West Java
West Java
Jawa Barat | |
---|---|
Province of West Java | |
Nickname(s): | |
Motto(s): Gemah Ripah Répéh Rapih (Sundanese) ᮌᮨᮙᮃᮂ ᮛᮤᮕᮃᮂ ᮛᮦᮕᮦᮂ ᮛᮃᮕᮤᮂ Prosperous, Serene, Peaceful, and Harmonious | |
Int$ 10,305 (PPP) | |
- Growth | 5.45%[5] |
HDI | 0.737 (10th) – high |
Website | jabarprov |
West Java (Indonesian: Jawa Barat, Sundanese: ᮏᮝ ᮊᮥᮜᮧᮔ᮪, romanized: Jawa Kulon) is an Indonesian province on the western part of the island of Java, with its provincial capital in Bandung. West Java is bordered by the province of Banten and the country's capital region of Jakarta to the west, the Java Sea to the north, the province of Central Java to the east and the Indian Ocean to the south. With Banten, this province is the native homeland of the Sundanese people, the second-largest ethnic group in Indonesia.
West Java was one of the first eight provinces of Indonesia formed following the country's independence proclamation and was later legally re-established on 14 July 1950. In 1966, the city of Jakarta was split off from West Java as a 'special capital region' (Daerah Khusus Ibukota), with a status equivalent to that of a province,[6] while in 2000 the western parts of the province were in turn split away to form a separate Banten province.
Even following these split-offs, West Java is by far the most populous province of Indonesia with a population of 48,274,162 as of the 2020 Census,[7] which grew to 49,860,330 at mid 2023 according to the official estimates;[2] the population continues to grew and surpassed the 50 millions milestone during late 2023. The province's largest cities, Bekasi (a satellite city within the Jakarta metropolitan area), Bandung and Depok (the latter also within the Jakarta metropolitan area), are the third, fourth and sixth most populous cities in Indonesia respectively. Bandung is also one of the most densely populated cities proper in the world.[8]
History
The oldest human inhabitant archaeological findings in the region were unearthed in
One of the earliest known[
The Sunda Kingdom subsequently became the ruling power of the region, as recorded on the Kebon Kopi II inscription (AD 932).[9]
An Ulama,
Although the treaty with the Portuguese had been established, it could not come to realisation.
In the 16th century,
Administrative divisions
Since the creation of West Java Province,
These 9 cities and 18 regencies are listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census ).
Logo | Kode Wilayah |
Name of Regency or City |
Seat | Area in km2 |
Pop'n 2010 Census |
Pop'n 2020 Census |
Pop'n mid 2023 Estimate |
Pop'n Density mid 2023 (per km2) |
Projected Pop'n mid 2025 |
Projected Pop'n mid 2030 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
32.75 | Bekasi City | 213.72 | 2,334,871 | 2,543,676 | 2,627,207 | 12,293 | 2,648,270 | 2,676,980 | ||
32.16 | Bekasi Regency | Central Cikarang | 1,273.88 | 2,630,401 | 3,113,017 | 3,237,420 | 2,541 | 3,303,020 | 3,439,110 | |
32.76 | Depok City | 199.91 | 1,738,570 | 2,056,335 | 2,145,400 | 10,732 | 2,167,960 | 2,206,170 | ||
32.71 | Bogor City | 111.39 | 950,334 | 1,043,070 | 1,070,719 | 9,612 | 1,083,780 | 1,110,510 | ||
32.01 | Bogor Regency | Cibinong | 2,991.78 | 4,771,932 | 5,427,068 | 5,627,921 | 1,881 | 5,721,620 | 5,918,260 | |
32.72 | Sukabumi City | 48.31 | 298,681 | 346,325 | 360,644 | 7,465 | 370,680 | 394,620 | ||
