San Francisco Bay Area use nicknames including Frisco, San Fran, and SF, local residents in the Bay Area sometimes refer to San Francisco as "the City";[1] for residents of San Francisco living in the more suburban parts of the city, "the City" generally refers to the more densely populated downtown areas around Market Street. Its use, or lack thereof, is a common way for locals to distinguish long-time residents from tourists and recent arrivals. "San Fran" and "Frisco" are sometimes considered controversial as nicknames among San Francisco residents.[50][51][52]

History

Indigenous history

The earliest

archeological evidence of human habitation of the territory of San Francisco dates to 3000 BCE.[53] The Yelamu group of the Ramaytush people resided in a few small villages when an overland Spanish exploration party arrived on November 2, 1769, the first documented European visit to San Francisco Bay.[54] The Ohlone name for San Francisco was Ahwaste, meaning, "place at the bay."[55] The arrival of Spanish colonists, and the implementation of their Mission system, marked the beginning of the genocide of the Ramaytush people, and the deprivation of language and culture.[56][57][58]

Spanish era

Juan Bautista de Anza established the Presidio of San Francisco for the Spanish Empire in 1776.
Mission San Francisco de Asís was founded by Padre Francisco Palóu on October 9, 1776.

The

Juan Manuel de Ayala, became the first ship to anchor in the bay.[59]

Soon after, on March 28, 1776, Anza established the Presidio of San Francisco. On October 9, Mission San Francisco de Asís, also known as Mission Dolores, was founded by Padre Francisco Palóu.[4] In 1794, the Presidio established the Castillo de San Joaquín, a fortification on the southern side of the Golden Gate, which later came to be known as Fort Point.

In 1804, the province of Alta California was created, which included Yerba Buena - the former name of San Francisco. At its peak in 1810–1820, the average population at the Mission Dolores settlement was about 1,100 people.[60]

Mexican era

Juana Briones de Miranda, known as the "Founding Mother of San Francisco"[61]

In 1821, the

barques from various Atlantic ports which regularly sailed in California waters.[62][63]

In 1833, Juana Briones de Miranda built her rancho near El Polín Spring, founding the first civilian household in San Francisco, which had previously only been comprised by the military settlement at the Presidio and the religious settlement at Mission Dolores.[61]

In 1834,

William Richardson, a naturalized Mexican citizen of English birth. Richardson had arrived in San Francisco aboard a whaling ship in 1822. In 1825, he married Maria Antonia Martinez, eldest daughter of the Californio Ygnacio Martínez.[64][a]

The 1846 Battle of Yerba Buena was an early U.S. victory in the American conquest of California.

Yerba Buena began to attract American and European settlers; an 1842 census listed 21 residents (11%) born in the United States or Europe, as well as one Filipino merchant.[65] Following the

Bear Flag Revolt in Sonoma and the beginning of the U.S. Conquest of California, American forces under the command of John B. Montgomery captured Yerba Buena on July 9, 1846, with little resistance from the local Californio population. At the end of the month, the Brooklyn arrived with a group of Mormon settlers, who had departed New York City six months earlier. Following the capture, U.S. forces appointed both José de Jesús Noé and Washington Allon Bartlett to serve as co-alcaldes (mayors), while the conquest continued on in the rest of California. Following the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, Alta California was ceded from Mexico to the United States
.

Post-Conquest era

California Gold Rush
Port of San Francisco in 1851

Despite its attractive location as a port and naval base, post-Conquest San Francisco was still a small settlement with inhospitable geography.[66] Its 1847 population was said to be 459.[62]

The

storeships, saloons, and hotels; many were left to rot, and some were sunk to establish title to the underwater lot. By 1851, the harbor was extended out into the bay by wharves while buildings were erected on piles among the ships. By 1870, Yerba Buena Cove had been filled to create new land. Buried ships are occasionally exposed when foundations are dug for new buildings.[71]

California was quickly

Fort Point at the Golden Gate and a fort on Alcatraz Island to secure the San Francisco Bay. San Francisco County was one of the state's 18 original counties established at California statehood in 1850.[72] Until 1856, San Francisco's city limits extended west to Divisadero Street and Castro Street, and south to 20th Street. In 1856, the California state government divided the county. A straight line was then drawn across the tip of the San Francisco Peninsula just north of San Bruno Mountain. Everything south of the line became the new San Mateo County while everything north of the line became the new consolidated City and County of San Francisco.[73]

The Bank of California, established in 1863, was the first commercial bank in Western United States.[74]

Entrepreneurs sought to capitalize on the wealth generated by the Gold Rush. Silver discoveries, including the Comstock Lode in Nevada in 1859, further drove rapid population growth.[75] With hordes of fortune seekers streaming through the city, lawlessness was common, and the Barbary Coast section of town gained notoriety as a haven for criminals, prostitution, bootlegging, and gambling.[76] Early winners were the banking industry, with the founding of Wells Fargo in 1852 and the Bank of California in 1864.

Development of the Port of San Francisco and the establishment in 1869 of overland access to the eastern U.S. rail system via the newly completed Pacific Railroad (the construction of which the city only reluctantly helped support[77]) helped make the Bay Area a center for trade. Catering to the needs and tastes of the growing population, Levi Strauss opened a dry goods business and Domingo Ghirardelli began manufacturing chocolate. Chinese immigrants made the city a polyglot culture, drawn to "Old Gold Mountain," creating the city's Chinatown quarter. By 1880, Chinese made up 9.3% of the population.[78]

View of the city in 1878

The first

eighth-largest city in the United States at the time. Around 1901, San Francisco was a major city known for its flamboyant style, stately hotels, ostentatious mansions on Nob Hill, and a thriving arts scene.[80] The first North American plague epidemic was the San Francisco plague of 1900–1904.[81]

1906 earthquake and interwar era

The 1906 San Francisco earthquake was the deadliest earthquake in U.S. history.

At 5:12 am on April 18, 1906, a major

East Bay. Jack London is remembered for having famously eulogized the earthquake: "Not in history has a modern imperial city been so completely destroyed. San Francisco is gone."[85]

The reconstruction of San Francisco City Hall on Civic Center Plaza, c. 1913–16

Rebuilding was rapid and performed on a grand scale. Rejecting calls to completely remake the street grid, San Franciscans opted for speed.

Panama–Pacific International Exposition in 1915.[89]

held in 1915, was seen as a chance to showcase the city's recovery from the earthquake.

During this period, San Francisco built some of its most important infrastructure. Civil Engineer

Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct that would have the largest effect on San Francisco.[90]
An abundant water supply enabled San Francisco to develop into the city it has become today.

The Bay Bridge under construction on Yerba Buena Island in 1935

In ensuing years, the city solidified its standing as a financial capital; in the wake of the

Robert Franklin Stroud, the Birdman of Alcatraz. San Francisco later celebrated its regained grandeur with a World's fair, the Golden Gate International Exposition in 1939–40, creating Treasure Island in the middle of the bay to house it.[92]

Contemporary era

United Nations Charter was signed at the San Francisco Conference
.

During

United Nations Charter creating the United Nations was drafted and signed in San Francisco in 1945 and, in 1951, the Treaty of San Francisco re-established peaceful relations between Japan and the Allied Powers.[94]

Urban planning projects in the 1950s and 1960s involved widespread destruction and redevelopment of west-side neighborhoods and the construction of new

freeways, of which only a series of short segments were built before being halted by citizen-led opposition.[95] The onset of containerization made San Francisco's small piers obsolete, and cargo activity moved to the larger Port of Oakland.[96] The city began to lose industrial jobs and turned to tourism as the most important segment of its economy.[97] The suburbs experienced rapid growth, and San Francisco underwent significant demographic change, as large segments of the white population left the city, supplanted by an increasing wave of immigration from Asia and Latin America.[98][99]
From 1950 to 1980, the city lost over 10 percent of its population.

