Police Regiment Centre
Police Regiment Centre | |
---|---|
Polizei-Regiment Mitte | |
Active | 1941–1942 |
Country | Higher SS and Police Leader, Central Russia |
Commanders | |
Notable commanders | Max Montua Walter Schimana |
The Police Regiment Centre (Polizei-Regiment Mitte) was a formation of the
Alongside detachments from the
Background and formation
The German
Twenty-three
Police units assigned to the Wehrmacht security divisions and the Einsatzgruppen were motorised, while those formed into regiments were not. The goals of the Order Police battalions were to secure the rear by eliminating the remnants of the enemy forces, guarding the prisoners of war, and protecting the lines of communications and captured industrial facilities. Their instructions also included, as Daluege stated, the "combat of criminal elements, above all political elements".[4]
Police Regiment Centre was formed in June 1941 by combining Police Battalions
Operational history
Early killing operations
Himmler made a personal visit to the headquarters of the unit in
The same evening, a company of Police Battalion 322 participated in the shooting of about 1,000 Jews under the direction of Einsatzgruppe B.[8] The next day, 9 July, Police Battalion 307 participated in the massacre of 4–6,000 Jewish men, Russians and Belarusians in the vicinity of Brest-Litovsk (now Brest, Belarus).[9] The killing operation, with assistance by personnel of the Wehrmacht's 162nd Infantry Division, lasted several days.[7] On 10 July, Daluege addressed the members of the regiment arrayed in a parade formation, extolling them to "exterminate" Bolshevism as a "blessing for Germany".[10] On 11 July, Montua passed a confidential order from Bach-Zalewski to the battalion commanders that Jews, who had been "convicted of looting", were to be shot; an execution took place the same day.[8] Around this time, Police Battalions 316 and 322 rounded up approximately 3,000 Jewish men from Belostok and shot them in a nearby forest.[11]
On 17 July, the regiment murdered over 1,100 Jews in Slonim, with Bach-Zalewski reporting to Himmler on 18 July: "Yesterday's cleansing action in Slonim by Police Regiment Centre. 1,153 Jewish plunderers were shot".[12] By 20 July, the unit's reports referred to executions of Jewish women and children.[8] By late August, Police Battalion 322 moved to Minsk, where, on 1 September, it conducted a killing operation together with the units of Einsatzgruppe B. The victims included 290 Jewish men and 40 Jewish women.[13]
Escalation of violence
In September 1941, the regiment participated in the
On 2 October 1941, Police Battalions 322 and 316, along with Bach-Zalewski's staff company and Ukrainian auxiliaries, rounded up 2,200 Jews in the Mogilev Ghetto. Sixty-five were killed during the roundups, and another 550 executed the next day. Throughout the rest of the month, the battalion continued to execute Jews, communists, and alleged partisans in the vicinity of Mogilev. The commander of the unit received the Iron Cross, 2nd class, following these operations.[17] Another killing operation later that month, by Einsatzkommando 8 and Police Battalions 316 and 322, brought the total number of victims in Mogilev to about 6,000.[1]
On 7–8 November, Police Battalion 316 participated in the murder of Jews in
Later history
In December, after the German defeat in the Battle of Moscow, the regiment was sent to the front lines to reinforce the German defenses, thus depriving Bach-Zalewski of manpower.[19] Police Battalion 307, for example, was deployed near Kaluga on 20 December and had been reduced to a combat strength of 60 men by March. The other two battalions were assigned to guard and security duties to the immediate rear of the front-line troops and were not heavily involved in combat.[20] The regimental commander, Montua, was recalled to Germany to assume an SS and police training position[19] and was replaced by Colonel of Police (Oberst der Polizei) Walter Schimana on 1 December.[21] Bach-Zalewski himself was temporarily relieved of command and sent to Germany for recuperation.[19] Around May–June 1942, the battalions were replaced by Police Battalions 6, 85 and 301, which were redesignated as the regiment's first through third battalions, respectively.[22] The regiment was redesignated in July as the 13th Police Regiment.[23]
Decrypts by British intelligence
Progress reports on the murderous activities of the Police Regiment Center, the Einsatzgruppen detachment and the SS Cavalry Brigade were regularly forwarded by Bach-Zalewski. However, unbeknownst to him, the reports were being intercepted by MI6, the British intelligence service, whose code breakers at Bletchley Park had broken the German ciphers as part of Ultra, the British signals intelligence program.[24]
The head of MI6, Stewart Menzies, communicated the decrypts directly to British Prime Minister Winston Churchill. The first decrypted message was the 18 July report on the mass murders by the regiment at Slonim. In late July and early August, similar reports were intercepted on a regular basis. Angered by the scope of the atrocities, Churchill delivered a speech over the radio on 24 August stating:[24]
Whole districts are being exterminated (...) Scores of thousands of executions are perpetrated by the German police troops upon the Soviet patriots defending their native soil. Since the Mongol invasion of Europe, there have never been methodical, merciless butchery on such a scale or approaching such a scale. We are in the presence of a crime without a name.
