Chinese name
Chinese name | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hanyu Pinyin | xìngmíng | |||||
|
Chinese names are personal names used by individuals from Greater China and other parts of the Sinophone world. Sometimes the same set of Chinese characters could be chosen as a Chinese name, a Hong Kong name, a Japanese name, a Korean name, a Malaysian Chinese name, or a Vietnamese name, but they would be spelled differently due to their varying historical pronunciation of Chinese characters.
Many modern Chinese names consist of a mono-symbolic (single-symbol) surname (xìngshì; 姓氏), which comes first, followed by a given name (míng; 名), which is almost always disyllabic, consisting of two characters. Prior to the 21st century, most educated Chinese men also used a "courtesy name" or "style name" (zì; 字) by which they were known among those outside their family and closest friends. Respected artists or poets will sometimes also use a professional "art name" (hào; 號; 号) among their social peers.
From at least the time of the Shang dynasty, the Chinese observed a number of naming taboos regulating who may or may not use a person's given name (without being disrespectful). In general, using the given name connoted the speaker's authority and superior position to the addressee. Peers and younger relatives were barred from speaking it. Owing to this, many historical Chinese figures—particularly emperors—used a half-dozen or more different names in different contexts and for different speakers. Those possessing names (sometimes even mere homophones) identical to the emperor's were frequently forced to change them. The normalization of personal names after the May Fourth Movement has generally eradicated aliases such as the school name and courtesy name but traces of the old taboos remain, particularly within families.
History
Although some terms from the ancient Chinese naming system, such as xìng (姓) and míng (名), are still used today, it used to be much more complex.
In the first half of the 1st millennium BC, during the Zhou dynasty, members of the Chinese nobility could possess up to four different names—personal names (míng 名), clan names (xìng 姓), lineage names (shì 氏), and "style" or "courtesy" names (zì 字)— as well as up to two titles: standard titles (jué 爵), and posthumous titles (shì 諡; 谥 or shìhào 諡號; 谥号).[1]
Examples of the common names of people in the Pre–Qin era | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | Commonly referred to as | Lineage name (shì 氏) |
Posthumous title (shìhào 諡號) |
Standard title (jué 爵) |
Courtesy name (zì 字) |
Clan name (xìng 姓) |
Personal name (míng 名) |
Personal note(s) |
Female | Dá Jǐ 妲己 |
Sū 蘇 |
Nǚgōngzǐ 女公子 |
Dá 妲 |
Jǐ 己 |
| ||
Female | Wén Jiāng 文姜 |
Qí 齊 |
Wén 文 |
Jiāng 姜 |
| |||
Male | Qí Huán Gōng 齊桓公 |
Qí 齊 |
Huán 桓 |
Gōng 公 |
Jiāng 姜 |
Xiǎobái 小白 |
||
Female | Wáng Jī 王姬 |
Wáng 王 |
Jī 姬 |
| ||||
Female | Cài Jī 蔡姬 |
Cài 蔡 |
Jī 姬 |
| ||||
Female | Zhào Zhuāng Jī 赵庄姬 |
Zhào 赵 |
Zhuāng 庄 |
Jī 姬 |
| |||
Male | Sūnshū Áo 孙叔敖 |
Wěi 蔿 |
Sūnshū 孙叔 |
Mǐ 芈 |
Áo 敖 |
| ||
Male | Yè Gōng Gāo 叶公高 |
Shěn 沈 Yè 叶 |
Gōng 公 |
Zǐgāo 子高 |
Mǐ 芈 |
Zhūliáng 諸梁 |
| |
Female | Gōngzǐ Qīng 公子倾 |
Wèi 魏 |
Gōngzǐ 公子 |
Jī 姬 |
Qīng 倾 |
| ||
Male | Tàizǐ Dān 太子丹 |
Yān 燕 |
Tàizǐ 太子 |
Jī 姬 |
Dān 丹 |
| ||
Male | Dài Wáng Jiā 代王嘉 |
Zhào 赵 Dài 代 |
Wáng 王 |
Yíng 嬴 |
Jiā 嘉 |
| ||
|
Commoners possessed only a personal name (ming), and the modern concept of a "surname" or "family name" did not yet exist at any level of society.[1] The old lineage (shi) and clan names (xing) began to become "family names" in the modern sense and trickle down to commoners around 500 BC, during the late Spring and Autumn period, but the process took several centuries to complete, and it was not until the late Han dynasty (1st and 2nd centuries AD) that all Chinese commoners had surnames.[2]
Family names
Although there are currently over 6,000 Chinese surnames including non-Han Chinese surnames (姓; xìng) in use in China,[3] the colloquial expression for the "Chinese people" is Bǎixìng (百姓) "Hundred Surnames", and a mere hundred surnames still make up over 85% of China's 1.3 billion citizens.[4] In fact, just the top three—Wang (王), Li (李), and Zhang (張; 张)—cover more than 20% of the population.[4] This homogeneity results from the great majority of Han family names having only one character, while the small number of compound surnames is mostly restricted to minority groups.[5]
Chinese surnames arose from two separate
The enormous modern clans sometimes share
Traditionally, a married woman keeps her name unchanged, without adopting her husband's surname.[7] A child would inherit his or her father's surname. This is still the norm in mainland China, though the marriage law explicitly states that a child may use either parent's surname. It is also possible, though far less common, for a child to combine both parents' surnames. Due to Western influence, the tradition of a woman changing her last name, or prepending her husband's to her own, is reflected in some Hong Kong names and Macao names.