32.02 | Sukabumi Regency | Palabuhanratu | 4,164.15 | 2,341,409 | 2,725,450 | 2,802,404 | 673 | 2,852,110 | 2,960,930 | |
32.03 | Cianjur Regency | Cianjur | 3,614.35 | 2,171,281 | 2,477,560 | 2,558,142 | 708 | 2,610,320 | 2,725,380 | |
32.17 | West Bandung Regency (Bandung Barat) |
Ngamprah | 1,287.41 | 1,510,284 | 1,788,336 | 1,859,636 | 1,444 | 1,907,820 | 2,020,290 | |
32.77 | Cimahi City | 42.43 | 541,177 | 568,400 | 590,782 | 13,924 | 606,380 | 643,130 | ||
32.73 | Bandung City | 167.31 | 2,394,873 | 2,444,160 | 2,506,603 | 14,982 | 2,548,780 | 2,646,570 | ||
32.04 | Bandung Regency | Soreang | 1,762.40 | 3,178,543 | 3,623,790 | 3,721,111 | 2,114 | 3,783,210 | 3,920,450 | |
32.05 | Garut Regency | Garut | 3,065.19 | 2,404,121 | 2,585,607 | 2,683,665 | 876 | 2,748,700 | 2,896,490 | |
32.78 | Tasikmalaya City | 183.14 | 635,464 | 716,155 | 741,760 | 4,050 | 759,370 | 800,170 | ||
32.06 | Tasikmalaya Regency | Singaparna | 2,708.82 | 1,675,675 | 1,865,203 | 1,907,045 | 704 | 1,933,810 | 1,990,790 | |
32.18 | Pangandaran Regency | Parigi | 1,010.92 | 383,848 | 423,667 | 431,464 | 427 | 436,490 | 446,290 | |
32.79 | Banjar City | 131.97 | 175,157 | 200,973 | 207,510 | 1,572 | 211,960 | 221,940 | ||
32.07 | Ciamis Regency | Ciamis | 1,595.94 | 1,148,656 | 1,229,069 | 1,251,544 | 784 | 1,266,330 | 12,974,802 | |
32.08 | Kuningan Regency | Kuningan | 1,194.09 | 1,035,589 | 1,167,686 | 1,201,764 | 1,006 | 1,225,490 | 1,279,430 | |
32.74 | Cirebon City | 39.48 | 296,389 | 333,303 | 341,980 | 8,662 | 347,540 | 359,610 | ||
32.09 | Cirebon Regency | Sumber | 1,076.76 | 2,067,196 | 2,270,621 | 2,360,441 | 2,192 | 2,413,810 | 2,527,540 | |
32.10 | Majalengka Regency | Majalengka | 1,204.24 | 1,166,473 | 1,305,476 | 1,340,617 | 1,113 | 1,363,760 | 1,414,530 | |
32.11 | Sumedang Regency | North Sumedang | 1,558.72 | 1,093,602 | 1,152,507 | 1,787,235 | 756 | 1,195,530 | 1,234,110 | |
32.12 | Indramayu Regency | Indramayu | 2,099.42 | 1,663,737 | 1,834,434 | 1,894,325 | 902 | 1,932,520 | 2,014,720 | |
32.13 | Subang Regency | Subang |
2,165.55 | 1,465,157 | 1,595,320 | 1,649,821 | 762 | 1,675,520 | 1,729,420 | |
32.14 | Purwakarta Regency | Purwakarta | 971.72 | 852,521 | 997,869 | 1,037,068 | 1,067 | 1,062,970 | 1,120,920 | |
32.15 | Karawang Regency | West Karawang | 1,911.09 | 2,127,791 | 2,439,085 | 2,526,002 | 1,322 | 2,581,250 | 2,703,130 | |
Totals | 37,040.04 | 43,053,732 | 48,274,162 | 49,860,330 | 1,346 | 50,759,000 | 52,698,960 |
Much of the population growth has been in the northwest corner of the province, in those areas bordering Jakarta and forming part of the Jakarta metropolitan area. These comprise Bekasi and Bogor Regencies, together with the separate cities of Bekasi, Bogor and Depak; in total they cover an area of 4,790.68 km2 and had a population estimated at 14,707,767 in mid 2023.[2]
Geography
West Java borders Jakarta and Banten province to the west and Central Java to the east. To the north is the Java Sea. To the south is the Indian Ocean. Unlike most other provinces in Indonesia which have their capitals in coastal areas, the provincial capital, Bandung, is located in the mountainous area in the centre of the province. Banten Province was formerly part of West Java but was created a separate province in 2000. West Java, in the densely populated western third of Java and covering a land area of 37,040.04 km2 (larger than Guinea-Bissau) is home to almost one out of every five Indonesians.