The Summer of Love in 1967 was an influential counterculture phenomenon with as many as 100,000 people converging in San Francisco's Haight-Ashbury neighborhood.

Over this period, San Francisco became a magnet for America's

The Castro as an urban gay village, the election of Harvey Milk to the Board of Supervisors, and his assassination, along with that of Mayor George Moscone, in 1978.[103]

Bank of America, now based in Charlotte, North Carolina, was founded in San Francisco; the bank completed 555 California Street in 1969. The Transamerica Pyramid was completed in 1972,[104] igniting a wave of "Manhattanization" that lasted until the late 1980s, a period of extensive high-rise development downtown.[105] The 1980s also saw a dramatic increase in the number of homeless people in the city, an issue that remains today, despite many attempts to address it.[106]

Transamerica Pyramid, built in 1972, characterized the Manhattanization of the city's skyline in the 1970–80's.

The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake caused destruction and loss of life throughout the Bay Area. In San Francisco, the quake severely damaged structures in the Marina and South of Market districts and precipitated the demolition of the damaged Embarcadero Freeway and much of the damaged Central Freeway, allowing the city to reclaim The Embarcadero as its historic downtown waterfront and revitalizing the Hayes Valley neighborhood.[107]

The two recent decades have seen booms driven by the internet industry. During the dot-com boom of the late 1990s, startup companies invigorated the San Francisco economy. Large numbers of entrepreneurs and computer application developers moved into the city, followed by marketing, design, and sales professionals, changing the social landscape as once poorer neighborhoods became increasingly gentrified.[108] Demand for new housing and office space ignited a second wave of high-rise development, this time in the South of Market district.[109] By 2000, the city's population reached new highs, surpassing the previous record set in 1950. When the bubble burst in 2001 and again in 2023, many of these companies folded and their employees were laid off. Yet high technology and entrepreneurship remain mainstays of the San Francisco economy. By the mid-2000s (decade), the social media boom had begun, with San Francisco becoming a popular location for tech offices and a common place to live for people employed in Silicon Valley companies such as Apple and Google.[110]

The early 2020s featured an exodus of tech companies from Downtown San Francisco, in the wake of the

Covid-19 pandemic; although San Francisco has since been widely characterized in the media to have entered an indefinite economic doom loop,[111][112] other sources have refuted this broad-based characterization of the city as a whole, asserting that the issues of concern are restricted primarily to the urban core of San Francisco.[113]

The Ferry Station Post Office Building, Armour & Co. Building, Atherton House, and YMCA Hotel are historic buildings among dozens of historical landmarks in the city, according to the National Register of Historic Places listings in San Francisco.[114]

Geography

Satellite view of San Francisco

San Francisco is located on the

Angel Island—are part of the city. Also included are the uninhabited Farallon Islands
, 27 miles (43 km) offshore in the Pacific Ocean. The mainland within the city limits roughly forms a "seven-by-seven-mile square," a common local colloquialism referring to the city's shape, though its total area, including water, is nearly 232 square miles (600 km2).

There are more than 50 hills within the city limits.

. Near the geographic center of the city, southwest of the downtown area, are a series of less densely populated hills. Twin Peaks, a pair of hills forming one of the city's highest points, forms an overlook spot. San Francisco's tallest hill, Mount Davidson, is 928 feet (283 m) high and is capped with a 103-foot (31 m) tall cross built in 1934.[116] Dominating this area is Sutro Tower, a large red and white radio and television transmission tower reaching 1,811 ft (552 m) above sea level.

Lake Merced, located in southwestern San Francisco

The nearby

Hayward Faults are responsible for much earthquake activity, although neither physically passes through the city itself. The San Andreas Fault caused the earthquakes in 1906 and 1989. Minor earthquakes occur on a regular basis. The threat of major earthquakes plays a large role in the city's infrastructure development. The city constructed an auxiliary water supply system and has repeatedly upgraded its building codes, requiring retrofits for older buildings and higher engineering standards for new construction.[117] However, there are still thousands of smaller buildings that remain vulnerable to quake damage.[118] USGS has released the California earthquake forecast which models earthquake occurrence in California.[119]

San Francisco's shoreline has grown beyond its natural limits. Entire neighborhoods such as the

El Polin Spring) are within parks and remain protected in what is essentially their original form, but most of the city's natural watercourses, such as Islais Creek and Mission Creek, have been partially or completely culverted and built over. Since the 1990s, however, the Public Utilities Commission has been studying proposals to daylight or restore some creeks.[121]

Neighborhoods

View of the city's central districts along its northeastern coastline

The historic center of San Francisco is the northeast quadrant of the city anchored by

Nob Hill, once the home of the city's business tycoons, and down to the waterfront tourist attractions of Fisherman's Wharf, and Pier 39, where many restaurants feature Dungeness crab from a still-active fishing industry. Also in this quadrant are Russian Hill, a residential neighborhood with the famously crooked Lombard Street; North Beach, the city's Little Italy and the former center of the Beat Generation; and Telegraph Hill, which features Coit Tower. Abutting Russian Hill and North Beach is San Francisco's Chinatown, the oldest Chinatown in North America.[122][123][124][125] The South of Market, which was once San Francisco's industrial core, has seen significant redevelopment following the construction of Oracle Park and an infusion of startup companies. New skyscrapers, live-work lofts, and condominiums dot the area. Further development is taking place just to the south in Mission Bay area, a former railroad yard, which now has a second campus of the University of California, San Francisco and Chase Center, which opened in 2019 as the new home of the Golden State Warriors.[126]

West of downtown, across

better source needed] and a few controversial chain stores,[129] although it still retains[timeframe?][citation needed] some bohemian
character.

San Francisco Chinatown, the oldest in North America and one of the world's largest.

North of the Western Addition is Pacific Heights, an affluent neighborhood that features the homes built by wealthy San Franciscans in the wake of the 1906 earthquake. Directly north of Pacific Heights facing the waterfront is the Marina, a neighborhood popular with young professionals that was largely built on reclaimed land from the Bay.[130]

In the southeast quadrant of the city is the

the Castro, was once a working-class Scandinavian and Irish area. It has become North America's first gay village, and is now the center of gay life in the city.[132] Located near the city's southern border, the Excelsior District is one of the most ethnically diverse neighborhoods in San Francisco. The Bayview-Hunters Point in the far southeast corner of the city is one of the poorest neighborhoods, though the area has been the focus of several revitalizing and urban renewal
projects.

The Ferry Building, located in the Embarcadero, the city's eastern waterfront along San Francisco Bay

The construction of the Twin Peaks Tunnel in 1918 connected southwest neighborhoods to downtown via streetcar, hastening the development of West Portal, and nearby affluent Forest Hill and St. Francis Wood. Further west, stretching all the way to the Pacific Ocean and north to Golden Gate Park lies the vast Sunset District, a large middle-class area with a predominantly Asian population.[133]

The northwestern quadrant of the city contains the

The Avenues
. These two districts are each sometimes further divided into two regions: the Outer Richmond and Outer Sunset can refer to the more western portions of their respective district and the Inner Richmond and Inner Sunset can refer to the more eastern portions.

