Hyperboloid
Hyperboloid of one sheet |
conical surface in between |
Hyperboloid of two sheets |
In geometry, a hyperboloid of revolution, sometimes called a circular hyperboloid, is the surface generated by rotating a hyperbola around one of its principal axes. A hyperboloid is the surface obtained from a hyperboloid of revolution by deforming it by means of directional scalings, or more generally, of an affine transformation.
A hyperboloid is a
Given a hyperboloid, one can choose a Cartesian coordinate system such that the hyperboloid is defined by one of the following equations:
One has a hyperboloid of revolution if and only if Otherwise, the axes are uniquely defined (up to the exchange of the x-axis and the y-axis).
There are two kinds of hyperboloids. In the first case (+1 in the right-hand side of the equation): a one-sheet hyperboloid, also called a hyperbolic hyperboloid. It is a
In the second case (−1 in the right-hand side of the equation): a two-sheet hyperboloid, also called an elliptic hyperboloid. The surface has two
Parametric representations
Cartesian coordinates for the hyperboloids can be defined, similar to
One-surface hyperboloid: v ∈ (−∞, ∞)
Two-surface hyperboloid: v ∈ [0, ∞)
The following parametric representation includes hyperboloids of one sheet, two sheets, and their common boundary cone, each with the -axis as the axis of symmetry:
- For one obtains a hyperboloid of one sheet,
- For a hyperboloid of two sheets, and
- For a double cone.
One can obtain a parametric representation of a hyperboloid with a different coordinate axis as the axis of symmetry by shuffling the position of the term to the appropriate component in the equation above.
Generalised equations
More generally, an arbitrarily oriented hyperboloid, centered at v, is defined by the equation
The
Properties
Hyperboloid of one sheet
Lines on the surface
- A hyperboloid of one sheet contains two pencils of lines. It is a doubly ruled surface.
If the hyperboloid has the equation then the lines
In case the hyperboloid is a surface of revolution and can be generated by rotating one of the two lines or , which are skew to the rotation axis (see picture). This property is called Wren's theorem.[1] The more common generation of a one-sheet hyperboloid of revolution is rotating a hyperbola around its semi-minor axis (see picture; rotating the hyperbola around its other axis gives a two-sheet hyperbola of revolution).
A hyperboloid of one sheet is
Plane sections
For simplicity the plane sections of the unit hyperboloid with equation are considered. Because a hyperboloid in general position is an affine image of the unit hyperboloid, the result applies to the general case, too.
- A plane with a slope less than 1 (1 is the slope of the lines on the hyperboloid) intersects in an ellipse,
- A plane with a slope equal to 1 containing the origin intersects in a pair of parallel lines,
- A plane with a slope equal 1 not containing the origin intersects in a parabola,
- A tangential plane intersects in a pair of intersecting lines,
- A non-tangential plane with a slope greater than 1 intersects in a hyperbola.[2]
Obviously, any one-sheet hyperboloid of revolution contains circles. This is also true, but less obvious, in the general case (see circular section).
Hyperboloid of two sheets
The hyperboloid of two sheets does not contain lines. The discussion of plane sections can be performed for the unit hyperboloid of two sheets with equation
- A plane with slope less than 1 (1 is the slope of the asymptotes of the generating hyperbola) intersects either in an ellipse or in a point or not at all,
- A plane with slope equal to 1 containing the origin (midpoint of the hyperboloid) does not intersect ,
- A plane with slope equal to 1 not containing the origin intersects in a parabola,
- A plane with slope greater than 1 intersects in a hyperbola.[3]
Obviously, any two-sheet hyperboloid of revolution contains circles. This is also true, but less obvious, in the general case (see circular section).
Remark: A hyperboloid of two sheets is projectively equivalent to a sphere.
Other properties
Symmetries
The hyperboloids with equations
- pointsymmetric to the origin,
- symmetric to the coordinate planes and
- rotational symmetric to the z-axis and symmetric to any plane containing the z-axis, in case of (hyperboloid of revolution).
Curvature
Whereas the Gaussian curvature of a hyperboloid of one sheet is negative, that of a two-sheet hyperboloid is positive. In spite of its positive curvature, the hyperboloid of two sheets with another suitably chosen metric can also be used as a model for hyperbolic geometry.
