Peronospora
Peronospora | |
---|---|
P. manshurica on soybean leaf | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Clade: | Diaphoretickes |
Clade: | SAR |
Clade: | Stramenopiles |
Phylum: | Oomycota |
Order: | Peronosporales |
Family: | Peronosporaceae |
Genus: | Peronospora Corda |
Peronospora is a genus of oomycetes that are obligate plant pathogens of many eudicots.
History
Peronospora was first described in 1837 by August Carl Joseph Corda, a Czech mycologist and physician, in his first of six volumes of his Icones fungorum hucusque cognitorum.[6] Since then, many of the species originally placed in Peronospora have been allocated to other genera or given rise to new genera based on new techniques such as molecular genetics.[4]
There was an epidemic in 1960 of Peronospora tabacina affecting tobacco plants leading to $25 million in losses across eleven countries, which was about 30 percent of the tobacco plants.[5] Another epidemic that was caused by Peronospora destructor reduced the yield of sweet onions by 25 percent in Georgia, USA in 2012, and led to an estimated $18.2 million in losses.[7]
Habitat and ecology
Most of the Peronospora species are highly specific to their hosts and can generally be found anywhere the host plant grows, or is being cultivated.[3] A large portion of their life cycle is spent inside their host plant. Many species of Peronospora are seedborne pathogens, so the worldwide spread of Peronospora crop-plant pathogens is likely to be a result of unknowingly trading infected seeds to new areas.[3] There are also many Peronospora species that are spread by wind currents, which allows them to disperse over large distances.[3] Peronospora species prefer humid air and cool temperatures.[5]
General form and structure
The first stage in the Peronospora life history is the sporangia.[5] The sporangia are small spore-like structures about 65 um long that germinate a germ-tube when they are near a leaf stoma.[8][5] A germ tube will come from the sporangium and penetrate the leaf cell where it will form a haustorium.[5] The haustorium absorbs nutrients from the leaf, while hyphae invade the intercellular space, and the leaf will eventually develop a lesion.[5] These lesions often start out yellow and then turn brown as the leaf starts to undergo necrosis.[5] From here, Peronospora can undergo either asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction.[5] Asexual reproduction occurs when the air outside is moist making for favourable conditions.[5] During asexual reproduction, hyphae on the host plant will form sporangiophores, which will produce conidia.[5] The conidia will be dispersed by the wind is able to infect other plants.[5] The asexual cycle only takes five to seven days to complete.[5] Sexual reproduction occurs when the conditions are unfavourable and it needs to withstand harsh environmental conditions.[5] During sexual reproduction, the hyphae will undergo meiosis forming antheridia and oogonia, the only haploid structures in the Peronospora life history.[5] The antheridia will fuse to the oogonia, initiating plasmogamy and then karyogamy, and will result in the production of many oospores.[5] The oospores can then be dispersed by the wind to infect more plants.[5]
Both Peronospora and Pseudoperonospora are characterized by their ability to produce melanized sporangia, but Pseudoperonospora produces zoospores whereas Peronospora cannot.[3]
Practical importance
The model oomycete pathogen, Peronospora parasitica, used to be included in this genus, however it has been reclassified to the genus Hyaloperonospora.[3]
Some species of Peronospora have been considered for their use as a bioweapon or have been classified as potential bioweapons.[3] Peronspora somniferi was considered for its ability to devastate fields of the opium poppy, which could have targeted areas that depend on the crop.[3] The United States has classified Peronospora tabacina as a possible bioweapon, because if it were used to target the US tobacco industry, it would lead to major economic loss.[3]
Genomics and genetics
Only one species in the genus Peronospora has had its genome sequenced and assembled. In 2015, Derevnina et al. performed a de novo sequence assembly of the genome of two Peronospora tabacina isolates using Illumina sequencing.[9] They estimated the genome size to be 68 Mb with a mitochondrial genome of 43 kb.[9] The two assemblies had 61.8x and 128.9x coverage for the nuclear genomes and 6,824x and 43,225x coverage for the mitochondrial genomes.[9] The mitochondrial genome only differed by seven single nucleotide polymorphisms, three small indels, and one copy number variant.[9] Using a program to predict gene models, they found 18,000 potential protein coding genes.[9]
List of species
The following species are placed in genus Peronospora:[10]
- Peronospora aconiti
- Peronospora aestivalis
- Peronospora affinis
- Peronospora agrestis
- Peronospora agrimoniae
