Paulo Afonso Hydroelectric Complex
Paulo Afonso Hydroelectric Complex | |
---|---|
Hydroelectric | |
Power generation | |
Units operational | 23 |
Nameplate capacity | 4,279.6 MW (5,739,000 hp) |
External links | |
Commons | Related media on Commons |
The Paulo Afonso Hydroelectric Complex (Complexo Hidrelétrico de Paulo Afonso), also known as the Paulo Afonso Complex, is a system of three
PA I was the first large power plant constructed in Brazil and the complex constitutes the densest area of dams in Brazil.[2][3] The complex provides electricity to areas in northeastern Brazil and is the main tourist attraction in the region.[4]
Background and history
On January 23, 1913, the 1.1 MW Angiquinho Hydroelectric Plant, built by
By 1961, PA II was complete and on October 24 that year, its first generator was commissioned. PA II's five other generators became operational between 1962 and December 18, 1967.[7] Construction on PA III started soon after in 1967 and was complete in 1971 with its first generator commissioned on October 21 that year. Another generator was commissioned in 1972 and the final two in 1974, the last of which on August 5.[8] In 1971, construction had moved to the Apollonius Sales (Moxotó) Dam and power plant 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) upstream from the falls. In 1977, construction was completed and its four generators went online in April of that year.[9] In 1972, construction began on the final dam and power plant, PA IV, 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) southwest of the falls. Construction was complete in 1979 and its first generator commissioned on December 1. Two more generators were commissioned in 1980, two in 1981 and the final on May 28, 1983.[10]
Construction of the dams caused a loss of 1,600 hectares (4,000 acres) of land along with displacing 52,000 people.[11]
Specifications
Apolônio Sales (Moxotó)
The Apolônio Sales Dam and power plant were originally known as Moxotó but were renamed after Apolônio Sales, the founder of CHESF.
Paulo Afonso I, II, III
Situated directly on top of the Paulo Afonso Falls, the Delmiro Gouveia Dam supports Paulo Afonso I, II and III. The dam is 20 metres (66 ft) high, 4,707 metres (15,443 ft) long and is a concrete gravity type. The reservoir formed by the dam has a 26,000,000 cubic metres (21,000 acre⋅ft) capacity and surface area of 4.8 square kilometres (1.9 sq mi). The dam has one uncontrolled spillway and a controlled spillway on its outer linings while also supporting four controlled spillways on the front of the falls.[6] These four surface spillways when open, discharge water below and essentially recreate the falls.[4]
All three power plants are about 82 metres (269 ft) underground and adjacent to one another. PA I lies in the center and is housed in a 60-metre (200 ft) long, 31-metre (102 ft) high and 15-metre (49 ft) wide cavern. It contains three 60 megawatts (80,000 hp) generators with
Paulo Afonso IV
The Paulo Afonso Dam located 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) southwest of the falls is 35 metres (115 ft) high and 7,430 metres (24,380 ft) long. The dam is an earth and rock-fill type but is 1,053 metres (3,455 ft) in length of concrete structures which include the power plant's intake and the spillway. The spillway is composed of eight floodgates and has a maximum discharge capacity of 10,000 cubic metres per second (350,000 cu ft/s). The dam withholds a 127,500,000 cubic metres (103,400 acre⋅ft) capacity reservoir with a surface area of 12.9 kilometres (8.0 mi). The reservoir receives water through a channel that originates near the southern end of the Appolonius Sales Reservoir and continues south, skirting the city. The PA IV power house is also underground and is 210 metres (690 ft) long, 52 metres (171 ft) high and 24 metres (79 ft) wide. It contains six 410.4 megawatts (550,400 hp) MW generators for an installed capacity of 2,462.4 megawatts (3,302,100 hp). Each generator is a SíncronoVertical-type manufactured by Siemens and utilizes vertical shaft Francis turbines that were manufactured by Voith.[10]
See also
References
- CHESF. Archived from the originalon 6 July 2011. Retrieved 10 September 2010.
- ^ Campos Ferreira, Omar (June 2002). "The Brazilian Electric System". Economy & Energy. Retrieved 10 September 2010.
- ^ a b c d Muccini, Sandra (August 2007). "UMA CONTRIBUIÇÃO À HISTORIOGRAFIA DE BASE LOCAL E" (PDF). Rios Eletrônica – Revista Científica da FASETE (in Portuguese). 1 (1). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-12.
- ^ a b Cabral, Paulo (July 3, 2003). "Blogging in Brazil: Day nine". BBC News. Retrieved 10 September 2010.
- ^ "About the Flag of Paulo Afonso". CRW Flags. Retrieved 10 September 2010.
- ^ CHESF. Archived from the originalon 23 November 2015. Retrieved 10 September 2010.
- ^ CHESF. Archived from the originalon 24 November 2015. Retrieved 10 September 2010.
- ^ CHESF. Archived from the originalon 10 December 2015. Retrieved 10 September 2010.
- ^ CHESF. Archived from the originalon 23 November 2015. Retrieved 10 September 2010.
- ^ CHESF. Archived from the originalon 23 November 2015. Retrieved 10 September 2010.
- ^ Cernea, Michael M. "Hydropower Dams and Social Impacts: A Sociological Perspective" (PDF). World Bank. Retrieved 10 September 2010.
- ^ Fernandes, Adriana (December 16, 2005). "Hydroelectric power plants are built into the vegetation". Ecotourism. Archived from the original on 7 July 2012. Retrieved 10 September 2010.
External links
- CHESF - Paulo Afonso Hydroelectric Complex Archived 2011-07-06 at the Wayback Machine