Many piers remained derelict for years until the demolition of the

Embarcadero Freeway reopened the downtown waterfront, allowing for redevelopment. The centerpiece of the port, the Ferry Building
, while still receiving commuter ferry traffic, has been restored and redeveloped as a gourmet marketplace.

Climate

San Francisco fog is a regular phenomenon in the summer.

San Francisco has a

warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csb), characteristic of California's coast, with moist winters and dry summers.[134] San Francisco's weather is strongly influenced by the cool currents of the Pacific Ocean on the west side of the city, and the water of San Francisco Bay to the north and east. This moderates temperature swings and produces a remarkably mild year-round climate with little seasonal temperature variation.[135]

Among major U.S. cities, San Francisco has the coolest daily mean, maximum, and minimum temperatures for June, July, and August.[136] During the summer, rising hot air in California's interior valleys creates a low-pressure area that draws winds from the North Pacific High through the Golden Gate, which creates the city's characteristic cool winds and fog.[137] The fog is less pronounced in eastern neighborhoods and during the late summer and early fall. As a result, the year's warmest month, on average, is September, and on average, October is warmer than July, especially in daytime.

Temperatures reach or exceed 80 °F (27 °C) on an average of only 21 and 23 days a year at downtown and

La Niña periods. In 2013 (a "La Niña" year), a record low 5.59 in (142 mm) of rainfall was recorded at downtown San Francisco, where records have been kept since 1849.[138] Snowfall in the city is very rare, with only 10 measurable accumulations recorded since 1852, most recently in 1976 when up to 5 inches (13 cm) fell on Twin Peaks.[139][140]

The Farallon Islands are located in the Gulf of the Farallones, off the Pacific coast of San Francisco.

The highest recorded temperature at the official National Weather Service downtown observation station[b] was 106 °F (41 °C) on September 1, 2017.[142] During that hot spell, the warmest ever night of 71 °F (22 °C) was also recorded.[143] The lowest recorded temperature was 27 °F (−3 °C) on December 11, 1932.[144]

During an average year between 1991 and 2020, San Francisco recorded a warmest night at 64 °F (18 °C) and a coldest day at 49 °F (9 °C).[138] The coldest daytime high since the station's opening in 1945 was recorded in December 1972 at 37 °F (3 °C).[138]

As a coastal city, San Francisco will be heavily affected by climate change. As of 2021, sea levels are projected to rise by as much as 5 feet (1.5 m), resulting in periodic flooding, rising groundwater levels, and lowland floods from more severe storms.[145]

San Francisco falls under the

USDA 10b Plant hardiness zone, though some areas, particularly downtown, border zone 11a.[146][147]

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 79
(26)
81
(27)
87
(31)
94
(34)
97
(36)
103
(39)
99
(37)
98
(37)
106
(41)
102
(39)
86
(30)
76
(24)
106
(41)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 67.1
(19.5)
71.8
(22.1)
76.4
(24.7)
80.7
(27.1)
81.4
(27.4)
84.6
(29.2)
80.5
(26.9)
83.4
(28.6)
90.8
(32.7)
87.9
(31.1)
75.8
(24.3)
66.4
(19.1)
94.0
(34.4)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 57.8
(14.3)
60.4
(15.8)
62.1
(16.7)
63.0
(17.2)
64.1
(17.8)
66.5
(19.2)
66.3
(19.1)
67.9
(19.9)
70.2
(21.2)
69.8
(21.0)
63.7
(17.6)
57.9
(14.4)
64.1
(17.8)
Daily mean °F (°C) 52.2
(11.2)
54.2
(12.3)
55.5
(13.1)
56.4
(13.6)
57.8
(14.3)
59.7
(15.4)
60.3
(15.7)
61.7
(16.5)
62.9
(17.2)
62.1
(16.7)
57.2
(14.0)
52.5
(11.4)
57.7
(14.3)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 46.6
(8.1)
47.9
(8.8)
48.9
(9.4)
49.7
(9.8)
51.4
(10.8)
53.0
(11.7)
54.4
(12.4)
55.5
(13.1)
55.6
(13.1)
54.4
(12.4)
50.7
(10.4)
47.0
(8.3)
51.3
(10.7)
Mean minimum °F (°C) 40.5
(4.7)
42.0
(5.6)
43.7
(6.5)
45.0
(7.2)
48.0
(8.9)
50.1
(10.1)
51.6
(10.9)
52.9
(11.6)
52.0
(11.1)
49.9
(9.9)
44.9
(7.2)
40.7
(4.8)
38.8
(3.8)
Record low °F (°C) 29
(−2)
31
(−1)
33
(1)
40
(4)
42
(6)
46
(8)
47
(8)
46
(8)
47
(8)
43
(6)
38
(3)
27
(−3)
27
(−3)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 4.40
(112)
4.37
(111)
3.15
(80)
1.60
(41)
0.70
(18)
0.20
(5.1)
0.01
(0.25)
0.06
(1.5)
0.10
(2.5)
0.94
(24)
2.60
(66)
4.76
(121)
22.89
(581)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 11.2 10.8 10.8 6.8 4.0 1.6 0.7 1.1 1.2 3.5 7.9 11.6 71.2
Average
relative humidity
(%)
80 77 75 72 72 71 75 75 73 71 75 78 75
Mean monthly sunshine hours 185.9 207.7 269.1 309.3 325.1 311.4 313.3 287.4 271.4 247.1 173.4 160.6 3,061.7
Percent possible sunshine 61 69 73 78 74 70 70 68 73 71 57 54 69
Average ultraviolet index 2 3 5 7 9 10 10 9 7 5 3 2 6
Source 1: NOAA (sun 1961–1974)[138][148][149][150]
Source 2: Met Office (humidity)[151], Weather Atlas (UV)[152]

Ecology

Aerial view of the Presidio of San Francisco and the Golden Gate

Historically,

De Anza Expedition on March 23, 1776. Herbert Eugene Bolton wrote about the expedition camp at Mountain Lake, near the southern end of today's Presidio: "Round about were grazing deer, and scattered here and there were the antlers of large elk."[155] Also, when Richard Henry Dana Jr. visited San Francisco Bay in 1835, he wrote about vast elk herds near the Golden Gate: on December 27 ."..we came to anchor near the mouth of the bay, under a high and beautifully sloping hill, upon which herds of hundreds and hundreds of red deer [note: "red deer" is the European term for "elk"], and the stag, with his high branching antlers, were bounding about...," although it is not clear whether this was the Marin side or the San Francisco side.[156]

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
18481,000—    
184925,000+2400.0%
185234,776+39.1%
186056,802+63.3%
1870149,473+163.1%
1880233,959+56.5%
1890298,997+27.8%
1900342,782+14.6%
1910416,912+21.6%
1920506,676+21.5%
1930634,394+25.2%
1940634,536+0.0%
1950775,357+22.2%
1960740,316−4.5%
1970715,674−3.3%
1980678,974−5.1%
1990723,959+6.6%
2000776,733+7.3%
2010805,235+3.7%
2020873,965+8.5%
2023808,437−7.5%
https://www.sfchronicle.com/sf/article/s-f-exodus-population-recovery-data-18564064.php

The 2020 United States census showed San Francisco's population to be 873,965, an increase of 8.5% from the 2010 census.[16] With roughly one-quarter the population density of Manhattan, San Francisco is the second-most densely populated large American city, behind only New York City among cities greater than 200,000 population, and the fifth-most densely populated U.S. county, following only four of the five New York City boroughs.

