Mendoza, Argentina

Coordinates: 32°53′23″S 68°50′40″W / 32.88972°S 68.84444°W / -32.88972; -68.84444
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For other uses, see Mendoza (disambiguation).
For the Argentine wine region, see Mendoza wine.

Mendoza
Huentota
City
City of Mendoza
Ciudad de Mendoza (Spanish)
Mendoza skyline
Mendoza skyline
CPA Base
M 5500
Area code+54 261
ClimateBWk
Websiteciudaddemendoza.gov.ar

Mendoza (Latin American Spanish: [menˈdosa]), officially the City of Mendoza (Spanish: Ciudad de Mendoza), is the capital of the province of Mendoza in Argentina. It is located in the northern-central part of the province, in a region of foothills and high plains, on the eastern side of the Andes. As of the 2010 census [INDEC], Mendoza had a population of 115,041 with a metropolitan population of 1,055,679, making Greater Mendoza the fourth largest census metropolitan area in the country.

horse riding, rafting, and other sports. In the winter, skiers
come to the city for easy access to the Andes.

Two of the main industries of the Mendoza area are olive oil production and Argentine wine. The region around Greater Mendoza is the largest wine-producing area in South America. As such, Mendoza is one of the eleven Great Wine Capitals,[3] and the city is an emerging enotourism destination and base for exploring the region's hundreds of wineries located along the Argentina Wine Route.

History

Print of the second foundation of Mendoza, 1562

On 2 March 1561, Pedro del Castillo founded the city and named it Ciudad de Mendoza del Nuevo Valle de La Rioja after the governor of Chile, Don García Hurtado de Mendoza.[4] Before the 1560s the area was populated by tribes known as the Huarpes and Puelches. The Huarpes devised a system of irrigation that was later developed by the Spanish. This allowed for an increase in population that might not have otherwise occurred. The system is still evident today in the wide trenches (acequias), which run along all city streets, watering the approximately 100,000 trees that line every street in Mendoza.

It is estimated that fewer than 80 Spanish settlers lived in the area before 1600, but later prosperity increased due to the use of indigenous and slave labor, and the

Chile and Peru.[5]
Mendoza suffered a severe earthquake in 1861 that killed at least 5,000 people. The city was rebuilt, incorporating innovative urban designs that would better tolerate such seismic activity. Mendoza was rebuilt with large squares and wider streets and sidewalks than any other city in Argentina. Avenue Bartolomé Mitre and additional small squares are examples of that design.

Tourism, wine production, and more recently the exploitation of commodities such as oil[6] and uranium[7] ensure Mendoza's status as a key regional centre. Important suburbs such as Godoy Cruz, Guaymallén, Las Heras and Luján de Cuyo have in recent decades far outpaced the city proper in population. Comprising half the metro population of 212,000 in 1947, these suburbs grew to nearly seven-eighths of the total metro area of over 1,000,000 by 2015, making Mendoza the most dispersed metro area in Argentina.[8]

Culture

Mendoza has several museums, including the Museo Cornelio Moyano, a natural history museum, and the Museo del Área Fundacional (Historical Regional Foundation Museum) on Pedro del Castillo Square. The Museo Nacional del Vino (National Wine Museum), focusing on the history of winemaking in the area, is 17 kilometres (11 miles) southeast of Mendoza in Maipú. The Casa de Fader, a historic house museum, is an 1890 mansion once home to artist Fernando Fader in nearby Mayor Drummond, 14 kilometres (9 miles) south of Mendoza. The mansion is home to many of the artist's paintings.

The Fiesta Nacional de la Vendimia (The National Grape Harvest Festival) occurs in early March each year. Part of the festivities include a

beauty pageant, where 17 beauty queens from each department of Mendoza Province
compete, and one winner is selected by a panel of about 50 judges. The queen of Mendoza city's department does not compete and acts as host for the other queens.

In 2008,

National Geographic listed Mendoza as one of the top 10 historic destinations in the world.[9]

Urban structure

pedestrianized (peatonal). Other major streets, running perpendicular to Sarmiento, include Bartolomé Mitre, San Martín, and 9 de Julio (9 July), those running parallel include Colón
, and Las Heras. Four smaller plazas, San Martín, Chile, Italia, and España, are located 2 blocks off each corner of Independence Plaza. Unique to Mendoza are the exposed stone ditches, essentially small canals, which run alongside many of the roads supplying water to the thousands of trees.