West Java and Banten provinces, as a part of the
Flowing through the
Economy
Initially, the economy of the
Colonial period
During the entire Dutch colonial era, West Java fell under Dutch administration centred in
Post independence
After Indonesian independence in 1945, West Java became a supporting region for
Natural resources
Based on the data from Indonesia State Secretary, the total area of rice fields in West Java Province in 2006 was 9,488,623 km which produced 9,418,882 tons of paddy in 2006, consisting of 9,103,800 tons rice field paddy and 315,082 tons farmland paddy. Palawija (non-rice food) production, reached 2,044,674 tons with productivity 179.28 quintal per ha. Nevertheless, the widest plant's width is for corn commodity which reaches 148,505 ha. West Java also produces horticulture consists of 2,938,624 tons vegetables, 3,193,744 tons fruits, and 159,871 tons medicines plants/ bio pharmacology.
Forest in West Java covers 764,387.59 ha or 20.62% from the total size of the province. It consists of productive forest 362,980.40 ha (9.79%), protected forest 228,727.11 ha (6.17%), and conservation forest 172,680 ha (4.63%). Mangrove forest reaches 40,129.89 ha, and spread in 10 regencies where coasts are available. Besides, there is also another protected forest of about 32,313.59 ha organised by Perum Perhutani Unit III West Java and Banten.
From the productive forest, in 2006 West Java harvested crop of about 200,675 m³ wood, although the need for wood in this province every year is about 4 million m³. Until 2006, populace forest's width 214,892 ha with wood production is about 893,851.75 m³. West Java also produces non-forest's crop which is potential enough to be developed as forestry work, such as silk, mushroom, pine, dammar, maleleuca, rattan, bamboo, and swallow bird's nest.
In the fishery sector, commodities include goldfish, nila fish, milkfish, freshwater catfish, windu shrimp, green mussel, gouramy, patin, seaweed and vaname shrimp. In 2006, this province harvested 560,000 tons of fish from fishery cultivation crop and brackish or 63.63% from fishery production total in West Java.
In the poultry field, dairy cow, domestic poultry, and ducks are common commodities in West Java. 2006 data stated that there are 96,796 dairy cows (25% of the national population), 4,249,670 sheep, 28,652,493 domestic poultries, and 5,596,882 ducks (16% of the national population). Now there are only 245,994 beef cattle in West Java (3% national population), whereas the need every year is about 300,000 beef cattle.
This province has many plantation crops, such as tea, cloves, coconut, rubber, cacao, tobacco, coffee, sugar, palm and akar wangi (Chrysopogon zizanioides). From all those commodities, cloves, coconut, rubber, cocoa, tobacco, and coffee are common in West Java.[citation needed] From area side, the best productivity, that is plan area's width equals with the plant's width that produces tobacco and sugar palm commodities. From the production side, the highest productivity is oil palm (6.5 tons per ha) and sugar palm (5.5 tons per ha).
West Java also has several mining operations. In 2006, it contributed 5,284 tons zeolite, 47,978 tons bentonite, iron sand, pozzolan cement, feldspar, and jewel barn/ gemstone. Precious stone mining potential generally is found in Garut, Tasikmalaya, Kuningan, and Sukabumi Regency areas.