- Peronospora alchemillae
- Peronospora alpicola
- Peronospora alsinearum
- Peronospora alta Fuckel
- Peronospora akatsukae Ito & Murayama
- Peronospora anagallidis
- Peronospora antirrhini
- Peronospora aparines
- Peronospora apula
- Peronospora aquatica
- Peronospora arborescens
- Peronospora arenariae
- Peronospora argemones
- Peronospora arthurii
- Peronospora arvensis
- Peronospora asperuginis
- Peronospora astragalina
- Peronospora atriplicis-hastatae
- Peronospora belbahrii
- Peronospora boni-henrici
- Peronospora bulbocapni
- Peronospora calotheca
- Peronospora campestris
- Peronospora canescens Benua
- Peronospora cerastii-anomali
- Peronospora cerastii-brachypetali
- Peronospora chenopodii-polyspermi
- Peronospora chlorae
- Peronospora chrysosplenii
- Peronospora claytoniae
- Peronospora conglomerata
- Peronospora consolidae
- Peronospora coronillae
- Peronospora corydalis
- Peronospora corydalis-intermediae
- Peronospora cristata
- Peronospora cyparissiae
- Peronospora debaryi
- Peronospora destructor
- Peronospora dianthi
- Peronospora dianthicola
- Peronospora dicentrae
- Peronospora digitalis
- Peronospora dipsaci
- Peronospora echii
- Peronospora effusa
- Peronospora elsholtziae
- Peronospora erodii
- Peronospora ervi
- Peronospora esulae
- Peronospora farinosa
- Peronospora farinosa f. sp. betae
- Peronospora farinosa f. sp. chenopodii
- Peronospora farinosa f. sp. spinaciae
- Peronospora ficariae
- Peronospora flava
- Peronospora fulva
- Peronospora galii
- Peronospora glechomae
- Peronospora grisea
- Peronospora hiemalis
- Peronospora holostei
- Peronospora honckenyae
- Peronospora illyrica
- Peronospora jagei
- Peronospora knautiae
- Peronospora kochiae-scopariae
- Peronospora lamii
- Peronospora lapponica
- Peronospora lathyri-verni
- Peronospora lathyrina
- Peronospora lepigoni
- Peronospora linariae
- Peronospora linariae-genistifoliae
- Peronospora lithospermi
- Peronospora litoralis
- Peronospora lotorum
- Peronospora manshurica
- Peronospora mayorii
- Peronospora meconopsidis
- Peronospora medicaginis-minimae
- Peronospora medicaginis-orbicularis
- Peronospora melandryi-noctiflori
- Peronospora meliloti
- Peronospora mesembryanthemi
- Peronospora minor
- Peronospora myosotidis
- Peronospora narbonensis
- Peronospora oblatispora
- Peronospora obovata
- Peronospora ornithopi
- Peronospora orobi
- Peronospora parva
- Peronospora paula
- Peronospora perillae
- Peronospora phacae
- Peronospora plantaginis
- Peronospora polycarpi
- Peronospora polygoni
- Peronospora polygoni-convolvuli
- Peronospora potentillae
- Peronospora potentillae-anserinae
- Peronospora potentillae-reptantis
- Peronospora potentillae-sterilis
- Peronospora pseudostellaria
- Peronospora pulveracea
- Peronospora radii
- Peronospora ranunculi
- Peronospora aff. ranunculi
- Peronospora romanica
- Peronospora rubi
- Peronospora rumicis
- Peronospora salviae-plebeiae
- Peronospora sanguisorbae
- Peronospora saturejae-hortensis
- Peronospora saxifragae
- Peronospora schachtii
- Peronospora scleranthi
- Peronospora scutellariae
- Peronospora sepium
- Peronospora sherardiae
- Peronospora silvatica
- Peronospora silvestris
- Peronospora somniferi
- Peronospora sordida
- Peronospora sparsa
- Peronospora stachydis
- Peronospora statices
- Peronospora stellariae-aquaticae
- Peronospora stellariae-uliginosae
- Peronospora stigmaticola
- Peronospora swinglei
- Peronospora symphyti
- Peronospora tabacina
- Peronospora tetragonolobi
- Peronospora teucrii
- Peronospora tomentosa
- Peronospora tranzscheliana
- Peronospora trifolii-alpestris
- Peronospora trifolii-arvensis
- Peronospora trifolii-hybridi
- Peronospora trifolii-minoris
- Peronospora trifolii-repentis
- Peronospora trifoliorum
- Peronospora trigonellae
- Peronospora trigonotidis
- Peronospora trivialis
- Peronospora valerianae
- Peronospora valerianellae
- Peronospora variabilis
- Peronospora verbasci
- Peronospora verbenae
- Peronospora verna
- Peronospora vernalis
- Peronospora viciae
- Peronospora violacea
- Peronospora violae
References
- PMID 19641601.)
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - PMID 29371794.)
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ^ PMID 26649784.)
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ^ doi:10.1139/b03-066.)
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Krsteska, V., Dimeska, V., Stojkov, S., & Stojanoski, P. (2015). "Peronospora tabacina A. the causing agent of Blue Mold disease on tobacco". Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science. 21: 132–139.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Corda, A. C. J. (1837). Icones fungorum hucusque cognitorum, vol. 1.
- doi:10.1094/PHP-2013-0328-01-BR.)
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - PMID 30841183.)
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ^ PMID 26196322.)
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ^ "Taxonomy Browser: Peronospora ". NCBI taxonomy database. Retrieved 7 September 2023.