Teatro Independencia

Parque General San Martín (

Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. A view of the city is available from the top of Cerro de la Gloria (Mt. Glory).[10]

One common point of interest is the

bas-relief, and a balustrade above. The design for the interiors was based on those prevailing in Italian opera houses, and the formal vestibule is overlooked by grand marble steps leading to the concert hall. The auditorium itself includes four tiers of balconies, and its seating capacity is 730. The theatre serves as the home of the Provincial Philharmonic Orchestra. In addition, the theatre has received international personalities such as Erlend Øye and John Malkovich
.

Education

Mendoza has a number of universities, including the major

Aconcagua University, UTN (Universidad Tecnologica Nacional
) and Champagnat University.

Mendoza is a popular place to learn Spanish, and there are a number of Spanish language schools, including Intercultural, Green Fields and SIMA.[11]

Transportation

Mendoza is 1,037 km (644 mi) from

Santiago, Chile (6–7 hours by bus). Gov. Francisco Gabrielli International Airport
serves Mendoza, with flights to/from Buenos Aires taking less than 2 hours and less than 1 hour to/from Santiago.

The public transport system includes buses, the

TransLink of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, sold most of its old trolleybus fleet to Mendoza.[12]

A heritage railway, El Tren del Vino (The Wine Train), is being planned which will also provide local transportation; it will run through wine-producing districts of Mendoza.[needs update][13]

Metrotranvía

A 17-kilometre (11 mi)

Siemens-Duewag U2s, were purchased from the San Diego Metropolitan Transit System
(MTS) in 2010. They were built in 1980.

Transandine Railway

Mendoza's development was helped partly due to its position at the start of the Transandine Railway linking it to Santa Rosa de Los Andes in Chile. The only railway operable between Argentina and Chile, after many years of inactivity, it remains currently abandoned.[15][16][17][18]

The railway is a 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in)

breaks-of-gauge
, and therefore two changes of train, one at Mendoza, and the other at Santa Rosa de Los Andes.

Wine industry

Vineyards in Uco Valley

Argentina's Malbec wines originate from Mendoza's high-altitude wine regions of Lujan de Cuyo and the Uco Valley. These districts are located in the foothills of the Andes mountains between 2,800 and 5,000 feet elevation.[19][20][21][22] Vintner Nicolas Catena Zapata is considered the pioneer of high-altitude growing and was the first, in 1994, to plant a malbec vineyard at 5,000 feet above sea level in the Mendoza region. His family is also credited with making world-class wines and giving status to the wines of Argentina.[23]

The subject of elevation is of much interest to the wine world because with increased altitude, the intensity of the sunlight increases. The role of this increased light intensity is currently being investigated by Catena Zapata's research and development department headed up by Laura Catena, Alejandro Vigil and Fernando Buscema.

In film

Potala, the ancient palace of the Dalai Lama
(built in an abandoned garlic warehouse outside the city).

In video games

Mendoza appears as the penultimate level in the video game Hitman 3. It contains hints of Argentine culture, such as mate, tango, and wine production.

Climate

Mendoza's climate is characterised as an

arid (Köppen climate classification BWk);[24] with continental characteristics.[25] Most precipitation in Mendoza falls in the summer months (November–March).[25] Summers are hot and humid where mean temperatures exceed 25 °C (77 °F).[25] Average temperatures for January (summer) are 32 °C (90 °F) during daytime, and 18.4 °C (65.1 °F) at night.[26] Winters are cold and dry with mean temperatures below 8 °C (46.4 °F).[25] Night time temperatures can occasionally fall below freezing during the winter.[25] Because winters are dry with little precipitation, snowfall is uncommon, occurring once per year.[25] July (winter) the average temperatures are 14.7 °C (58.5 °F) and 2.4 °C (36 °F), day and night respectively.[26] Mendoza's annual rainfall is only 223.2 mm (8.8 in), so extensive farming is made possible by irrigation from major rivers. The highest temperature recorded was 44.4 °C (111.9 °F) on 30 January 2003, This previous record was surpassed by the new temperature record of 44.9 °C (112.8 °F) recorded on 16 December 2023,[27] while the lowest temperature recorded was −7.8 °C (18.0 °F) on 10 July 1976.[28]