As consequences of having many volcanoes, West Java has the potential of
Raw natural resources include chalk, several offshore oilfields in the Java Sea, and lumber. Most of the province is very fertile, with a mix of small farms and larger plantations. There are several hydropower dams, including Jatiluhur, Saguling, Cirata, and Jatigede.
Tourism
Tourism is an important industry in West Java, and the
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1971 | 21,623,529 | — |
1980 | 27,453,525 | +27.0% |
1990 | 35,384,352 | +28.9% |
1995 | 39,206,787 | +10.8% |
2000 | 35,729,537 | −8.9% |
2005 | 38,965,440 | +9.1% |
2010 | 43,053,732 | +10.5% |
2015 | 46,668,214 | +8.4% |
2020 | 48,274,162 | +3.4% |
2022 | 49,405,808 | +2.3% |
2000 Census decline was due to the splitting off of Banten as a separate province. Source: Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2023[1] and previous reports. Note 1995, 2005 and 2015 totals are Inter-Censal estimates. |
The population of West Java was 43,053,732 at the 2010 Census and 48,274,162 at the 2020 Census, making it the most populous province of Indonesia, home to 18% of the national total on 1.8% of the country's land. The mid-2022 official estimate was 49,405,808 (comprising 25,067,226 males and 24,338,582 females).[1] Aside from the special district of Jakarta, it is the most densely populated province in the country with an average of 1,364.5 people per km2 (2020 Census). The average annual population growth rate recorded in the ten years to 2010 was 1.9%,[19] but the growth has since slowed and was just 1.1% between 2020 and 2022.
Ethnic and linguistic composition
West Java is the native homeland of
In addition to
Indonesian is widely spoken as a second language.
Religion
As of 2022[update],
Cultures
The Sundanese share the Java island with the Javanese and primarily live in West Java. Although the Sundanese live on the same island as the Javanese, their culture is distinct and likewise consider themselves to live in a separate cultural area called Pasundan or Tatar Sunda. Someone moving from West Java to Central or East Java is literally said to be moving from Sunda to Java worlds. Bandung is considered as the cultural heartland of Sundanese people, and many indigenous Sundanese artforms were developed in this city. The nearby province of Banten is similar in this regard and is also considered to be part of Pasundan as well.
Music
Gamelan orchestra
The musical arts of Sunda, which is an expression of the emotions of Sundanese culture, express politeness and grace of Sundanese.
In addition to the Sundanese forms of Gamelan in Parahyangan, the region of Cirebon retains its own distinct musical traditions. Amongst Cirebons' varying Gamelan ensembles the two most frequently heard are Gamelan Pelog (a non-equidistant heptatonic tuning system) and Gamelan Prawa (a semi-equidistant pentatonic tuning system). Gamelan Pelog is traditionally reserved for Tayuban, Wayang Cepak, and listening and dance music of the Kratons in Cirebon, while Gamelan Prawa is traditionally reserved for Wayang Purwa.
Cirebon also retains specialised Gamelan ensembles including Sekaten, which is played in the Kratons to mark important times in the Islamic calendar, Denggung, also a Kraton ensemble, which is believed to have some "supernatural powers", and Renteng, an ensemble found in both Cirebon and Parahyangan known for its loud and energetic playing style.
Zither ensembles
Tembang Sunda is a genre of Sundanese vocal music accompanied by a core ensemble of two Kacapi (zither) and a Suling (bamboo flute). The music and poetry of tembang Sunda are closely associated with the Parahyangan, the highland plateau that transverses the central and southern parts of Sunda. The natural environment of Priangan, an agricultural region surrounded by mountains and volcanoes, is reflected in some songs of the tembang Sunda.[22]
Kacapi suling is tembang Sunda minus vocal.
Tarawangsa is a genuine popular art is performed on ensemble consists of tarawangsa (a violin with an end pin) and the jentreng (a kind of seven-stringed zither). It is accompanied by a secret dance called Jentreng. The dance is a part of a ritual celebrating the goddess of paddy Dewi Sri. Its ceremonial significance is associated with a ritual of thanksgiving associated with the rice harvest. Tarawangsa can also be played for healing or even purely for entertainment.