Given names
Given names show much greater diversity than the surnames, while still being restricted almost universally to one or two syllables. Including
Today, two-character names are more common and make up more than 80% of Chinese names.
Given names resonant of qualities which are perceived to be either masculine or feminine are frequently given, with males being linked with strength and firmness and females with beauty and flowers. It is also more common for female names to employ diminutives like Xiǎo or doubled characters in their formal names, although there are famous male examples such as Deng Xiaoping and Yo-Yo Ma. People from the countryside previously often bore names that reflect rural life—for example, Daniu (大牛, lit. "Big Bull") and Dazhu (大柱, lit. "Big Pole")—but such names are becoming less common.
It is also considered bad form to name a child after a famous person, although tens of thousands might happen to share a common name such as "
- 立顯榮朝士 Stand tall & display unstintingly before gentlemen,
- 文方運濟祥 And study & method will expand the borders of our fortune.
- 祖恩貽澤遠 Ancestral favors bequeath kindness through the ages,
- 世代永承昌 Descendants forever obliged for their prosperity.
This scheme was in its fourteenth generation when Mao rejected it for the naming of his own children, preferring to give his sons the generational name An (岸, lit. "Lofty", "Proud") instead.[citation needed] A similar practice was observed regarding the stage names of Chinese opera performers: all the students entering a training academy in the same year would adopt the same first character in their new "given name". For example, as part of the class entering the National Drama School in 1933, Li Yuru adopted a name with the central character "jade" (玉).[13]
Depending on the region and particular family, daughters were not entered into the family records and thus did not share the boys' generation name, although they may have borne a separate one among themselves. Even where generation names are not used, sibling names are frequently related. For example, a boy named Song (松; 'pine tree') might have a sister named Mei (梅; '
More recently, although generation names have become less common, many personal names reflect periods of
Spelling
The process of converting Chinese names into a phonetic alphabet is called romanization.
In mainland China, Chinese names have been romanized using the
Proper use of Pinyin means treating the surname and given name as precisely two separate words with no spaces between the letters of multiple Chinese characters. For example, "王秀英" is properly rendered either with its tone marks as "Wáng Xiùyīng" or without as "Wang Xiuying", but should not be written as "Wang Xiu Ying", "Wang XiuYing", "Wangxiuying", and so on. In the rare cases where a surname consists of more than one character, it too should be written as a unit: "Sima Qian", not "Si Ma Qian" or "Si Maqian". However, as the Chinese language makes almost no use of spaces, native speakers often do not know these rules and simply put a space between each Chinese character of their name, causing those used to alphabetical languages to think of the xing and ming as three words instead of two. Tone marks are also commonly omitted in practice.
Many overseas Chinese, Taiwanese and historic names still employ the older
Pinyin and Wade–Giles both represent the pronunciation of
Different names with the same spelling
It is common for many different Chinese names to have the same transliteration when tone is not marked (and therefore come from different Chinese characters).
For example, English spelling of the Chinese first name Ming has many different associated Chinese characters, all of which have different meanings. Therefore, when the name is written in Chinese, a person called Ming can have a completely different name from another person who is also called Ming.
Most mings share the same form between simplified and traditional Chinese.