San Francisco is part of the five-county

San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA Combined Statistical Area, whose population is over 9.6 million, making it the fifth-largest in the United States as of 2018.[157][failed verification
]

Race, ethnicity, religion, and languages

Ethnic origins in San Francisco

As of the 2020 census, the racial makeup and population of San Francisco included: 361,382

Pacific Islanders (0.4%) and 73,169 persons of other races (8.4%). There were 136,761 Hispanic or Latino
residents of any race (15.6%).

San Francisco is a

non-Hispanic White residents comprise less than half of the population; in 1940 they formed 92.5% of the population.[158]

In 2010, residents of

Japanese, Koreans and many other Asian and Pacific Islander groups represented in the city.[159]
The population of Chinese ancestry is most heavily concentrated in Chinatown and the
Crocker-Amazon; the latter neighborhood shares a border with Daly City, which has one of the highest concentrations of Filipinos in North America.[159][160] The Tenderloin District is home to a large portion of the city's Vietnamese population as well as businesses and restaurants, which is known as the city's Little Saigon.[159]

The principal Hispanic groups in the city were those of Mexican (7%) and Salvadoran (2%) ancestry. The Hispanic population is most heavily concentrated in the Mission District, Tenderloin District, and Excelsior District.[161] The city's percentage of Hispanic residents is less than half of that of the state.

Fillmore District.[161] There are smaller Black communities in Diamond Heights, Glen Park, and Mission District
.

The city has long been home to a significant Jewish community; in 2018

Demographic profile[166] 1860 1880 1920 1960 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020[167]
Non-Hispanic White alone 90.2% 87.7% 93.5% 72.7% 52.8% 46.9% 43.5% 41.7% 39.1%
Non-Hispanic Asian alone 4.6% 9.3% 2.7% 7.9% 21.3% 28.0% 30.7% 33.1% 33.7%
Chinese American
4.6% 9.3% 1.5% 5.1% 12.1% 17.6% 20.0% 19.8% 21.0%
Filipino American 0.2% 1.5% 5.2% 5.4% 5.0% 4.9% 4.4%
Hispanic or Latino, any race(s) 3.0% 2.4% 3.4% 9.4% 12.6% 13.3% 14.2% 15.2% 15.6%
Mexican American 1.8% 1.4% 1.5% 5.1% 5.0% 5.2% 6.0% 7.5% 7.9%
Non-Hispanic Black alone 2.1% 0.6% 0.4% 9.7% 12.3% 10.7% 7.6% 6.0% 5.1%
Non-Hispanic Pacific Islander
alone
<0.1% 0.2% 0.4% 0.4% 0.5% 0.3%
Non-Hispanic Native American alone <0.1% <0.1% <0.1% 0.1% 0.4% 0.4% 0.3% 0.3% 0.2%
Non-Hispanic other 0.2% 0.4% 0.2% 0.3% 0.3% 0.8%
Non-Hispanic two or more races 3.0% 2.9% 5.2%
Foreign-born[e] 50.2% 44.5% 30.1% 20.2% 29.5% 35.4% 38.4% 38.2% 34.2%

Source: U.S. Census and IPUMS USA[166]

Map of racial distribution in San Francisco, 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot is 25 people:  White  Black  Asian  Hispanic  Other

According to a 2018 study by the Jewish Community Federation of San Francisco, Jews make up 10% (80,000) of the city's population, making

agnostics, while 5% identify as atheists.[168][169]

As of 2010[update], 55% (411,728) of San Francisco residents spoke only

variety of Chinese (mostly Taishanese and Cantonese[170][171]), 12% (88,147) Spanish, 3% (25,767) Tagalog, and 2% (14,017) Russian. In total, 45% (342,693) of San Francisco's population spoke a language at home other than English.[172]

Ethnic clustering

San Francisco has several prominent Chinese, Mexican, and Filipino neighborhoods including Chinatown and the Mission District. Research collected on the immigrant clusters in the city show that more than half of the Asian population in San Francisco is either Chinese-born (40.3%) or Philippine-born (13.1%), and of the Mexican population 21% were Mexican-born, meaning these are people who recently immigrated to the United States.[173] Between the years of 1990 and 2000, the number of foreign-born residents increased from 33% to nearly 40%.[173] During this same time period, the San Francisco metropolitan area received 850,000 immigrants, ranking third in the United States after Los Angeles and New York.[173]

Education, households, and income

Sea Cliff is one of the city's most expensive neighborhoods.[174]

Of all major cities in the United States, San Francisco has the second-highest percentage of residents with a college degree, second only to Seattle. Over 44% of adults have a bachelor's or higher degree.[175] San Francisco had the highest rate at 7,031 per square mile, or over 344,000 total graduates in the city's 46.7 square miles (121 km2).[176]

San Francisco has the highest estimated percentage of gay and lesbian individuals of any of the 50 largest U.S. cities, at 15%.[177] San Francisco also has the highest percentage of same-sex households of any American county, with the Bay Area having a higher concentration than any other metropolitan area.[178]

San Francisco ranks third of American cities in median household income[179] with a 2007 value of $65,519.[180] Median family income is $81,136.[180] An emigration of middle-class families has left the city with a lower proportion of children than any other large American city,[181] with the dog population cited as exceeding the child population of 115,000, in 2018.[182] The city's

poverty rate is 12%, lower than the national average.[183]
The city is believed to have the highest number of homeless inhabitants per capita of any major U.S. city.[185][186]

There are 345,811 households in the city, out of which: 133,366 households (39%) were individuals, 109,437 (32%) were

same-sex married couples or partnerships
. The average household size was 2.26; the average family size was 3.11. 452,986 people (56%) lived in rental housing units, and 327,985 people (41%) lived in owner-occupied housing units. The median age of the city population is 38 years.

San Francisco declared itself a sanctuary city in 1989, and city officials strengthened the stance in 2013 with its 'Due Process for All' ordinance. The law declared local authorities could not hold immigrants for immigration offenses if they had no violent felonies on their records and did not currently face charges."[187] The city issues a Resident ID Card regardless of the applicant's immigration status.[188]

Homelessness

Homeless encampment under a freeway in San Francisco

Homelessness in San Francisco emerged as a major issue in the late 20th century and remains a growing problem in modern times.[189]

8,035 homeless people were counted in San Francisco's 2019 point-in-time street and shelter count. This was an increase of more than 17% over the 2017 count of 6,858 people. 5,180 of the people were living unsheltered on the streets and in parks.[190] 26% of respondents in the 2019 count identified job loss as the primary cause of their homelessness, 18% cited alcohol or drug use, and 13% cited being evicted from their residence.[190] The city of San Francisco has been dramatically increasing its spending to service the growing population homelessness crisis: spending jumped by $241 million in 2016–17 to total $275 million, compared to a budget of just $34 million the previous year. In 2017–18 the budget for combatting homelessness stood at $305 million.[191] In the 2019–2020 budget year, the city budgeted $368 million for homelessness services. In the proposed 2020–2021 budget the city budgeted $850 million for homelessness services.[192]

In January 2018 a United Nations special rapporteur on homelessness, Leilani Farha, stated that she was "completely shocked" by San Francisco's homelessness crisis during a visit to the city. She compared the "deplorable conditions" of the homeless camps she witnessed on San Francisco's streets to those she had seen in Mumbai.[191] In May 2020, San Francisco officially sanctioned homeless encampments.[193]