Bamboo ensembles
The three main types of Sundanese bamboo ensembles are angklung, calung, karinding and arumba. The exact features of each ensemble vary according to context, related instruments, and relative popularity.
Angklung is a generic term for sets of tuned, shaken bamboo rattles. Angklung consists of a frame upon which hang several different lengths of hollow bamboo. Angklungs are played like handbells, with each instrument played to a different note. Angklung rattles are played in interlocking patterns, usually with only one or two instruments played per person. The ensemble is used in Sundanese processions, sometimes with trance or acrobatics. Performed at life-cycle rituals and feasts (hajat), angklung is believed to maintain balance and harmony in the village. In its most modern incarnation, angklung is performed in schools as an aid to learning music.
The Angklung received international attention when Daeng Soetigna, from Bandung, expanded the angklung notations not only to play traditional pélog or sléndro scales but also diatonic scale in 1938. Since then, angklung is often played together with other Western musical instruments in an orchestra. One of the first well-known performances of angklung in an orchestra was during the Bandung Conference in 1955.
Like those in angklung, the instruments of the calung ensemble are of bamboo, but each consists of several differently tuned tubes fixed onto a piece of bamboo; the player holds the instrument in his left hand and strikes it with a beater held in his right. The highest-pitched calung has the highest number of tubes and the densest musical activity; the lowest-pitched, with two tubes, has the least. Calung is nearly always associated with earthy humour, and is played by men.
Arumba refers to a set of diatonically tuned bamboo xylophones, often played by women. It is frequently joined by modern instruments, including a drum set, electric guitar, bass, and keyboards.
Theatre
Wayang golek is a traditional form of puppetry from Sunda. Unlike the better-known leather shadow puppets (wayang kulit) found in the rest of Java and Bali, wayang golek puppets are made from wood and are three-dimensional, rather than two. They use a banana palm in which the puppets stand, behind which one puppeteer (dalang) is accompanied by his gamelan orchestra with up to 20 musicians. The gamelan uses a five-note scale as opposed to the seven-note western scale. The musicians are guided by the drummer, who in turn is guided by signals from the puppet master dalang gives to change the mood or pace required. Wayang golek are used by the Sundanese to tell the epic play "Mahabarata", and various other morality-type plays.
Sandiwara Sunda is a type folk teather performed in Sundanese and presenting Sundanese themes, folklores and stories.
Dance
Sundanese dance shows the influence of the many groups that have traded and settled in the area over the centuries, and includes variations from graceful to dynamic syncopated drumming patterns, quick wrist flicks, sensual hip movements, and fast shoulder and torso isolations. Jaipongan is probably the most popular traditional social dance of Sundanese people. It can be performed in solo, grups, or pair. The Tari Merak (Peafowl Dance) is a female dance inspired by the movements of a peafowl and its feathers blended with the classical movements of the Sundanese dance.
Folktales and legend stories
There are stories and folktales transcribed from Pantun Sunda stories.[23] Among the most well-known folktale and stories are:
- Mundinglaya Dikusumah, which tells of Mundinglaya visiting Jabaning Langit to find layang Salaka Domas. It is a symbolic story of Surawisesa visiting Malaka to establish a peace treaty with the Portuguese before 1522.
- Lutung Kasarung, tells the life of a beautiful princess, in the era of Pasir Batang kingdom, a vassal of Sunda kingdom. She faces the evil of her older sister willing to seize her right as a queen.[24]
- Brebesriver) as a boundary between Sundanese and Javanese territories.
- Javanese and Balinesemythology.
Literature
Old Sundanese literature, among others, are:
- Bujangga Manik, which was written on 29 palm leaves and kept in the Bodleian Library in Oxford since 1627, mentioning more than 450 names of places, regions, rivers and mountains situated on Java island, Bali island and Sumatra island.[26]
- Carita Parahyangan, telling Sundanese kings and kingdoms from the pre-Islamic period.[26]
- Siksakandang Karesian, providing the reader with all kinds of religious and moralistic rules, prescriptions and lessons.[26]
Human Development Index
Cities and Regencies in West Java range high to medium Human Development Index (HDI).