- 明 (meaning: bright, intelligent)
- 名 (meaning: reputation)
- 銘(铭)(meaning: poetic motto, inscribe)
- 茗 (meaning: tea)
- 命 (meaning: life, destiny)
- 鳴(鸣)(meaning: sing)
Alternative names
From their earliest recorded history, the Chinese observed a number of
Current naming practices are more straightforward and consistent, but a few pseudonyms or alternate names remain common.
When discussing Chinese writers, Chinese and Japanese scholars do not consistently use particular names, whether they are private names or alternative names.[19]
Chinese names for prominent people Example: Sun Yat-sen | |
---|---|
Official name | Sūn Démíng (孫德明) |
Milk name | Sūn Dìxiàng (孫帝象) |
School name: | Sūn Wén (孫文) |
Caricatural name: | unknown |
Courtesy names: | Sūn Zàizhī (孫載之) |
Christian (baptised) name: | Sūn Rìxīn (孫日新, 1883, Hong Kong) = Syūn Yahtsān (Cantonese) |
Pseudonym(s): | Sūn Yìxiān (孫逸仙, 1883, Hong Kong) = Syūn Yahtsīn (Cantonese) Sun Yat-sen (English, 1883, Hong Kong and the West) Nakayama Shō (中山樵, 1897, Japanese) Sūn Zhōngshān (孫中山, 1912, China |
Posthumous name: | Guófù (國父) |
Temple name: | none[a] |
Era name: | none[b] |
Milk name
Traditionally, babies were named a hundred days after their birth; modern
Nickname
Nicknames (綽號; chuòhào, 外號; wàihào) are acquired in much the same way they are in other countries. Not everyone has one. Most that do received theirs in childhood or adolescence from family or friends. Common Chinese nicknames are those based on a person's physical attributes, speaking style, or behavior. Names involving animals are common, although those animals may be associated with different attributes than they are in English: for example, Chinese cows are strong, not stupid; foxes are devious, not clever; pigs are lazy, but not dirty. Similarly, nicknames that might seem especially insulting in English—such as "Little Fatty" (小胖)—are more acceptable in Chinese. One especially common method of creating nicknames is prefixing Ā- (阿) or Xiǎo (小) to the surname or the second character of the given name. Ā- is more common in the south and abroad, while Xiǎo is common throughout China. Both Ā- and Xiǎo are distinguished from Lǎo (老, "old" but see below for usage). Nicknames are rarely used in formal or semi-formal settings, although a famous exception is A-bian.
English alias in mainland China
English is taught throughout China's secondary schools and the English language section is a required component of the
English alias in Chinese diaspora
In
In
Among Chinese diaspora residing in Western countries, it is becoming common practice for parents to give their children a Western name as their official first name, with the Chinese given name being officially recorded as a middle name.
School name
The school name (學名; xuémíng) was a separate formal name used by the child while they were at school.
As binomial nomenclature is also called xuémíng in Chinese, the school name is also sometimes now referenced as the xùnmíng (訓名) to avoid confusion.
Courtesy name
Upon maturity, it was common for educated males to acquire a courtesy name (字, zì or 表字, biǎozì) either from one's parents, a teacher, or self-selection. The name commonly mirrored the meaning of one's given name or displayed his birth order within his family.
The practice was a consequence of admonitions in the Book of Rites that among adults it is disrespectful to be addressed by one's given name by others within the same generation. The true given name was reserved for the use of one's elders, while the courtesy name was employed by peers on formal occasions and in writing. The practice was decried by the May Fourth Movement and has been largely abandoned.
Pseudonym
Pseudonyms or aliases (号; hào) or pen names (笔名; bǐmíng) were self-selected alternative courtesy names, most commonly three or four characters long. They may have originated from too many people having the same courtesy name.
Some—but by no means most—authors do continue to employ stylized pen names. One example is the poet
Posthumous name
Posthumous names (諡號; shìhào) were honorary names selected after a person's death, used extensively for royalty. The common "names" of most Chinese emperors before the
Temple name
The temple name (廟號; miàohào) of the emperor inscribed on the
Era name
The era name (年號; niánhào) arose from the custom of dating years by the reigns of the ruling emperors. Under the Han, the practice began of changing regnal names as means of dispensing with bad luck and attracting better. Almost all era names were literary and employed exactly two characters. By the Ming and Qing dynasties, emperors had largely dispensed with the practice and kept a single era name during their reign, such that it is customary to refer to Ming and Qing emperors by their era names.