Crime

SFPD
mounted police officers

San Francisco's homicide rate is low compared to other major cities but many other crimes are high compared to other major cities.[194] San Francisco's high crime rate is primarily driven by its lax justice system and low prosecution rate.[195][196] San Francisco police recorded 7,135 vehicle thefts in 2023 which is a notable increase from 2018. San Francisco also has a high overall property crime rate. In 2022, San Francisco had 5,706 property crimes per 100,000 residents. Public drug activity, including infected syringes littering public spaces and public overdoses, is a major problem in the city.[197][198][199] The number of incidents police logged of people possessing, selling or transporting drugs in the city more than doubled between 2021 and 2023.[200] From 2019 to 2023, 47% of businesses in the city shut down due to rampant theft and lack of safety for employees. 2014 California Proposition 47, which was supported by the majority of San Francisco residents, lessened consequences for theft under $950 and as a result increased theft and business closures in the city.[201][202]

During the first half of 2018, human feces on San Francisco sidewalks primarily from homeless people dealing with substance abuse were the second-most-frequent complaint of city residents, with about 65 calls per day. The city has formed a "poop patrol" to attempt to combat the problem.[203]

SFPD parking enforcement officers

In January 2022,

hate crimes against the API community in San Francisco last year," and that he "was allowed to be out of custody despite the number of charges against him."[204]

Several

Excelsior District. His victims had no relationship with him, nor did they have any known gang or street crime involvement.[207][citation needed
]

African-American street gangs familiar in other cities, including the

Bloods, Crips and their sets, have struggled to establish footholds in San Francisco,[208] while police and prosecutors have been accused of liberally labeling young African-American males as gang members.[209] However, gangs founded in San Francisco with majority Black memberships have made their presence in the city.[citation needed
]

Criminal gangs with shotcallers in China, including Triad groups such as the Wo Hop To, were active in San Francisco in the 20th century.[210]

Economy

San Francisco's Financial District, despite its declining importance,[211] is still considered the Wall Street of the West.

Despite a declining

San Jose–San Francisco–Oakland combined statistical area had a GDP of $1.086 trillion,[214] ranking 3rd among CSAs, and ahead of all but 16 countries. As of 2019, San Francisco County was the 7th highest-income county in the United States (among 3,142), with a per capita personal income of $139,405.[215] Marin County, directly to the north over the Golden Gate Bridge, and San Mateo County, directly to the south on the Peninsula
, were the 6th and 9th highest-income counties respectively.

Skyline of South of Market (SoMa), including Salesforce Tower, the tallest building in San Francisco

The legacy of the California Gold Rush turned San Francisco into the principal banking and finance center of the

architecture and design—San Francisco is designated as an Alpha(-) World City.[219] The 2017 Global Financial Centres Index ranked San Francisco as the sixth-most competitive financial center in the world.[220]

Beginning in the 1990s, San Francisco's economy diversified away from finance and tourism towards the growing fields of high tech,

Union Square, despite its declining profile,[230] is still a major retail hub for San Francisco and the Bay Area.

According to academic Rob Wilson, San Francisco is a

California Gold Rush.[231] However, the COVID-19 pandemic has led to high office vacancy rates and the closure of many retail and tech businesses in the downtown core of San Francisco.[232][233] Attributed causes include a shift to remote work in the technology and professional services sectors, as well as high levels of homelessness, drug use, and crime in areas around downtown San Francisco, such as the Tenderloin and Mid-Market neighborhoods.[234][235]

The top employer in San Francisco is the city government itself, employing 5.6% (31,000+ people) of the city's workforce, followed by

formula retail chains into the city has been made intentionally difficult by political and civic consensus. In an effort to buoy small privately owned businesses in San Francisco and preserve the unique retail personality of the city, the Small Business Commission started a publicity campaign in 2004 to keep a larger share of retail dollars in the local economy,[240] and the Board of Supervisors has used the planning code to limit the neighborhoods where formula retail establishments can set up shop,[241] an effort affirmed by San Francisco voters.[242] However, by 2016, San Francisco was rated low by small businesses in a Business Friendliness Survey.[243]

Ferry Building in the Embarcadero.

Like many U.S. cities, San Francisco once had a significant manufacturing sector employing nearly 60,000 workers in 1969, but nearly all production left for cheaper locations by the 1980s.[244] As of 2014, San Francisco has seen a small resurgence in manufacturing, with more than 4,000 manufacturing jobs across 500 companies, doubling since 2011. The city's largest manufacturing employer is Anchor Brewing Company, and the largest by revenue is Timbuk2.[244]

As of the first quarter of 2022, the median value of homes in San Francisco County was $1,297,030. It ranked third in the U.S. for counties with highest median home value, behind

Nantucket, Massachusetts and San Mateo County, California.[245]

Technology

Twitter headquarters on Market St.

San Francisco became a hub for technological driven economic growth during the

internet boom of the 1990s, and still holds an important position in the world city network today.[173][246] Intense redevelopment towards the "new economy" makes business more technologically minded. Between the years of 1999 and 2000, the job growth rate was 4.9%, creating over 50,000 jobs in technology firms and internet content production.[173] However, the technology industry has become geographically dispersed.[247][248]

In the second technological boom driven by social media in the mid-2000s, San Francisco became a location for companies such as

Ubisoft, Facebook, and Twitter to base their tech offices and for their employees to live.[249]

Tourism and conventions

The Fisherman's Wharf is a popular tourist attraction.

Tourism is one of San Francisco's most important private-sector industries, accounting for more than one out of seven jobs in the city.[221][250] The city's frequent portrayal in music, film, and popular culture has made the city and its landmarks recognizable worldwide. In 2016, it attracted the fifth-highest number of foreign tourists of any city in the United States.[251] More than 25 million visitors arrived in San Francisco in 2016, adding US$9.96 billion to the economy.[252] With a large hotel infrastructure and a major convention facility in the Moscone Center, San Francisco is a popular destination for annual conventions and conferences.[253]

Some of the most popular tourist attractions in San Francisco, as noted by the

California sea lions, the Aquarium of the Bay, and the famous Alcatraz Island.[254]

Coit Tower on Telegraph Hill

San Francisco also offers tourists varied nightlife in its neighborhoods.[255][256]

The new Terminal Project at Pier 27 opened September 25, 2014, as a replacement for the old Pier 35.[257] Itineraries from San Francisco usually include round-trip cruises to Alaska and Mexico.

A heightened interest in conventioneering in San Francisco, marked by the establishment of convention centers such as Yerba Buena, acted as a feeder into the local tourist economy and resulted in an increase in the hotel industry: "In 1959, the city had fewer than thirty-three hundred first-class hotel rooms; by 1970, the number was nine thousand; and by 1999, there were more than thirty thousand."

commodification of the Castro District has contributed to San Francisco's tourist economy.[259]

Arts and culture

The Palace of Fine Arts, originally built for the 1915 Panama–Pacific International Exposition

Although the

Cow Hollow, 24th Street in Noe Valley, Valencia Street in the Mission, Grant Avenue in North Beach, and Irving Street in the Inner Sunset. This approach especially has influenced the continuing South of Market neighborhood redevelopment with businesses and neighborhood services rising alongside high-rise residences.[261][failed verification
]

The Castro is famous as one of the first gay villages in the country.[262]

Since the 1990s, the demand for skilled

highest quality of living of any U.S. city.[267] However, due to the exceptionally high cost of living, many of the city's middle and lower-class families have been leaving the city for the outer suburbs of the Bay Area, or for California's Central Valley.[268] By June 2, 2015, the median rent was reported to be as high as $4,225.[269] The high cost of living is due in part to restrictive planning laws which limit new residential construction.[270]

Mexican-American population and greater Hispanic and Latino
community.