# | City / Regency | HDI (2022 data)[27] |
---|---|---|
Very high human development | ||
1 | Bandung City | 0.825 |
2 | Bekasi City | 0.825 |
3 | Depok City | 0.819 |
High human development | ||
4 | Cimahi City | 0.788 |
5 | Bogor City | 0.772 |
6 | Cirebon City | 0.759 |
7 | Sukabumi City | 0.754 |
8 | Bekasi Regency | 0.752 |
9 | Tasikmalaya City | 0.738 |
10 | Bandung Regency | 0.732 |
- | West Java | 0.731 |
- | Indonesia | 0.729 |
11 | Sumedang Regency | 0.727 |
12 | Banjar City | 0.726 |
13 | Karawang Regency | 0.717 |
14 | Purwakarta Regency | 0.716 |
15 | Ciamis Regency | 0.715 |
16 | Bogor Regency | 0.712 |
17 | Kuningan Regency | 0.702 |
19 | Cirebon Regency | 0.701 |
Medium human development | ||
18 | Subang Regency | 0.699 |
20 | West Bandung Regency | 0.690 |
21 | Pangandaran Regency | 0.690 |
22 | Majalengka Regency | 0.686 |
23 | Indramayu Regency | 0.686 |
24 | Sukabumi Regency | 0.676 |
25 | Garut Regency | 0.674 |
26 | Tasikmalaya Regency | 0.668 |
27 | Cianjur Regency | 0.659 |
Transportation
Toll roads
Due to its proximity to Jakarta and its growing population and industry, West Java has the longest tolled highway road of any provinces. As of April 2015, there are several toll roads in West Java
- Jakarta–Cikampek Toll Road (73 km)
- Cileunyi-Sumedang-Dawuan Toll Road (60.5 km)
- Cipularang Toll Road(58.5 km)
- Padaleunyi Toll Road(33 km)
- Jagorawi Toll Road (46 km)
- Palimanan–Kanci Toll Road (28.8 km)
- Bogor Ring Road (partially built)
- Cinere–Jagorawi first section (3.7 km, as part of Jakarta Outer Ring Road 2)
- Kanci–Pejagan Toll Road (35 km)
- Cikopo–Palimanan Toll Road (116 km)
- Soreang–Pasir Koja Toll Road (10.6 km)
- Bogor–Ciawi–Sukabumi Toll Road (built: Bogor-Cigombong) (15.3 km)
In addition to completed highways there are some highways that are being built, one of them is
Several other proposed toll roads are Bandung Intra-Urban Toll Road, Cileunyi–Tasikmalaya, and Jakarta Outer Ring Road 2 (a section of this road has been built).
Railways
Most cities and towns in West Java are served with
A high-speed railway, connecting Jakarta and Bandung, was opened in October 2023.[28] Then Jakarta MRT Phase 3 with Balaraja to Cikarang, will be under construction in 2024.[29][30]
Air
Bandung
Education
West Java is one of the most popular destinations for
- Bandung Institute of Technology
- Indonesia University of Education
- Padjadjaran University
- Bogor Agricultural University
- Parahyangan Catholic University
- UIN Sunan Gunung Djati
- Gunadarma University
- Telkom University
- President University
References
- ^ a b c Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2023, Provinsi Jawa Barat Dalam Angka 2023 (Katalog-BPS 1102001.32)
- ^ a b c d Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, Provinsi Jawa Barat Dalam Angka 2024 (Katalog-BPS 1102001.32)
- ^ Badan Pusat Statistik. 2010. pp. 23, 36–41. Archived from the original(PDF) on 12 July 2017. Retrieved 17 October 2021.
- ^ Badan Pusat Statistik (2023). "Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (Milyar Rupiah), 2020–2022" (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik.