Forms of address
Within families, it is often considered inappropriate or even offensive to use the given names of relatives who are senior to the speaker. Instead, it is more customary to identify each family member by abstract hierarchical connections: among siblings, gender and birth order (big sister, second sister, and so on); for the extended family, the manner of relationship (by birth or marriage; from the maternal or paternal side).
The hierarchical titles of junior relatives are seldom used except in formal situations, or as indirect reference when speaking to family members who are even younger than the person in question. Children can be called by their given names, or their parents may use their nicknames.
When speaking of non-family social acquaintances, people are generally referred to by a title, for example Mother Li (Chinese: 李妈妈; pinyin: lǐ māma) or Mrs. Zhu (朱太太, pinyin: zhū tàitai). Personal names can be used when referring to adult friends or to children, although, unlike in the West, referring to somebody by their full name (including surname) is common even among friends, especially if the person's full name is only composed of two or three syllables. It is common to refer to a person as lǎo (老, old) or xiǎo (小, young) followed by their family name, thus Lǎo Wáng (老王) or Xiǎo Zhān (小战). Xiǎo is also frequently used as a diminutive, when it is typically paired with the second or only character in a person's name, rather than the surname. Because old people are well respected in Chinese society, lǎo (old) does not carry disrespect, offense or any negative implications even if it is used to refer to an older woman. Despite this, it is advisable for non-Chinese to avoid calling a person xiǎo-something or lǎo-something unless they are so-called by other Chinese people and it is clear that the appellation is acceptable and widely used. Otherwise, the use of the person's full name, or alternatively, their surname followed by xiānsheng (先生; 'mister') or nǚshì (女士; 'madam') is relatively neutral and unlikely to cause offense.
Within school settings and when addressing former classmates, it is common to refer to them as older siblings, e.g. elder brother Zhao (赵哥; Zhào Gē) or e.g. elder sister Zhang (张姐; Zhāng Jǐe) if they were of senior classes, or simply to show respect or closeness. The opposite (e.g. younger brother Zhao) is rarely used. This custom spawns from traditional forms of respectful address, where it was considered rude to directly address your seniors.
Whereas titles in many cultures are commonly solely determined by gender and, in some cases, marital status, the occupation or even work title of a person can be used as a title as a sign of respect in common address in Chinese culture. Because of the prestigious position of a teacher in traditional culture, a teacher is invariably addressed as such by his or her students (e.g. 李老师; Lǐ Lǎoshī; 'Teacher Li'), and commonly by others as a mark of respect. Where applicable, "Teacher Surname" is considered more respectful than "Mr/Mrs/Miss Surname" in Chinese. A professor is also commonly addressed as "teacher", though "professor" is also accepted as a respectful title. By extension, a junior or less experienced member of a work place or profession would address a more senior member as "Teacher".
Similarly, engineers are often addressed as such, though often shortened to simply the first character of the word "engineer" – Chinese: 工; pinyin: gōng. Should the person being addressed be the head of a company (or simply the middle manager of another company to whom you would like to show respect), one might equally address them by the title "zǒng" (总), which means "general" or "overall", and is the first character of titles such as "Director General" or "general manager" (e.g. 李总; Lǐ zǒng), or, if they are slightly lower down on the corporate hierarchy but nonetheless a manager, by affixing Jīnglǐ (经理, manager).
Variations
Unusual names
Because the small number of Chinese surnames leads to confusion in social environments, and because some Chinese parents have a desire to give individuality, some Chinese have received unusual given names. As of April 2009, about 60 million Chinese people have unusual characters in their names. A 2006 report by the
Beginning in at least 2003, the PRC government has been writing a list of standardized characters for everyday usage in life, which would be the pool of characters to select from when a child is given his or her name. Originally the limits were to go in place in 2005. In April 2009, the list had been revised 70 times, and it still has not been put into effect.[9]
Wang Daliang, a
While the vast majority of Han Chinese names consist of two or three characters, there are some Han Chinese with longer names, up to 15 characters.[5] In addition, transliteration of ethnic languages into Chinese characters often results in long names.