The international character that San Francisco has enjoyed since its founding is continued today by large numbers of immigrants from Asia and Latin America. With 39% of its residents born overseas,[239] San Francisco has numerous neighborhoods filled with businesses and civic institutions catering to new arrivals. In particular, the arrival of many ethnic Chinese, which began to accelerate in the 1970s, has complemented the long-established community historically based in Chinatown throughout the city and has transformed the annual Chinese New Year Parade into the largest event of its kind on the West Coast.

With the arrival of the

indigent medical programs into the Healthy San Francisco program,[272] which subsidizes certain medical services for eligible residents.[273][274][275]

The San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, also known as SF MOMA

Since 1993, the San Francisco Department of Public Health has distributed 400,000 free syringes every month aimed at reducing HIV and other health risks for drug users, as well as providing disposal sites and services.[276][277][278]

San Francisco also has had a very active environmental community. Starting with the founding of the Sierra Club in 1892 to the establishment of the non-profit Friends of the Urban Forest in 1981, San Francisco has been at the forefront of many global discussions regarding the environment.[279][280] The 1980 San Francisco Recycling Program was one of the earliest curbside recycling programs.[281] The city's GoSolarSF incentive promotes solar installations and the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission is rolling out the CleanPowerSF program to sell electricity from local renewable sources.[282][283] SF Greasecycle is a program to recycle used cooking oil for conversion to biodiesel.[284]

The Sunset Reservoir Solar Project, completed in 2010, installed 24,000 solar panels on the roof of the reservoir. The 5-megawatt plant more than tripled the city's 2-megawatt solar generation capacity when it opened in December 2010.[285][286]

LGBT

San Francisco Pride is one of the oldest and largest LGBT pride events in the world.

San Francisco has long had an

Gallup places the proportion of LGBT adults in the San Francisco metro area at 6.2%, which is the highest proportion of the 50 most populous metropolitan areas as measured by the polling organization.[287]

The gay pride flag was originally developed in San Francisco.

One of the most popular destinations for gay tourists internationally, the city hosts

pride parades. San Francisco Pride events have been held continuously since 1972. The events are themed and a new theme is created each year.[288] In 2013, over 1.5 million people attended, around 500,000 more than the previous year.[289] Pink Saturday is an annual street party held the Saturday before the pride parade, which coincides with the Dyke march
.

The Folsom Street Fair (FSF) is an annual BDSM and leather subculture street fair that is held in September, endcapping San Francisco's "Leather Pride Week."[290] It started in 1984 and is California's third-largest single-day, outdoor spectator event and the world's largest leather event and showcase for BDSM products and culture.[291]

Performing arts

War Memorial Opera House, part of the S.F. War Memorial & Performing Arts Center, one of the largest performing arts centers in the U.S.
Golden Gate Theatre is located in the historic Theatre District

San Francisco's War Memorial and Performing Arts Center hosts some of the most enduring performing arts companies in the country. The War Memorial Opera House houses the San Francisco Opera, the second-largest opera company in North America[292] as well as the San Francisco Ballet, while the San Francisco Symphony plays in Davies Symphony Hall. Opened in 2013, the SFJAZZ Center hosts jazz performances year round.[293]

San Francisco Sound.[294] It closed its doors in 1971 with a final performance by Santana and reopened in 1994 with a show by the Smashing Pumpkins.[295]

San Francisco has a large number of

Tony Award-winning non-profit American Conservatory Theater (A.C.T.) is a member of the national League of Resident Theatres. Other local winners of the Regional Theatre Tony Award include the San Francisco Mime Troupe.[297]
San Francisco theaters frequently host pre-Broadway engagements and tryout runs,[298] and some original San Francisco productions have later moved to Broadway.[299]

Museums

The California Palace of the Legion of Honor, part of the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco

The San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (SFMOMA) houses 20th century and contemporary works of art. It moved to its current building in the South of Market neighborhood in 1995 and attracted more than 600,000 visitors annually.[300] SFMOMA closed for renovation and expansion in 2013. The museum reopened on May 14, 2016, with an addition, designed by Snøhetta, that has doubled the museum's size.[301]

The

Steinhart Aquarium. Located on Pier 15 on the Embarcadero, the Exploratorium is an interactive science museum. The Contemporary Jewish Museum is a non-collecting institution that hosts a broad array of temporary exhibitions. On Nob Hill, the Cable Car Museum is a working museum featuring the cable car powerhouse, which drives the cables.[302] Wattis Institute for Contemporary Arts was founded in 1998 and is part of the California College of the Arts.[303]

Sports

Oracle Park, home of the SF Giants

Major League Baseball's San Francisco Giants have played in San Francisco since moving from New York in 1958. The Giants play at Oracle Park, which opened in 2000.[304] The Giants won World Series titles in 2010, 2012, and in 2014. The Giants have boasted stars such as Willie Mays, Willie McCovey, and Barry Bonds (MLB's career home run leader). In 2012, San Francisco was ranked No. 1 in a study that examined which U.S. metro areas have produced the most Major Leaguers since 1920.[305]

The San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League (NFL) began playing in 1946 as an All-America Football Conference (AAFC) league charter member, moved to the NFL in 1950 and into Candlestick Park in 1971. The team left San Francisco in 2014, moving approximately 50 miles south to Santa Clara, and began playing its home games at Levi's Stadium,[306][307] The 49ers have won five Super Bowl titles between 1982 and 1995.

The Chase Center, home of the Golden State Warriors

NBA's Golden State Warriors have played in the San Francisco Bay Area since moving from Philadelphia in 1962. The Warriors played as the San Francisco Warriors, from 1962 to 1971, before being renamed the Golden State Warriors prior to the 1971–1972 season in an attempt to present the team as a representation of the whole state of California, which had already adopted "The Golden State" nickname.[308] The Warriors' arena, Chase Center, is located in San Francisco.[309] After winning two championships in Philadelphia, they have won five championships since moving to the San Francisco Bay Area,[310] and made five consecutive NBA Finals from 2015 to 2019, winning three of them. They won again in 2022, the franchise's first championship while residing in San Francisco proper.

At the collegiate level, the

Fight Hunger Bowl
college football game from 2002 through 2013 before it moved to Santa Clara.

There are a handful of lower-league soccer clubs in San Francisco playing mostly from April – June.

Club Founded Venue League Tier level
El Farolito
1985 Boxer Stadium NPSL 4
San Francisco City FC 2001 Kezar Stadium USL League Two 4
San Francisco Glens SC
1961 Skyline College USL League Two 4
SF Elite Metro 2017 Negoesco Stadium NISA Nation 5
Bay to Breakers is an annual foot race known for colorful costumes.

The Bay to Breakers footrace, held annually since 1912, is best known for colorful costumes and a celebratory community spirit.[312] The San Francisco Marathon attracts more than 21,000 participants.[313] The Escape from Alcatraz triathlon has, since 1980, attracted 2,000 top professional and amateur triathletes for its annual race.[314] The Olympic Club, founded in 1860, is the oldest athletic club in the United States. Its private golf course has hosted the U.S. Open on five occasions. San Francisco hosted the 2013 America's Cup yacht racing competition.[315]

With an ideal climate for outdoor activities, San Francisco has ample resources and opportunities for amateur and participatory sports and recreation. There are more than 200 miles (320 km) of

bicycle paths, lanes and bike routes in the city.[316]
San Francisco residents have often ranked among the fittest in the country.[317] Golden Gate Park has miles of paved and unpaved running trails as well as a golf course and disc golf course. Boating, sailing,
kitesurfing are among the popular activities on San Francisco Bay, and the city maintains a yacht harbor in the Marina District
.

