Plasmonic metamaterial
A plasmonic metamaterial is a
The properties stem from the unique structure of the metal-dielectric composites, with features smaller than the wavelength of light separated by
Plasmonic materials
Plasmonic materials are
Negative index
Plasmonic metamaterials are realizations of materials first proposed by Victor Veselago, a Russian theoretical physicist, in 1967. Also known as left-handed or negative index materials, Veselago theorized that they would exhibit optical properties opposite to those of glass or air. In negative index materials energy is transported in a direction opposite to that of
Normally, light traveling from, say, air into water bends upon passing through the normal (a plane perpendicular to the surface) and entering the water. In contrast, light reaching a negative index material through air would not cross the normal. Rather, it would bend the opposite way.
Negative refraction was first reported for
To create this response, incident light couples with the undulating, gas-like charges (plasmons) normally on the surface of metals. This photon-plasmon interaction results in SPPs that generate intense, localized optical fields. The waves are confined to the interface between metal and insulator. This narrow channel serves as a transformative guide that, in effect, traps and compresses the wavelength of incoming light to a fraction of its original value.[5]
Nanomechanical systems incorporating metamaterials exhibit negative radiation pressure.[8]
Light falling on conventional materials, with a positive index of refraction, exerts a positive pressure, meaning that it can push an object away from the light source. In contrast, illuminating
Three-dimensional negative index
Gradient index
PMMs can be made with a gradient index (a material whose refractive index varies progressively across the length or area of the material). One such material involved depositing a
Hyperbolic
Hyperbolic metamaterials behave as a metal when light passes through it in one direction and like a dielectric when light passes in the perpendicular direction, called extreme anisotropy. The material's dispersion relation forms a hyperboloid. The associated wavelength can in principle be infinitely small.[9] Recently, hyperbolic metasurfaces in the visible region has been demonstrated with silver or gold nanostructures by lithographic techniques.[10][11] The reported hyperbolic devices showed multiple functions for sensing and imaging, e.g., diffraction-free, negative refraction and enhanced plasmon resonance effects, enabled by their unique optical properties.[12] These specific properties are also highly required to fabricate integrated optical meta-circuits for the quantum information applications.
Isotropy
The first metamaterials created exhibit anisotropy in their effects on plasmons. I.e., they act only in one direction.
More recently, researchers used a novel self-folding technique to create a three-dimensional array of split-ring resonators that exhibits isotropy when rotated in any direction up to an incident angle of 40 degrees. Exposing strips of nickel and gold deposited on a polymer/silicon substrate to air allowed mechanical stresses to curl the strips into rings, forming the resonators. By arranging the strips at different angles to each other, 4-fold symmetry was achieved, which allowed the resonators to produce effects in multiple directions.[13][14]
Materials
Silicon sandwich
Negative refraction for visible light was first produced in a sandwich-like construction with thin layers. An insulating sheet of
Graphene
Graphene also accommodates surface plasmons,
Superlattice
A hyperbolic metamaterial made from titanium nitride (metal) and aluminum scandium nitride (dielectric) have compatible crystal structures and can form a superlattice, a crystal that combines two (or more) materials. The material is compatible with existing CMOS technology (unlike traditional gold and silver), mechanically strong and thermally stable at higher temperatures. The material exhibits higher photonic densities of states than Au or Ag.[20] The material is an efficient light absorber.[21]
The material was created using
Possible applications include a "planar
The material works across a broad spectrum from near-infrared to visible light. Near-infrared is essential for telecommunications and optical communications, and visible light is important for sensors, microscopes and efficient solid-state light sources.[21]
Applications
Microscopy
One potential application is
A theorized
Biological and chemical sensing
Other proof-of-concept applications under review involve high sensitivity biological and
Optical computing
Optical computing replaces electronic signals with light processing devices.[23]
In 2014 researchers announced a 200 nanometer, terahertz speed optical switch. The switch is made of a metamaterial consisting of nanoscale particles of
2), a crystal that switches between an opaque, metallic phase and a transparent, semiconducting phase. The nanoparticles are deposited on a glass substrate and overlain by even smaller gold nanoparticles[24] that act as a plasmonic photocathode.[25]
Femtosecond laser pulses free electrons in the gold particles that jump into the VO
2 and cause a subpicosecond phase change.[24]
The device is compatible with current integrated circuit technology, silicon-based chips and
Photovoltaics
Gold group metals (Au, Ag and Cu) have been used as direct active materials in photovoltaics and solar cells. The materials act simultaneously as electron [26] and hole donor,[27] and thus can be sandwiched between electron and hole transport layers to make a photovoltaic cell. At present these photovoltaic cells allow powering smart sensors for the Internet of Things (IoT) platform.[28]
See also
- History of metamaterials
- Metamaterial absorber
- Metamaterial antennas
- Metamaterial cloaking
- Nonlinear metamaterials
- Photonic metamaterials
- Photonic crystal
- Spoof surface plasmon
- Terahertz metamaterials
- Tunable metamaterials
- Transformation optics
- Theories of cloaking
References
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- ^ a b c d e NIST researchers, Nanofabrication Research Group (2009-08-20). "Three-Dimensional Plasmonic Metamaterials". National Institute of Science and Technology. Retrieved 2011-02-14.
- This article incorporates public domain material from Three-Dimensional Plasmonic Metamaterials. National Institute of Standards and Technology.
- ^ S2CID 35189301.
- ^
Shalaev, V. M.; Cai, W.; Chettiar, U. K.; Yuan, H.-K.; Sarychev, A. K.; Drachev, V. P.; Kildishev, A. V. (2005). "Negative index of refraction in optical metamaterials" (PDF). S2CID 14917741.
- ^
Zhang, Shuang; Fan, Wenjun; Panoiu, N. C.; Malloy, K. J.; S2CID 15246675.
- ^ a b c Lezec, Henri J.; Chau, Kenneth J. "Negative Radiation Pressure" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-02-14.
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(help) - YouTube
- S2CID 205243865.
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- ^ "How to create metamaterials that work in all directions | KurzweilAI". www.kurzweilai.net.
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- ^ a b c d "'Hyperbolic metamaterials' closer to reality". KurzweilAI. May 15, 2014.
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- ^ Yarris, Lynn (2009-08-20). "GRIN Plasmonics…" (Online news release). U.S. Department of Energy National Laboratory Operated by the University of California. Retrieved 2011-02-15.
- ^ a b c "Nanoscale optical switch breaks miniaturization barrier". KurzweilAI. March 18, 2014. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
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- ^ "Peafowl Solar Power | MAKING ENERGY BEAUTIFUL".
Further reading
- Garcia-Vidal, F J; Martín-Moreno, L; Pendry, J B (2005). "Surfaces with holes in them: New plasmonic metamaterials" (Free PDF download). Journal of Optics A: Pure and Applied Optics. 7 (2): S97. .
- Ebbesen, T. W.; Lezec, H. J.; Ghaemi, H. F.; Thio, T.; Wolff, P. A. (1998). "Extraordinary optical transmission through sub-wavelength hole arrays" (Free PDF download). Nature. 391 (6668): 667–669. S2CID 205024396.
- Barnes, WL; Dereux, A; Ebbesen, TW (2003). "Surface plasmon subwavelength optics" (Free PDF download). Nature. 424 (6950): 824–30. S2CID 116017.
- Barnes, W. L (2011). "Metallic metamaterials and plasmonics". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 369 (1950): 3431–3433. PMID 21807718. Theo Murphy Meeting Issue organized and edited by William L. Barnes.
External links
- Plasmonic metamaterials - From microscopes to invisibility cloaks. Jan 21, 2011. PhysOrg.com.