Taiwan
Given names that consist of one character are much less common in Taiwan than on the mainland.[citation needed]
A traditional practice, now largely supplanted, was choosing deliberately unpleasant given names to ward off bad omens and evil spirits. For example, a boy facing a serious illness might be renamed Ti-sái (豬屎, lit. "Pig Shit") to indicate to the evil spirits that he was not worth their trouble. Similarly, a girl from a poor family might have the name Bóng-chī (罔市, lit. "No Takers").
Nicknames (囝仔名, gín-á-miâ, "child names") are common and generally adopt the Southern Chinese practice of affixing the prefix "A-" (阿) to the last syllable of a person's name. Although these names are rarely used in formal contexts, there are a few public figures who are well known by their nicknames, including former president A-bian and the singer A-mei.
Rendered in English
Word order
For mainland Chinese, Western publications usually preserve the Chinese naming order, with the family name first, followed by the given name. This presentation of Chinese-character names is similar to those of
The word order of Hong Kong names gets complicated when one has a legal English given name. For example, a person who has Kuo as his surname, Chi Yung as his Cantonese given name, and Peter as his legal English given name would have his name rendered as "KUO, Chi Yung Peter" on his Hong Kong identity card, however, the position and the use of a comma might be varied as "KUO Chi Yung Peter" or "KUO Chi Yung, Peter" on court papers.[25] His name is much more likely to be printed as Peter Kuo Chi-yung (with a hyphen) or Peter Kuo on newspapers and academic journals.[26]
Hyphen or Spacing between given names
Hong Kong names, Malaysian Chinese names and Singaporean Chinese names usually expressed in three parts (e.g., Goh Chok Tong), with spacing between their given names.[27]
Unlike mainland Chinese, Taiwanese people usually place a dash between the two characters of the given name, similar to Korean names. This is also the case for the standard styling of Hong Kong Chinese names, where the given name is hyphenated.[28][29][30]
Comparison chart
Name | Mandarin (Pinyin) | Mandarin (Wade–Giles) | Non-Mandarin | Western ordering |
---|---|---|---|---|
Known by their Mainland pinyin names | ||||
汪精衛 | Wang Jingwei | Wang Ching-wei | n/a | Jingwei Wang |
Known by (or by derivatives of) their Wade–Giles names | ||||
胡適 | Hu Shi | Hu Shih | n/a | Shih Hu |
Known by native non-Mandarin romanised names | ||||
孫逸仙 | Sun Yixian | Sun Yi-hsien | Sun Yat-sen | Yatsen Sun |
胡文虎 | Hu Wenhu | Hu Wen-hu | Aw Boon Haw | Boonhaw Aw |
Known by their Western ordering names | ||||
邵仁枚 | Shao Renmei | Shao Jen-mei | n/a | Runme Shaw |
趙元任 | Zhao Yuanren | Chao Yüan-jen | n/a | Yuen Ren Chao |
Known by their initialized Western ordering names and/or native non-Mandarin romanization | ||||
顧維鈞 | Gu Weijun | Ku Wei-chün | Koo Vi Kyuin | V. K. Wellington Koo |
宋子文 | Song Ziwen | Sung Tzu-wen | Soong Tse-vung | T. V. Soong |
劉殿爵 | Liu Dianjue | Liu Tien-chüeh | Lau Din Cheuk | D. C. Lau |
According to the
In Japanese
In the Japanese language, Chinese names can be pronounced either approximating the original Chinese, the Local reading (現地読み) of the characters, or using a Sino-Japanese On'yomi reading (音読み) to pronounce the Chinese characters. Local readings are often written in katakana rather than kanji, but not always. For example, 毛泽东 (Mao Zedong) is pronounced Mō Takutō using an On'yomi reading, whereas Beijing (北京) is spelled with kanji but pronounced Pekin (ペキン), with a local reading (which may also be considered a post-Tōsō-on reading), rather than Hokkyō (which would be the Kan-on reading).[citation needed]
See also
- Naming laws in the People's Republic of China
- Onomastics
Kinds of Chinese group-names:
- Chinese clan
- Generation name
Kinds of personal names:
Kinds of Chinese monarchical names:
Other links and influences from Chinese names:
- Indonesian-sounding names adopted by Chinese Indonesians
- List of common Chinese surnames
- Japanese name
- Korean name
- Vietnamese name
References
Citations
- ^ a b Wilkinson (2012), p. 113.
- ^ Wilkinson (2012), pp. 113–115.
