Penitente (snow formation)

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Penitentes under the night sky of the Atacama Desert
Field of penitentes (1.5–2 metres or 5–7 feet high); upper Rio Blanco, Central Andes of Argentina
Small penitentes in the summit crater of Mount Rainier
Penitentes ice formations at the southern end of the Chajnantor plain in Chile
Penitentes near the summit of the Agua Negra Pass on the border between Chile and Argentina

Penitentes, or nieves penitentes (

penitent snows"), are snow formations found at high altitudes. They take the form of elongated, thin blades of hardened snow or ice, closely spaced and pointing towards the general direction of the sun.[1]

The name comes from the resemblance of a field of penitentes to a crowd of kneeling people doing penance. The formation evokes the tall, pointed habits and hoods worn by brothers of religious orders in the Processions of Penance during Spanish Holy Week. In particular, the brothers' hats are tall, narrow, and white, with a pointed top.

These spires of snow and ice grow over all glaciated and snow-covered areas in the Dry Andes above 4,000 metres (13,000 ft).[2][3][4] They range in length from a few centimetres to over 5 metres (16 ft).[4][5]

First description

Penitentes were first described in scientific literature by

Santiago de Chile to the Argentine city of Mendoza, and reported the local belief (continuing to the present day) that they were formed by the strong winds of the Andes
.

Formation

Penitentes are tall, thin blades of hardened snow sculpted by the sun. As the sun hits the snow, it transforms it directly into vapor without melting it, through a process called

sublimate. A mathematical model of the process has been developed by Betterton,[8] although the physical processes at the initial stage of penitente growth, from granular snow to micropenitentes, still remain unclear. The effect of penitentes on the energy balance of the snow surface, and therefore their effect on snow melt and water resources has also been studied.[9][10]

Non-terrestrial

Penitentes up to 15 metres (49 ft) high are suggested to be present in the tropics zone on

Tartarus Dorsa, a name that was formally accepted by the IAU in August 2017.[15]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Penitentes ESO Australia". Retrieved 10 Jan 2019.
  2. doi:10.3406/rga.1954.1142
    .
  3. doi:10.1017/S0022143000025181
    .
  4. ^ a b Lliboutry, L. (1965). Traité de Glaciologie, Vol. I & II (in French). Paris, France: Masson.
  5. ^ Naruse, R.; Lieva, J.C. (1997). "Preliminary study on the shape of snow penitents at Piloto Glacier, the Central Andes". Bulletin of Glacier Research. 15: 99–104.
  6. ^ Darwin, C. (1839). Journal of researches into the geology and natural history of the various countries visited by H. M. S. Beagle, under the command of Captain Fitz Roy, R.N., 1832 to 1836. London, UK: H. Colburn.
  7. ^ "The Penitentes, Stunning Snow Formations".
  8. PMID 11414983
    .
  9. ^ Corripio, J.G. (2003). Modelling the energy balance of high altitude glacierised basins in the Central Andes (PDF) (PhD. thesis). Edinburgh, UK: University of Edinburgh. p. 151. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 7 September 2013.
  10. ^ Corripio, J.G.; Purves, R.S. (2005). "Surface Energy Balance of High Altitude Glaciers in the Central Andes: the Effect of Snow Penitentes" (PDF). In de Jong, C.; Collins, D.; Ranzi, R. (eds.). Climate and Hydrology in Mountain Areas. London, UK: Wiley & Sons. p. 18. Retrieved 7 September 2013.[permanent dead link]
  11. ^ "Jupiter moon may have huge, jagged ice blades that complicate the search for alien life". NBC News.
  12. doi:10.1063/PT.5.027459. Archived
    from the original on 2013-12-22. Retrieved 2017-09-28.
  13. ^ Talbert, Tricia (2017-01-04). "Scientists Offer Sharper Insight into Pluto's Bladed Terrain". NASA. Archived from the original on 2017-01-05. Retrieved 2017-01-05.
  14. S2CID 4388677
    .
  15. ^ "Tartarus Dorsa". Gazeteer of Planetary Nomenclature — International Astronomical Union (IAU) Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN). 2017-08-08. Retrieved 2023-04-21.

Further reading

External links

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