Climate data for
Mendoza Airport
, Argentina (1991–2020, extremes 1949–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 44.4
(111.9) 		40.6
(105.1) 		37.8
(100.0) 		34.0
(93.2) 		33.0
(91.4) 		30.4
(86.7) 		33.0
(91.4) 		34.4
(93.9) 		36.0
(96.8) 		40.1
(104.2) 		40.8
(105.4) 		44.9
(112.8) 		44.9
(112.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 32.8
(91.0) 		31.0
(87.8) 		28.1
(82.6) 		23.3
(73.9) 		18.7
(65.7) 		15.9
(60.6) 		15.3
(59.5) 		18.6
(65.5) 		21.8
(71.2) 		25.7
(78.3) 		29.2
(84.6) 		32.0
(89.6) 		24.4
(75.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) 25.9
(78.6) 		24.1
(75.4) 		21.5
(70.7) 		16.5
(61.7) 		12.1
(53.8) 		8.7
(47.7) 		7.9
(46.2) 		10.8
(51.4) 		14.5
(58.1) 		18.7
(65.7) 		22.3
(72.1) 		25.1
(77.2) 		17.3
(63.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 19.3
(66.7) 		17.8
(64.0) 		15.7
(60.3) 		10.8
(51.4) 		6.8
(44.2) 		2.9
(37.2) 		2.0
(35.6) 		4.3
(39.7) 		7.8
(46.0) 		11.9
(53.4) 		15.4
(59.7) 		18.1
(64.6) 		11.1
(52.0)
Record low °C (°F) 7.5
(45.5) 		4.8
(40.6) 		0.6
(33.1) 		−2.3
(27.9) 		−4.3
(24.3) 		−7.2
(19.0) 		−7.8
(18.0) 		−5.9
(21.4) 		−4.6
(23.7) 		0.1
(32.2) 		2.7
(36.9) 		5.3
(41.5) 		−7.8
(18.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 47.2
(1.86) 		40.8
(1.61) 		31.6
(1.24) 		18.5
(0.73) 		11.0
(0.43) 		5.7
(0.22) 		5.0
(0.20) 		7.9
(0.31) 		12.3
(0.48) 		11.2
(0.44) 		22.1
(0.87) 		24.7
(0.97) 		238.0
(9.37)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 5.9 5.6 4.8 3.6 1.8 2.1 2.3 2.0 3.0 3.0 4.3 4.3 44.4
Average snowy days 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.7 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1
Average
relative humidity
(%) 		48.4 53.8 59.7 64.6 69.1 66.9 62.1 53.2 48.3 45.3 43.5 43.8 54.9
Mean monthly sunshine hours 316.2 257.1 241.8 210.0 189.1 183.0 204.6 232.5 228.0 275.9 309.0 328.6 2,975.8
Mean daily sunshine hours 10.2 9.1 7.8 7.0 6.1 6.1 6.6 7.5 7.6 8.9 10.3 10.6 8.1
Percent possible sunshine 67 69 61 64 60 56 58 68 63 70 70 64 64
Source 1: Servicio Meteorológico Nacional[29][30][31]
Source 2:
NOAA (percent sun 1961–1990),[26] Meteo climat (record highs and lows),[32] Oficina de Riesgo Agropecuario (November and December record high and May record low only)[28][27]
Climate data for Mendoza Observatory (1991–2020, extremes 1961–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 40.2
(104.4) 		38.2
(100.8) 		34.6
(94.3) 		31.5
(88.7) 		29.7
(85.5) 		29.5
(85.1) 		33.0
(91.4) 		33.6
(92.5) 		35.2
(95.4) 		37.0
(98.6) 		39.4
(102.9) 		40.1
(104.2) 		40.2
(104.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 30.7
(87.3) 		29.2
(84.6) 		26.5
(79.7) 		22.0
(71.6) 		18.0
(64.4) 		15.3
(59.5) 		14.7
(58.5) 		17.6
(63.7) 		20.5
(68.9) 		24.0
(75.2) 		27.3
(81.1) 		30.0
(86.0) 		23.0
(73.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) 24.4
(75.9) 		22.6
(72.7) 		20.2
(68.4) 		15.5
(59.9) 		11.4
(52.5) 		8.2
(46.8) 		7.4
(45.3) 		10.1
(50.2) 		13.5
(56.3) 		17.4
(63.3) 		20.8
(69.4) 		23.5
(74.3) 		16.3
(61.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 18.3
(64.9) 		16.9
(62.4) 		15.0
(59.0) 		10.9
(51.6) 		7.2
(45.0) 		3.9
(39.0) 		2.9
(37.2) 		4.9
(40.8) 		7.7
(45.9) 		11.2
(52.2) 		14.4
(57.9) 		17.1
(62.8) 		10.9
(51.6)
Record low °C (°F) 6.2
(43.2) 		7.7
(45.9) 		1.5
(34.7) 		−1.3
(29.7) 		−3.6
(25.5) 		−6.9
(19.6) 		−6.0
(21.2) 		−5.5
(22.1) 		−2.6
(27.3) 		0.6
(33.1) 		3.2
(37.8) 		4.7
(40.5) 		−6.9
(19.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 39.6
(1.56) 		44.3
(1.74) 		35.7
(1.41) 		23.3
(0.92) 		14.8
(0.58) 		8.1
(0.32) 		8.3
(0.33) 		10.1
(0.40) 		14.6
(0.57) 		13.9
(0.55) 		26.5
(1.04) 		27.8
(1.09) 		267.0
(10.51)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 6.7 6.3 6.8 4.7 4.6 2.7 3.0 3.3 4.2 4.3 4.9 5.4 56.8
Average snowy days 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.1
Average
relative humidity
(%) 		54.3 59.7 64.1 66.7 70.4 67.6 63.5 56.4 53.9 52.2 51.3 51.5 59.3
Mean monthly sunshine hours 279.0 220.4 210.8 183.0 179.8 150.0 182.9 207.7 222.0 248.0 270.0 282.1 2,635.7
Percent possible sunshine 64.6 59.1 55.9 54.9 56.3 50.6 58.0 61.5 62.0 62.0 64.9 64.1 58.7
Source: Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (sun 1991–2000)[29][30][31][33]