San Francisco also has had Esports teams, such as the Overwatch League's San Francisco Shock. Established in 2017,[318] they won two back-to-back championship titles in 2019 and 2020.[319][320]

Parks and recreation

Golden Gate Park is the 3rd most-visited city park in the U.S., after Central Park and the National Mall.[321]

Several of San Francisco's parks and nearly all of its beaches form part of the regional Golden Gate National Recreation Area, one of the most visited units of the National Park system in the United States with over 13 million visitors a year. Among the GGNRA's attractions within the city are Ocean Beach, which runs along the Pacific Ocean shoreline and is frequented by a vibrant surfing community, and Baker Beach, which is located in a cove west of the Golden Gate.

The

Alcatraz. The National Park Service separately administers the San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park – a fleet of historic ships and waterfront property around Aquatic Park.[citation needed
]

Alamo Square
.
The Cliff House over Ocean Beach

There are more than 220 parks maintained by the San Francisco Recreation & Parks Department.[322] The largest and best-known city park is Golden Gate Park,[323] which stretches from the center of the city west to the Pacific Ocean. Once covered in native grasses and sand dunes, the park was conceived in the 1860s and was created by the extensive planting of thousands of non-native trees and plants. The large park is rich with cultural and natural attractions such as the Conservatory of Flowers, Japanese Tea Garden and San Francisco Botanical Garden.[citation needed]

California State Park system located principally in San Francisco, Candlestick Point was the state's first urban recreation area.[325]

Most of San Francisco's islands are protected as parkland or nature reserves. Alcatraz Island, operated by the National Park Service, is open to the public. The Farallon Islands are protected wildlife refuges. The Seal Rocks are protected as part of Golden Gate National Recreation Area. Red Rock Island is the only privately owned island in San Francisco Bay, but is uninhabited. Yerba Buena Island is largely utilized by the military.

San Francisco is the first city in the U.S. to have a park within a 10-Minute Walk of every resident.[326][327] It also ranks fifth in the U.S. for park access and quality in the 2018 ParkScore ranking of the top 100 park systems across the United States, according to the nonprofit Trust for Public Land.[328]

Government

San Francisco City Hall, built 1913–16 and designed by Arthur Brown Jr.

The

city council. The government of San Francisco is a charter city and is constituted of two co-equal branches: the executive branch is headed by the mayor and includes other citywide elected and appointed officials as well as the civil service; the 11-member Board of Supervisors, the legislative branch, is headed by a president and is responsible for passing laws and budgets, though San Franciscans also make use of direct ballot initiatives to pass legislation.[329]

Because of its unique city-county status, the local government is able to exercise jurisdiction over certain property outside city limits.

The Supreme Court of California is based in the Earl Warren Building.

The members of the Board of Supervisors are elected as representatives of specific districts within the city.

Ed Lee was selected by the board to finish the term of Gavin Newsom, who resigned to take office as Lieutenant Governor of California.[332] Lee (who won two elections to remain mayor) was temporarily replaced by San Francisco Board of Supervisors President London Breed after he died on December 12, 2017. Supervisor Mark Farrell
was appointed by the Board of Supervisors to finish Lee's term on January 23, 2018.

Most local offices in San Francisco are elected using ranked choice voting.[333]

San Francisco Federal Building

San Francisco serves as the regional hub for many arms of the federal bureaucracy, including the

Hunters Point—a legacy still reflected in the annual celebration of Fleet Week. The State of California uses San Francisco as the home of the state supreme court and other state agencies. Foreign governments maintain more than seventy consulates in San Francisco.[334]

The municipal budget for fiscal year 2015–16 was $8.99 billion,[335] and is one of the largest city budgets in the United States.[336] The City of San Francisco spends more per resident than any city other than Washington, D.C., over $10,000 in FY 2015–2016.[336] The city employs around 27,000 workers.[337]

The historic Browning Courthouse

In the

the 11th Senate District, represented by Democrat Scott Wiener. In the California State Assembly, it is split between the 17th Assembly District, represented by Democrat Matt Haney, and the 19th Assembly District, represented by Democrat Phil Ting.[338]

In the

House Minority Leader
, from 2003 to 2007 and 2011 to 2019.

Education

Colleges and universities

University of San Francisco

The

UCSF Medical Center, which ranks as the number one hospital in California and the number 5 in the country.[341] UCSF is a major local employer, second in size only to the city and county government.[342][343][344] A 43-acre (17 ha) Mission Bay campus was opened in 2003, complementing its original facility in Parnassus Heights. It contains research space and facilities to foster biotechnology and life sciences entrepreneurship and will double the size of UCSF's research enterprise.[345] All in all, UCSF operates more than 20 facilities across San Francisco.[346]

The University of California College of the Law, San Francisco, founded in Civic Center in 1878, is the oldest law school in California and claims more judges on the state bench than any other institution.[347] San Francisco's two University of California institutions have recently formed an official affiliation in the UCSF/UC Law SF Consortium on Law, Science & Health Policy.[348]

San Francisco Art Institute is the oldest art school in the Western U.S.

San Francisco State University is part of the California State University system and is located near Lake Merced.[349] The school has approximately 30,000 students and awards undergraduate, master's and doctoral degrees in more than 100 disciplines.[349] The City College of San Francisco, with its main facility in the Ingleside district, is one of the largest two-year community colleges in the country. It has an enrollment of about 100,000 students and offers an extensive continuing education program.[350]

University of California College of the Law

Founded in 1855, the

Jesuit university located on Lone Mountain, is the oldest institution of higher education in San Francisco and one of the oldest universities established west of the Mississippi River.[351] Golden Gate University is a private, nonsectarian, coeducational university formed in 1901 and located in the Financial District
.

With an enrollment of 13,000 students, the

Potrero Hill, has programs in architecture, fine arts, design, and writing.[354] The San Francisco Conservatory of Music, the only independent music school
on the West Coast, grants degrees in orchestral instruments, chamber music, composition, and conducting.

The California Culinary Academy, associated with the Le Cordon Bleu program, offers programs in the culinary arts, baking and pastry arts, and hospitality and restaurant management. California Institute of Integral Studies, founded in 1968, offers a variety of graduate programs in its Schools of Professional Psychology & Health, and Consciousness and Transformation.

Primary and secondary schools

The San Francisco Unified School District operates 114 schools and is the oldest school district in California.

Public schools are run by the San Francisco Unified School District, which covers the entire city and county,[355] as well as the California State Board of Education for some charter schools. Lowell High School, the oldest public high school in the U.S. west of the Mississippi,[356] and the smaller School of the Arts High School are two of San Francisco's magnet schools at the secondary level. Public school students attend schools based on an assignment system rather than neighborhood proximity.[357]

Just under 30% of the city's school-age population attends one of San Francisco's more than 100 private or parochial schools, compared to a 10% rate nationwide.[358] Nearly 40 of those schools are Catholic schools managed by the Archdiocese of San Francisco.[359]

San Francisco has nearly 300 preschool programs primarily operated by Head Start, San Francisco Unified School District, private for-profit, private non-profit and family child care providers.[360] All four-year-old children living in San Francisco are offered universal access to preschool through the Preschool for All program.[361]

Media

San Francisco Chronicle building

The major daily newspaper in San Francisco is the

The San Francisco Examiner, once the cornerstone of William Randolph Hearst's media empire and the home of Ambrose Bierce, declined in circulation over the years and now takes the form of a free daily tabloid, under new ownership.[363][364]

.

Hearst Corporation

The San Francisco Bay Area is the sixth-largest

in the U.S.