From 27 August, Bletchley Park delivered specially prepared daily intelligence reports on the activities of the police troops. By this point, the British intelligence had detailed information on the activities of both Bach-Zalewski's and Friedrich Jeckeln's formations (with Jeckeln operating in Army Group South Rear Area). On 12 September, the German Police changed their cipher; the following day, the SS officials were instructed to stop transmitting the reports over the radio.[25] Subsequently, the code breakers produced monthly reports detailing the crimes perpetrated by Nazi Germany.[26]
Aftermath
Police Battalions 307, 316, and 322 were reassigned to other regiments and continued to engage in security warfare (Bandenbekämpfung, or "bandit-fighting") and genocide. Battalion 307 was assigned to the 23rd Police Regiment and took part in the punitive Operation Sumpffieber in Belarus. Battalions 316 and 322 were sent to Slovenia, with Battalion 316 then assigned to the 4th Police Regiment in France and Battalion 322 joining the 5th Police Regiment, still in Slovenia.[27] The regiment's former commander, Montua, committed suicide in April 1945.[28]
The Order Police as a whole had not been declared a criminal organisation by the Allies, unlike the SS, and its members were able to reintegrate into the German society largely unmolested, with many returning to police careers in Austria and West Germany.[29] Personnel of Police Battalion 322 were investigated by the West German authorities in the 1960s. One of the battalion's members stated:[30]
The expression 'combat of the partisans' is strictly speaking a complete misnomer. We did not have a single battle with partisans after we left Mogilev. ... The fact of the matter [was] that those found without identity cards sufficed for their arrest and executions".[30]
For reasons of national security, the Ultra program remained classified after the war and the decrypts pertaining to the activities of security and police troops during the war were not shared with Britain's allies. Consequently, they were not used during the Nuremberg trials or subsequent investigations of German war crimes and crimes against humanity. The decrypts were finally released in 1993.[31]
References
- ^ a b Megargee 2009, p. 1642.
- ^ Showalter 2005, p. xiii.
- ^ Westermann 2005, pp. 163–164.
- ^ Westermann 2005, p. 165.
- ^ Westermann 2005, p. 15.
- ^ Breitman 1998, pp. 45–46.
- ^ a b Westermann 2005, p. 176.
- ^ a b c Breitman 1998, pp. 47–48.
- ^ Arico 2010, pp. 408, 412–413.
- ^ Westermann 2005, pp. 2–3.
- ^ Arico 2010, pp. 456–59.
- ^ Persico 2002, p. 219.
- ^ Breitman 1998, p. 50.
- ^ Beorn 2014, p. 97.
- ^ Blood 2006, p. 167.
- ^ Beorn 2014, p. 10.
- ^ Breitman 1998, p. 66.
- ^ Megargee 2009, p. 1650.
- ^ a b c Blood 2006, pp. 61–62.
- ^ Arico 2010, pp. 410–11, 457, 484.
- ^ Nix & Jerome 2006, p. 265.
- ^ Arico 2010, pp. 84, 265, 387.
- ^ Tessin & Kannapin 2000, p. 620.
- ^ a b Smith 2004, pp. 112–113.
- ^ Smith 2004, pp. 114–115.
- ^ Smith 2004, pp. 116–118.
- ^ USHMM 2008, pp. 5–6.
- ^ Curilla 2010, pp. 273, 336, 535, 860.
- ^ Westermann 2005, p. 231.
- ^ a b Westermann 2005, pp. 17–18.
- ^ Smith 2004, pp. 117–119.
Bibliography
- Arico, Massimo (2010). Ordnungspolizei: Encyclopedia of the German Police Battalions. Stockholm: Leandoer and Ekholm. ISBN 978-91-85657-99-5.
- Beorn, Waitman Wade (2014). ISBN 978-0674725508.
- Blood, Phillip W. (2006). ISBN 978-1-59797-021-1.
- ISBN 978-0-80900-184-2.
- Curilla, Wolfgang (2010). Der Judenmord in Polen und die deutsche Ordnungspolizei 1939-1945. Paderborn: Schöningh Paderborn. ISBN 978-3-50677043-1.
- ISBN 978-0-253-35328-3.
- Nix, Phil & Jerome, Georges (2006). The Uniformed Police Forces of the Third Reich 1933–1945 (2nd ed.). Stockholm: Leandoer & Ekholm. ISBN 91-975894-3-8.
- Persico, Joseph E. (2002). Roosevelt's Secret War: FDR and World War II Espionage. ISBN 0-3757-6126-8.
- ISBN 978-0-7006-1724-1.
- Smith, Michael (2004). "Bletchley Park and the Holocaust". In Scott, L. V. & Jackson, P. D. (eds.). Understanding Intelligence in the Twenty-First Century: Journeys in Shadows. Routledge. ISBN 0714655333.
- Tessin, Georg & Kannapin, Norbert (2000). Waffen-SS und Ordnungspolizei im Kriegseinsatz 1939 - 1945: ein Überblick anhand der Feldpostübersicht. Osnabrück: Biblio-Verlag. ISBN 3-7648-2471-9.
- "Selected Records from the Military Historical Institute Archives, Prague, 1941-1944" (PDF). United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 2008. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
- Westermann, Edward B. (2005). Hitler's Police Battalions: Enforcing Racial War in the East. Kansas City: ISBN 978-0-7006-1724-1.
Further reading
- ISBN 9780674025776.