RNA virus
Parts of this article (those related to taxonomy in baltimore sections [ICTV release 2018b→2019]) need to be updated.(January 2021) |
An RNA virus is a
.The
As of May 2020, all known RNA viruses encoding an RNA-directed RNA polymerase are believed to form a monophyletic group, known as the realm
Characteristics
Single-stranded RNA viruses and RNA Sense
RNA viruses can be further classified according to the sense or polarity of their RNA into
Double-stranded RNA viruses
The
Mutation rates
RNA viruses generally have very high
Sequence complexity
On average, dsRNA viruses show a lower sequence redundancy relative to ssRNA viruses. Contrarily, dsDNA viruses contain the most redundant genome sequences while ssDNA viruses have the least.[15] The sequence complexity of viruses has been shown to be a key characteristic for accurate reference-free viral classification.[15]
Replication
Animal RNA viruses are classified by the ICTV. There are three distinct groups of RNA viruses depending on their genome and mode of replication:
- Double-stranded RNA viruses (Group III) contain from one to a dozen different RNA molecules, each coding for one or more viral proteins.
- Positive-sense ssRNA viruses (Group IV) have their genome directly utilized as mRNA, with host ribosomes translatingit into a single protein that is modified by host and viral proteins to form the various proteins needed for replication. One of these includes RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RNA replicase), which copies the viral RNA to form a double-stranded replicative form. In turn, this dsRNA directs the formation of new viral RNA.
- Negative-sense ssRNA viruses (Group V) must have their genome copied by an RNA replicase to form positive-sense RNA. This means that the virus must bring along with it the enzyme RNA replicase. The positive-sense RNA molecule then acts as viral mRNA, which is translated into proteins by the host ribosomes.
Retroviruses (Group VI) have a single-stranded RNA genome but, in general, are not considered RNA viruses because they use DNA intermediates to replicate. Reverse transcriptase, a viral enzyme that comes from the virus itself after it is uncoated, converts the viral RNA into a complementary strand of DNA, which is copied to produce a double-stranded molecule of viral DNA. After this DNA is integrated into the host genome using the viral enzyme integrase, expression of the encoded genes may lead to the formation of new virions.
Recombination
Numerous RNA viruses are capable of
Classification
This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: outdated and redundant with riboviria article as well as later text; see DNA virus for a clean integration between ICTV higher-order and Baltimore. (January 2021) |
Classification is based principally on the type of genome (double-stranded, negative- or positive-single-strand) and gene number and organization. Currently, there are 5 orders and 47 families of RNA viruses recognized. There are also many unassigned species and genera.
Related to but distinct from the RNA viruses are the viroids and the RNA satellite viruses. These are not currently classified as RNA viruses and are described on their own pages.
A study of several thousand RNA viruses has shown the presence of at least five main taxa: a levivirus and relatives group; a picornavirus supergroup; an alphavirus supergroup plus a flavivirus supergroup; the dsRNA viruses; and the -ve strand viruses.
Positive-strand RNA viruses
This is the single largest group of RNA viruses[24] and has been organized by the ICTV into the phyla Kitrinoviricota, Lenarviricota, and Pisuviricota in the kingdom Orthornavirae and realm Riboviria.[25]
Positive-strand RNA viruses can also be classified based on the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Three groups have been recognised:[26]
- Bymoviruses, comoviruses, nepoviruses, nodaviruses, picornaviruses, potyviruses, sobemoviruses and a subset of luteoviruses (beet western yellows virus and potato leafroll virus)—the picorna like group (Picornavirata).
- Carmoviruses, dianthoviruses, flaviviruses, pestiviruses, statoviruses, tombusviruses, single-stranded RNA bacteriophages, hepatitis C virus and a subset of luteoviruses (barley yellow dwarf virus)—the flavi like group (Flavivirata).
- Alphaviruses, carlaviruses, furoviruses, hordeiviruses, potexviruses, rubiviruses, tobraviruses, tricornaviruses, tymoviruses, apple chlorotic leaf spot virus, beet yellows virus and hepatitis E virus—the alpha like group (Rubivirata).
A division of the alpha-like (Sindbis-like) supergroup on the basis of a novel domain located near the N termini of the proteins involved in viral replication has been proposed.[27] The two groups proposed are: the 'altovirus' group (alphaviruses, furoviruses, hepatitis E virus, hordeiviruses, tobamoviruses, tobraviruses, tricornaviruses and probably rubiviruses); and the 'typovirus' group (apple chlorotic leaf spot virus, carlaviruses, potexviruses and tymoviruses).