Sports

See Category:Sport in Mendoza, Argentina

In 1978 Mendoza hosted six matches of the 1978 FIFA World Cup. The six were played at the Malvinas Argentinas Stadium.

In 1982, Mendoza was one of the hosts of the

1982 FIVB Men's Volleyball World Championship. It was also the host of the 1994 Padel World Championship
.

The city boasts at least two significant football clubs—Independiente Rivadavia and Gimnasia y Esgrima de Mendoza, although neither currently plays in the Primera División. A club from the nearby city of Godoy Cruz, Godoy Cruz Antonio Tomba, is currently in the 1st division.

International rugby test matches featuring the

Argentina national rugby team
have also been held in Mendoza.

People

See Category:People from Mendoza, Argentina

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Argentina

Mendoza is

twinned
with:

See also

References

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  11. ^ "SIMA: Spanish in Mendoza Argentina". Spanishinmendozaargentina.greenash.net.au. Archived from the original on 9 April 2013. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
  12. ^ Aged trolleys sold to Argentine city Archived 5 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^ "Mendoza Wine Train". Archived from the original on 25 June 2009. Retrieved 8 June 2008.
  14. ISSN 1460-8324
    .
  15. ^ www.diariodecuyo.com.ar El tren trasandino Archived 31 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 22 June 2009
  16. ^ Volvió el ferrocarril a Mendoza Archived 11 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine (in Spanish)
  17. ^ En julio se licitará tren Los Andes - Mendoza Archived 10 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine (in Spanish)
  18. ^ Revisiting the Transandine Railway Accessed 22 June 2009
  19. ISBN 978-0811873307
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  20. ISBN 978-9872092634
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  21. ^ Wine Tours: Argentina – Mendoza Archived 12 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine, "Fly Fishing Patagonia"
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  23. ^ Malbec wines have rich history and flavor, "Argus leader"
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  25. ^ a b c d e f "Clima" (in Spanish). Municipalidad de la Ciudad de Mendoza. Archived from the original on 5 October 2015. Retrieved 6 October 2015.
  26. ^ a b c "Mendoza AERO Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 20 March 2024. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
  27. ^ a b "87418: Mendoza Aerodrome (Argentina)". ogimet.com. OGIMET. 16 December 2023. Archived from the original on 17 December 2023. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
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  36. ^ Lei Municipal de São Paulo 14471 de 2007 Archived 28 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine WikiSource (in Portuguese)
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Sources

  • V. Letelier (1907). Apuntes sobre el terremoto de Mendoza. Santiago
  • V. Blasco Ibánez (1910). Argentina y sus Grandezas. Madrid

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mendoza, Argentina.
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