Potato leafroll virus
Potato leafroll virus | |
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A potato plant infected with Potato leafroll virus | |
Virus classification | |
(unranked): | Virus |
Realm: | Riboviria |
Kingdom: | Orthornavirae |
Phylum: | Pisuviricota |
Class: | Pisoniviricetes |
Order: | Sobelivirales |
Family: | Solemoviridae |
Genus: | Polerovirus |
Species: | Potato leafroll virus
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Potato leafroll virus (PLRV) is a member of the genus
Hosts and symptoms
PLRV infects members of the family
The virus itself is an extremely small, nearly spherical particle with a diameter of 25 nanometres.
Seed certification programs allow only a very small level of PLRV in certified seed. In Idaho, for instance, during the second field inspection the allowable amount of PLRV is only 0.05% for G4 seed, 0.01% for G3 and G2 and none at all allowed in nuclear and G1. Very small percentages of PLRV in seed potatoes do not normally pose any risk for the commercial producer. However, even very small percentages of virus can be a problem if green peach aphids appear very early and in abundance. In years that are very favorable for insects, like the 1996 season was, the aphid population can become so large that even a very low percentage of PLRV infected seed could result in sufficient spread to cause a problem, because as the aphid population increases, so does the probability that they will encounter an infected plant. Control of aphids with insecticide application is the only means of managing this problem in production years that are highly favorable for aphids.
Seed borne infection generally results in small, stunted, badly impaired plants which have reduced yield both in tuber numbers and in tuber size. Large tubers that show the typical net necrosis symptom may well be the result of current season infection.
PLRV infects other hosts including moonflower,
Because of the wide array of symptoms that occur in different hosts, diagnosis of PLRV must be done based on the infected species. In potatoes PLRV is diagnosed by stunting and leafroll. Diagnosis of other species mentioned previously is by the above-mentioned symptoms. PLRV can be detected on site using PLRV AgriStrip-magnetic. This lateral flow test uses microbeads coated with an anti-body specific to PLRV. Virus particles are separated from the plant tissue using a powerful magnet. The PLRV AgriStrip-magnetic can detect low titers that were previously thought to be too low for traditional lateral flow tests.[7]
Disease cycle
PLRV can be introduced to potatoes by planting infected seeds or by insect
Environment
Because PLRV is transmitted by aphid vectors it is more prevalent in environments that are conducive to aphid development. Warm humid conditions are preferred, but aphids can thrive in a number of climates as long as it is not too hot and dry, as their soft bodies make them prone to desiccation. In the tropics, aphids persist year round but the efficiency of PLRV transmission is reduced at temperatures above 26 degrees Celsius.[11] The optimal temperatures for the green peach aphid are between 13 and 19 degrees Celsius.[12]
Importance
PLRV is an economically important disease due to the yield loss it can cause. Along with other aphid vectored viruses PLRV causes an annual potato loss in the U.S. of 100 million dollars.[13] Plants that are infected with the virus produce only small to medium tubers that are not preferable in market. When plants are grown from infected tubers yield can be reduced 33-50%. Since potatoes are produced by planting the tubers produced the previous season, PLRV is especially problematic in seed potato production. Plantings from infected tubers will not yield acceptable market quality potatoes and can cause a significant loss.[14] Thus any amount of infection is above the economic threshold. In the United States the potato industry is an important source of revenue, with the top producing states in 2009 being Idaho ($735,250,000), Washington ($627,995,000) and Wisconsin ($246,330,000).[15]
Management
Since PLRV is persistently transmitted it makes for easier means of control. Studies have shown a minimum of twelve hours is required for the virus to be transmissible by an aphid. Therefore, PLRV can be controlled effectively by reducing aphid populations. Systemic and foliar
See also
References
- ^ Eid, S., Durrin, J.S., Nikolaeva, O.V. Karasev, A. (2011) “A non-structural, p17 protein of Potato leafroll virus co-localizes in plant phloem tissue with virus capsid protein” Phytopathology 101:6 p. S47.
- ^ Loebenstein, G., Berger, P. H., Brunt, A. A., Lawson, R. H. (2001) Virus and Virus-like Diseases of Potatoes and Production of Seed-Potatoes. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands, p. 69-72.
- ^ Wales, S., Platt, H.W., Cattlin, N. (2008) Diseases, Pests and Disorders of Potatoes. Manson Publishing Ltd, London, p. 75-76.
- ^ Wales, S., Platt, H.W., Cattlin, N. (2008) Diseases, Pests and Disorders of Potatoes. Manson Publishing Ltd, London, p. 75-76.
- PMID 20569366.
- ^ Loebenstein, G., Berger, P. H., Brunt, A. A., Lawson, R. H. (2001) Virus and Virus-like Diseases of Potatoes and Production of Seed-Potatoes. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands, p. 69-72.
- ^ Altenbach, D., Bitterlin, W. (2011) “Rapid immuno-test combined with magnetic bead technology for on-site detection of potato leafroll virus” Phytopathology 101:6 p. S6.
- ^ Jayasinghe, Upali. “ Potato Leafroll Virus.” Technical information Bulletin 22. International Potato Center, CIP, Lima, Peru. March 1998. [1]
- ^ Davis, R.M. “Pathogen: Potato Leafroll Virus.” UC Pest Management Guidelines. Reviewed August 2007, updated May 2008.[2]
- ^ Jayasinghe, Upali. “ Potato Leafroll Virus.” Technical information Bulletin 22. International Potato Center, CIP, Lima, Peru. March 1998. [3]
- ^ Jayasinghe, Upali. “Potato Leafroll Virus.” Technical information Bulletin 22. International Potato Center, CIP, Lima, Peru. March 1998. [4]
- ^ Wolfenbarger, D. O. (1972) "Effects of temperature on mortality of green peach aphids Homoptera-Aphididae on potatoes treated with ethyl-methyl parathion." Journal of Economic Entomology 65:3:881
- ^ Suszkin, J. (2008) "Aphid pest gets "egged"". Agricultural Research. 56:5 p.19.
- ^ "Potato Aphids" 2008. UC IPM Online. University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources.
- ^ National Potato Council 2010 Potato Statistical Yearbook (May 2010) 76pp
- ^ Loebenstein, G., Berger, P. H., Brunt, A. A., Lawson, R. H. (2001) Virus and Virus-like Diseases of Potatoes and Production of Seed-Potatoes. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands, p. 69-72.
- ^ "Potato Aphids" 2008. UC IPM Online. University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources.
- ^ Wolfenbarger, D. O. (1972) "Effects of temperature on mortality of green peach aphids Homoptera-Aphididae on potatoes treated with ethyl-methyl parathion." Journal of Economic Entomology 65:3:881
- ^ Zahn, Volker, Dahle, Jor, and Pastrik, Karl-Heinz "Validation of ELISA for the detection of potato virus antigen in sap of potato plant leaves" OEPP/EPPO Bulletin (2011) 41:30-38