In more than three dimensions
Imaginary hyperboloids are frequently found in mathematics of higher dimensions. For example, in a pseudo-Euclidean space one has the use of a quadratic form:
As an example, consider the following passage:[4]
... the velocity vectors always lie on a surface which Minkowski calls a four-dimensional hyperboloid since, expressed in terms of purely real coordinates (y1, ..., y4), its equation is y2
1 + y2
2 + y2
3 − y2
4 = −1, analogous to the hyperboloid y2
1 + y2
2 − y2
3 = −1 of three-dimensional space.[6]
However, the term quasi-sphere is also used in this context since the sphere and hyperboloid have some commonality (See § Relation to the sphere below).
Hyperboloid structures
One-sheeted hyperboloids are used in construction, with the structures called
-
The Adziogol Lighthouse, Ukraine, 1911.
-
Kobe Port Tower, Japan, 1963.
-
Cathedral of Brasília, Brazil, 1970.
-
The THTR-300 cooling tower for the now decommissioned thorium nuclear reactor in Hamm-Uentrop, Germany, 1983.
-
The Canton Tower, China, 2010.
-
The Essarts-le-Roi water tower, France.
Relation to the sphere
In 1853 William Rowan Hamilton published his Lectures on Quaternions which included presentation of biquaternions. The following passage from page 673 shows how Hamilton uses biquaternion algebra and vectors from quaternions to produce hyperboloids from the equation of a sphere:
... the equation of the unit sphere ρ2 + 1 = 0, and change the vector ρ to a bivector form, such as σ + τ √−1. The equation of the sphere then breaks up into the system of the two following,
σ2 − τ2 + 1 = 0, S.στ = 0;and suggests our considering σ and τ as two real and rectangular vectors, such that
Tτ = (Tσ2 − 1 )1/2.Hence it is easy to infer that if we assume σ || λ, where λ is a vector in a given position, the new real vector σ + τ will terminate on the surface of a double-sheeted and equilateral hyperboloid; and that if, on the other hand, we assume τ || λ, then the locus of the extremity of the real vector σ + τ will be an equilateral but single-sheeted hyperboloid. The study of these two hyperboloids is, therefore, in this way connected very simply, through biquaternions, with the study of the sphere; ...
In this passage S is the operator giving the scalar part of a quaternion, and T is the "tensor", now called norm, of a quaternion.
A modern view of the unification of the sphere and hyperboloid uses the idea of a conic section as a slice of a quadratic form. Instead of a conical surface, one requires conical hypersurfaces in four-dimensional space with points p = (w, x, y, z) ∈ R4 determined by quadratic forms. First consider the conical hypersurface
- and
- which is a hyperplane.
Then is the sphere with radius r. On the other hand, the conical hypersurface
In the theory of quadratic forms, a unit quasi-sphere is the subset of a quadratic space X consisting of the x ∈ X such that the quadratic norm of x is one.[7]
See also
- De Sitter space
- Ellipsoid
- List of surfaces
- Hyperbolic paraboloid
- Regulus
- Rotation of axes
- Split-quaternion § Profile
- Translation of axes
References
- ^ K. Strubecker: Vorlesungen der Darstellenden Geometrie. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1967, p. 218
- ^ CDKG: Computerunterstützte Darstellende und Konstruktive Geometrie (TU Darmstadt) (PDF; 3,4 MB), S. 116
- ^ CDKG: Computerunterstützte Darstellende und Konstruktive Geometrie (TU Darmstadt) (PDF; 3,4 MB), S. 122
- ISBN 0-387-98963-3
- ^ Walter, Scott A. (1999), "The non-Euclidean style of Minkowskian relativity", in J. Gray (ed.), The Symbolic Universe: Geometry and Physics 1890-1930, Oxford University Press, pp. 91–127
- ^ Minkowski used the term "four-dimensional hyperboloid" only once, in a posthumously-published typescript and this was non-standard usage, as Minkowski's hyperboloid is a three-dimensional submanifold of a four-dimensional Minkowski space [5]
- ISBN 0-521-55177-3
- Wilhelm Blaschke (1948) Analytische Geometrie, Kapital V: "Quadriken", Wolfenbutteler Verlagsanstalt.
- David A. Brannan, M. F. Esplen, & Jeremy J Gray (1999) Geometry, pp. 39–41 Cambridge University Press.
- John Wiley & Sons.