Phoa Keng Hek
Phoa Keng Hek Sia | |
---|---|
Born | 1857 |
Died | 1937 (aged 79–80) Batavia, Dutch East Indies |
Occupation(s) | Social worker, Landheer |
Relatives | Majoor Khouw Kim An (son-in-law) Phoa Liong Gie (great-nephew) Thung Sin Nio (cousin) |
Awards | Ridder in de Orde van Oranje-Nassau Groote Gouden Ster voor Trouw en Verdienste |
Phoa Keng Hek Sia (
Biography
Early life and family background
Phoa was born in Buitenzorg (now
Phoa's earliest formal education was in a school run by ethnic Chinese,[11] but after Sierk Coolsma opened a missionary school in Bogor on 31 May 1869, Phoa was in the first class of ten. Among his classmates was Lie Kim Hok, who would later become known as a writer. At this school Phoa studied, among other subjects, Dutch.[12] Although the school was meant to convert people to Christianity, Phoa remained well-versed in Confucianism.[13]
After graduating Phoa married Tan Soei Nio, like him a scion of the Cabang Atas as the middle daughter of Tan Kong Hoa, Luitenant der Chinezen of Batavia (now Jakarta) and Nie Po Nio.[3] To be with his wife, Phoa moved to Batavia, the capital of the Indies, where his father-in-law sat on the city's Kong Koan or Chinese Council.[3] The couple's only child – a daughter named Phoa Tji Nio – went on to marry Khouw Kim An, the 5th and last Majoor der Chinezen of Batavia.[14][3]
Community leader, THHK and Landheer
Phoa proved very outspoken and, partly thanks to his own and his wife's family background, soon came to be viewed as a leader of Batavia's Chinese community. Because he had a command of Dutch, used by the colonial forces, Phoa was able to easily interact outside of Chinese and indigenous groups.[1]
In 1900 Phoa, together with his former classmate Lie, was an establishing member of the
The modernizing spirit of THHK, however, was in due course co-opted by the Dutch colonial authorities.[3] When Tio Tek Ho, the 4th Majoor der Chinezen of Batavia, resigned in 1907, the colonial government offered Phoa the capital city's Chinese mayoralty – the highest government position open to a Chinese subject in the Indies.[18][3] Phoa turned down the offer, but recommended his son-in-law Luitenant Khouw Kim An for the post since they both shared the new, modernizing outlook of the THHK.[18][3] In line with established custom, Phoa's son-in-law was raised to the post of Kapitein der Chinezen prior to his inauguration as the fifth and last Majoor der Chinezen of Batavia in 1908.[18][3]
Despite eschewing official involvement in the colonial bureaucracy, Phoa remained an important community leader with a concern for education. Together with the politician
Outside of his community leadership role, like many members of his family, Phoa was an active Landheer or landlord.[3] He bought the particuliere land or private domain of Teloek Poetjoeng, south-east of Batavia, now part of Bekasi.[19] With a paternalist concern for the moral well-being of the inhabitants of his domains in mind, Phoa succeeded 1903 in banning gambling in the area.[1][2] Like other Landheeren, Phoa grew and sold agricultural products. He owned a rice mill and tea factory on his domains.[2]
References
- ^ a b c d e Suryadinata 1995, pp. 130–1.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Setyautama & Mihardja 2008, p. 308.
- ^ ISBN 978-90-90-30249-2. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
- ^ a b c "Kisah Phoa Keng Hek Sang Pendiri ITB Bandung". KOMPASIANA (in Indonesian). Kompas. 13 December 2018. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
- ^ Tio 1958, p. 63.
- ^ Lohanda 1996, pp. 54–60.
- ^ Sidharta 2003, p. 51.
- ^ a b Nio 1940, pp. 242–250.
- ^ Setyautama & Mihardja 2008, p. 309.
- ^ Suryadinata 1997, pp. 53–54.
- ^ Suryadinata 1997, p. 4.
- ^ Tio 1958, pp. 32–34, 36.
- ^ a b Suryadinata 1997, p. 3.
- ^ Setyautama & Mihardja 2008, p. 127.
- ^ a b Adam 1995, p. 72.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-231-50360-0. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
- ^ Suryadinata 1997, p. 8.
- ^ a b c Lohanda 1996, p. 125.
- ^ Landsdrukkerij (1922). Regeerings-almanak voor Nederlandsch-Indie 1922 (in Dutch). Weltevreden: Landsdrukkerij. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
- ^ De Indische Courant 1937.
- ^ Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië 1937.
Works cited
- Adam, Ahmat (1995). The Vernacular Press and the Emergence of Modern Indonesian Consciousness (1855–1913). Studies on Southeast Asia. Vol. 17. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-87727-716-3.
- "Familiebericht" [Family News]. Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië (in Dutch). No. 165. 22 July 1937. p. 4 – via Delpher.nl.
- Lohanda, Mona (1996). The Kapitan Cina of Batavia, 1837-1942: A History of Chinese Establishment in Colonial Society. Jakarta: Djambatan. ISBN 979428257X. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
- Nio, Joe Lan (1940). Riwajat 40 Taon dari Tiong Hoa Hwee Koan — Batavia (1900–1939) [The History of Forty Years of Tiong Hoa Hwee Koan — Batavia (1900–1939)]. Batavia: Tiong Hoa Hwee Koan.
- "Phoa Keng Hek †. De Laatste Eer" [Phoa Keng Hek †. Their Last Respects.]. De Indische Courant (in Dutch). Surabaya. 26 July 1937. p. 1. Retrieved 11 June 2013 – via Delpher.nl.
- Setyautama, Sam; Mihardja, Suma (2008). Tokoh-tokoh Etnis Tionghoa di Indonesia [Ethnic Chinese Figures in Indonesia] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Gramedia. ISBN 978-979-9101-25-9.
- ISBN 9004131574.
- ISBN 978-981-3055-04-9.
- ISBN 978-9971-69-201-8.
- OCLC 1069407.