- ^ Butcher, Asa (31 January 2019). "Wang is the most common surname in China". GBTimes. Archived from the original on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 22 November 2019.
- ^ a b "Chinese surname shortage sparks rethink". People's Daily. 19 May 2007. Archived from the original on 20 February 2012. Retrieved 16 March 2012.
- ^ a b c 我国汉族公民最长姓名达15字 公安部:起名不规范会有不便. taiwan.cn (in Chinese). 12 December 2007. Archived from the original on 29 May 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2012.
- ISBN 0-674-59497-5. Retrieved 9 April 2011.
- ^ Tatlow, Didi (11 November 2016). "For Chinese Women, a Surname Is Her Name". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
- Dictionary of Chinese Variant Formcompiled 106,230.
- ^ a b c d Lafraniere, Sharon (21 April 2009). "Name Not on Our List? Change It, China Says". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 15 August 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
- ^ ISBN 0-7864-3877-0. Accessed 22 March 2012.
- ^ Legal Evening News (15 August 2007). "中国1.8万多人姓名为刘翔 叫刘德华的人逾1.6万". Archived from the original on 24 December 2013.
- ^ "中华毛氏网". maoshijiazuwang.com. Archived from the original on 1 December 2022. Retrieved 27 November 2020.
- CHINOPERL Papers, Conference on Chinese Oral and Performing Literature, p. 225, archived(PDF) from the original on 23 June 2016, retrieved 19 May 2016.
- ^ Qiu Gui Su (8 March 2019). "Choosing a Chinese Name by Number of Strokes". Archived from the original on 26 July 2019. Retrieved 26 July 2019.
The total number of strokes of the zhōng gé should equal 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 21, 23, 25, 29, 31, 32, 33, 37, 39, 45, 47, 48, 52, 63, 65, 67, 68, 73, or 81.
- ^ DeFrancis, John. The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy.
- ^ "ISO 7098:1982 – Documentation – Romanization of Chinese". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2009.
- ^ "Hanyu Pinyin to be standard system in 2009". Taipei Times. 18 September 2008. Archived from the original on 25 August 2011. Retrieved 20 September 2008.
- ^ "Government to improve English-friendly environment". The China Post. 18 September 2008. Archived from the original on 19 September 2008. Retrieved 20 September 2008.
- ISBN 978-1-4008-0964-6. "Chinese and Japanese scholars are not consistent in using the various names of Chinese writers."
- ISBN 978-0-399-52894-1.
- ^ Bacon-Shone, John; Bolton, Kingsley; Luke, Kang Kwong (2015). Language use, proficiency and attitudes in Hong Kong (PDF). Hong Kong: Social Sciences Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong. p. 29. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
- ^ "NOTABLE NAMES (Brilliant Funny Weird Monikers)". hksarblog.blogspot.com. Archived from the original on 9 November 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
- ^ Power (2008), p. C4-2.
- ISBN 9780786438778.
- ^ Dataprep (HK) Ltd v. KUO Chi Yung Peter [1974], Hong Kong Law Reports 383.
- ^ "Transfers from the Labour Tribunal and Procedural Problems in the Supreme Court - Dataprep (H.K.) Ltd. v. Peter Kuo Chi-yung". Hong Kong Law Journal. 5. 1975.
- ^ "Guardian and Observer style guide: C Archived 22 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine." The Guardian. Retrieved on 1 November 2017.
- ^ "Style Guide" (PDF). www.hkupress.org. Hong Kong University Press. July 2014. p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2017.
For Hong Kong Chinese names, our preferred style is: Peter Tai-man Chan or Peter T. M. Chan. If personal preferences are known, they should be retained.
- ^ Telegraph style book "Chinese mainland given names are one word only, as in (Deng) Xiaoping. Hong Kong Chinese and Korean given names are hyphenated, as in (Roh) Tae-woo. "[1] Archived 24 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Chinese names". The Economist. Archived from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
- Chicago Manual of Style. Retrieved on 23 December 2014. p. 25-26 (PDF document p. 27-28/56).
Sources
- Power, John (June 2008). "Japanese names" (PDF). The Indexer. 26 (2): 2–8. ISSN 0019-4131. Archived from the original(PDF) on 30 November 2010.
- ISBN 978-0-674-06715-8.
External links
- What is the Chinese name
- Can Names Bring Good Fortune? - NamepediA Blog, article on superstitions about names from China