All major U.S. television networks have

Comcast SportsNet California, are both located in San Francisco. The Pac-12 Network
is also based in San Francisco.

Sutro Tower is a broadcast tower and local landmark.

National Public Radio affiliate in the country.[368]

KPIX
.

Infrastructure

Transportation

Public transportation

Alcatraz
seen behind

Transit is the most used form of transportation every day in San Francisco. Every weekday, more than 560,000 people travel on Muni's 69 bus routes and more than 140,000 customers ride the Muni Metro light rail system.

Castro Street to Fisherman's Wharf.[374] It also operates the famous cable cars,[374] which have been designated as a National Historic Landmark and are a major tourist attraction.[375]

East Bay and San Jose through the underwater Transbay Tube. The line, which contains all except the Orange Line, runs under Market Street to Civic Center where it turns south to the Mission District, the southern part of the city, and through northern San Mateo County, to the San Francisco International Airport, and Millbrae.[374]

Muni Metro, run by SF Muni

Another commuter rail system,

Southern Pacific Lines ran from San Francisco to Los Angeles, via Palo Alto and San Jose
.

Amtrak Thruway runs a shuttle bus from three locations in San Francisco to its station across the bay in Emeryville.[376] Additionally, BART offers connections to San Francisco from Amtrak's stations in Emeryville, Oakland and Richmond, and Caltrain offers connections in San Jose and Santa Clara. Thruway service also runs south to San Luis Obispo with connection to the Pacific Surfliner.

San Francisco was an early adopter of carsharing in America. The non-profit City CarShare opened in 2001[377] and Zipcar closely followed.[378]

Golden Gate Ferries connect the city to North Bay communities, while San Francisco Bay Ferry connects the city to both the North and East Bay.

Marin County.[380] SolTrans
runs supplemental bus service between the Ferry Building and Vallejo.

To accommodate the large amount of San Francisco citizens who commute to the Silicon Valley daily, employers like Genentech, Google, and Apple have begun to provide private bus transportation for their employees, from San Francisco locations. These buses have quickly become a heated topic of debate within the city, as protesters claim they block bus lanes and delay public buses.[381]

Freeways and roads

The Bay Bridge connects the city to Oakland and the East Bay.

In 2014, only 41.3% of residents commuted by driving alone or carpooling in private vehicles in San Francisco, a decline from 48.6% in 2000.[382] There are 1,088 miles of streets in San Francisco with 946 miles of these streets being surface streets, and 59 miles of freeways.[382] Due to its unique geography, and the freeway revolts of the late 1950s,[383]

Marin County
and the North Bay.

As part of the retrofitting of the Golden Gate Bridge and installation of a suicide barrier, starting in 2019 the railings on the west side of the pedestrian walkway were replaced with thinner, more flexible

slats in order to improve the bridge's aerodynamic tolerance of high wind to 100 mph (161 km/h). Starting in June 2020, reports were received of a loud hum produced by the new railing slats, heard across the city when a strong west wind was blowing.[384]

Lombard Street in Russian Hill is famed as "the most crooked street in the world."

Embarcadero Freeway and a portion of the Central Freeway, converting them into street-level boulevards.[383]

Skyline Boulevard and terminates at its intersection with Highway 1. State Route 82 enters San Francisco from the south as Mission Street, and terminates shortly thereafter at its junction with 280. The western terminus of the historic transcontinental Lincoln Highway, the first road across America, is in San Francisco's Lincoln Park
.

Vision Zero

In 2014, San Francisco committed to Vision Zero, with the goal of ending all traffic fatalities caused by motor vehicles within the city by 2024.[385] San Francisco's Vision Zero plan calls for investing in engineering, enforcement, and education, and focusing on dangerous intersections. In 2013, 25 people were killed by car and truck drivers while walking and biking in the city and 9 car drivers and passengers were killed in collisions. In 2019, 42 people were killed in traffic collisions in San Francisco.[386]

Airports

San Francisco International Airport, one of the busiest airports in the world

Though located 13 miles (21 km) south of downtown in unincorporated San Mateo County, San Francisco International Airport (SFO) is under the jurisdiction of the City and County of San Francisco. SFO is a hub for United Airlines[387] and Alaska Airlines.[388] SFO is a major international gateway to Asia and Europe, with the largest international terminal in North America.[389] In 2011, SFO was the eighth-busiest airport in the U.S. and the 22nd-busiest in the world, handling over 40.9 million passengers.[390]

Located in the South Bay, the San Jose International Airport (SJC) is the second-busiest airport in the Bay Area, followed by Oakland International Airport, which is a popular, low-cost alternative to SFO. Geographically, Oakland Airport is approximately the same distance from downtown San Francisco as SFO, but due to its location across San Francisco Bay, it is greater driving distance from San Francisco.[citation needed]

Cycling and walking

Bay Wheels station on Market St.

Cycling is a popular mode of transportation in San Francisco, with 75,000 residents commuting by bicycle each day.

protected bike lanes and parking racks.[392] Bay Wheels, previously named Bay Area Bike Share at inception, launched in August 2013 with 700 bikes in downtown San Francisco, selected cities in the East Bay, and San Jose. The San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency and Bay Area Air Quality Management District are responsible for the operation with management provided by Motivate.[393] A major expansion started in 2017, along with a rebranding as Ford GoBike; the company received its current name in 2019.[394]
Pedestrian traffic is also widespread. In 2015, Walk Score ranked San Francisco the second-most walkable city in the United States.[395][396][397]

San Francisco has significantly higher rates of pedestrian and bicyclist traffic deaths than the United States on average. In 2013, 21 pedestrians were killed in vehicle collisions, the highest since 2001,[398] which is 2.5 deaths per 100,000 population – 70% higher than the national average of 1.5.[399]

San Francisco cycling event

Cycling is becoming increasingly popular in the city. The 2010 Municipal Transportation Agency (MTA) annual bicycle count showed the number of cyclists at 33 locations had increased 58% from the 2006 baseline counts.[400] In 2008, the MTA estimated that about 128,000 trips were made by bicycle each day in the city, or 6% of total trips.[401] As of 2019, 2.6% of the city's streets have protected bike lanes, with 28 miles of protected bike lanes in the city.[371] Since 2006, San Francisco has received a Bicycle Friendly Community status of "Gold" from the League of American Bicyclists.[402] In 2022 a measure on the ballot passed to protect JFK drive in Golden Gate Park as a pedestrian and biking space with 59% of voters in favor.[403]

Public safety

The San Francisco Police Department was founded in 1849.[404] The portions of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area located within the city, including the Presidio and Ocean Beach, are patrolled by the United States Park Police.

The San Francisco Fire Department provides both fire suppression and emergency medical services to the city.[405]

Sister cities

San Francisco participates in the Sister Cities program.[406] A total of 41 consulates general and 23 honorary consulates have offices in the San Francisco Bay Area.[407]

In January 1980, Mayor Dianne Feinstein signed a sister cities agreement with Shanghai during a visit to China.[408]

Notable residents

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The land grant was near a boat anchorage around what is today Portsmouth Square.
  2. ^ Station currently at the United States Mint building[141][self-published source?]
  3. ^ The coordinates of the station are 37°46′14″N 122°25′37″W / 37.7706°N 122.4269°W / 37.7706; -122.4269. Precipitation, high temperature, low temperature, snow, and snow depth records date from October 1, 1849; June 1, 1874; January 1, 1875; January 1, 1876; and January 1, 1922; respectively.
  4. ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
  5. ^ Those not born in the 50 states or D.C., excluding California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas before 1850.

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Bibliography

Further reading

External links