- Badan Pembangunan Nasional (2023). "Capaian Indikator Utama Pembangunan"(in Indonesian). Jakarta: Badan Pembangunan Nasional.
- ^ "Jakarta". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Archived from the original on 11 November 2006. Retrieved 17 September 2007.
- ^ a b Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.
- ^ "Estimasi Penduduk Menurut Umur Tunggal Dan Jenis Kelamin 2014 Kementerian Kesehatan" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 February 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
- ^ a b c d Zahorka, Herwig (2007). The Sunda Kingdoms of West Java, From Tarumanagara to Pakuan Pajajaran with Royal Center of Bogor, Over 1000 Years of Propsperity and Glory. Yayasan cipta Loka Caraka.
- ^ Nasrullah, Annas (29 October 2009). "Tokoh Jabar Siapkan Deklarasi Provinsi Pasundan : Okezone News". okezone (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2023.
- ^ a b Governance of West Java. West Java Government. 2008. p. 17.
- ^ Jakarta Post, 14 November 2013
- ^ Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.
- ^ Proyeksi Penduduk Kabupaten/Kpta Provinsi Jawa Barat 2020-2035 | Hasil Sunsus Penduduk 2020.
- ^ Taylor (2003), p. 123.
- ^ "Provinsi Jawa Barat Dalam Angka 2023". Statistics Indonesia. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
- ^ "W Java to explore eleven geothermal spots – ANTARA News". 5 April 2011. Archived from the original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
- ^ "AirAsia's Tony Fernandes keen for world to see Indonesia". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 28 May 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2019.
- ^ As between the 2000 and 2010 national censuses.
- ^ Cohen, Matthew Isaac (March 2005). "The Arts of Cirebon". Seleh Notes. 12 #2: 6.
- ^ "Jumlah Penduduk Menurut Agama" (in Indonesian). Ministry of Religious Affairs. 31 August 2022. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
- ^ Zanten, Wim van (1989). Sundanese Music in the Cianjuran Style. KITLV Press.
- ^ Noorduyn, J. (2006). Three Old Sundanese poems. KITLV Press. p. 11.
- ^ Eringa, F. S. (1949). Loetoeng kasaroeng: een mythologisch verhaal uit West-Jawa. Verhanddelingen va heit KITL, Leiden.
- ^ Terada, Alice M. (1994). "The Story of Sangkuriang," The Magic Crocodile and Other Folktales from Indonesia. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 60–64.
- ^ a b c Noorduyn, J. (2006). Three Old Sundanese poems. KITLV Press.
- ^ "Human Development Index 2019-2021". jabar.bps.go.id. Archived from the original on 2 February 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
- ^ Fajri, Daniel A. (2 October 2023). "6 Fakta KCJB Whoosh yang Diresmikan Jokowi Hari Ini" (in Indonesian). Tempo. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
- ^ Kamalina, Annasa Rizki (23 January 2023). "Jepang Alirkan Rp160 Triliun untuk Proyek MRT Cikarang-Balaraja, Konstruksi 2024". Bisnis com.
- ^ Al Hikam, Herdi Alif (18 February 2023). "Cek! Rincian 48 Wilayah Bakal Dilewati MRT Fase 3 Cikarang-Balaraja". finance.detik.com.
- ^ "Angkasa Pura II Named Kertajati Airport Operator". Tempo. Archived from the original on 30 October 2018. Retrieved 24 July 2017.
- ^ "Angkasa Pura II to Operate Kertajati, West Java's Biggest Airport". Jakarta Globe. Archived from the original on 25 July 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2017.
- ^ Praditya, Ilyas Istianur (14 September 2017). "Bandara Kertajati Bakal Kurangi Kepadatan Soekarno-Hatta". liputan6.com. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2018.
Bibliography
- Taylor, Jean Gelman (2003). Indonesia. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-10518-5.
External links
- Official site Archived 27 February 2022 at the Wayback Machine
- Official site