The alpha like supergroup can be further divided into three
Additional work has identified five groups of positive-stranded RNA viruses containing four, three, three, three, and one order(s), respectively.[29] These fourteen orders contain 31 virus families (including 17 families of plant viruses) and 48 genera (including 30 genera of plant viruses). This analysis suggests that alphaviruses and flaviviruses can be separated into two families—the Togaviridae and Flaviridae, respectively—but suggests that other taxonomic assignments, such as the pestiviruses, hepatitis C virus, rubiviruses, hepatitis E virus, and arteriviruses, may be incorrect. The coronaviruses and toroviruses appear to be distinct families in distinct orders and not distinct genera of the same family as currently classified. The luteoviruses appear to be two families rather than one, and apple chlorotic leaf spot virus appears not to be a closterovirus but a new genus of the Potexviridae.
Evolution
The evolution of the picornaviruses based on an analysis of their RNA polymerases and
Partitiviruses are related to and may have evolved from a totivirus ancestor.[31]
Hypoviruses and barnaviruses appear to share an ancestry with the potyvirus and sobemovirus lineages respectively.[31]
Double-stranded RNA viruses
This analysis also suggests that the dsRNA viruses are not closely related to each other but instead belong to four additional classes—Birnaviridae, Cystoviridae, Partitiviridae, and Reoviridae—and one additional order (Totiviridae) of one of the classes of positive ssRNA viruses in the same subphylum as the positive-strand RNA viruses.
One study has suggested that there are two large clades: One includes the families Caliciviridae, Flaviviridae, and Picornaviridae and a second that includes the families Alphatetraviridae, Birnaviridae, Cystoviridae, Nodaviridae, and Permutotretraviridae.[32]
Negative strand RNA viruses
These viruses have multiple types of genome ranging from a single RNA molecule up to eight segments. Despite their diversity it appears that they may have originated in arthropods and to have diversified from there.[33]
Satellite viruses
A number of satellite viruses—viruses that require the assistance of another virus to complete their life cycle—are also known. Their taxonomy has yet to be settled. The following four genera have been proposed for positive sense single stranded RNA satellite viruses that infect plants—
Group III – dsRNA viruses
There are twelve families and a number of unassigned genera and species recognised in this group.[10]
- Family Amalgaviridae
- Family Birnaviridae
- Family Chrysoviridae
- Family Cystoviridae
- Family Endornaviridae
- Family Hypoviridae
- Family Megabirnaviridae
- Family Partitiviridae
- Family Picobirnaviridae
- Family Reoviridae – includes Rotavirus
- Family Totiviridae
- Family Quadriviridae
- Genus Botybirnavirus
- Unassigned species
Group IV – positive-sense ssRNA viruses
There are three orders and 34 families recognised in this group. In addition, there are a number of unclassified species and genera.
- Order Nidovirales
- Family Arteriviridae
- Family MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2
- Family Mesoniviridae
- Family Roniviridae
- Order Picornavirales
- Family Dicistroviridae
- Family Iflaviridae
- Family Marnaviridae
- Family virus
- Family Comovirinae
- Genus Bacillariornavirus
- Species Kelp fly virus
- Order Tymovirales
- Family Alphaflexiviridae
- Family Betaflexiviridae
- Family Gammaflexiviridae
- Family Tymoviridae
- Unassigned
- Family Alphatetraviridae
- Family Alvernaviridae
- Family Astroviridae
- Family Barnaviridae
- Family Benyviridae
- Family Botourmiaviridae
- Family Bromoviridae
- Family Caliciviridae – includes Norwalk virus
- Family Carmotetraviridae
- Family Closteroviridae
- Family Flaviviridae – includes Yellow fever virus, West Nile virus, Hepatitis C virus, Dengue fever virus, Zika virus
- Family Fusariviridae
- Family Hepeviridae
- Family Hypoviridae
- Family Leviviridae
- Family Barley yellow dwarf virus
- Family Polycipiviridae
- Family Narnaviridae
- Family Nodaviridae
- Family Permutotetraviridae
- Family Potyviridae
- Family Sarthroviridae
- Family Statovirus
- Family Chikungunya virus
- Family Tombusviridae
- Family Virgaviridae[35]
- Unassigned genera
- Genus Blunervirus
- Genus Cilevirus
- Genus Higrevirus
- Genus Idaeovirus
- Genus Negevirus
- Genus Ourmiavirus
- Genus Polemovirus
- Genus Sinaivirus
- Genus Sobemovirus
- Unassigned species
- Acyrthosiphon pisum virus
- Bastrovirus
- Blackford virus
- Blueberry necrotic ring blotch virus
- Cadicistrovirus
- Chara australis virus
- Extra small virus
- Goji berry chlorosis virus
- Harmonia axyridis virus 1
- Hepelivirus
- Jingmen tick virus
- Le Blanc virus
- Nedicistrovirus
- Nesidiocoris tenuis virus 1
- Niflavirus
- Nylanderia fulva virus 1
- Orsay virus
- Osedax japonicus RNA virus 1
- Picalivirus
- Planarian secretory cell nidovirus
- Plasmopara halstedii virus
- Rosellinia necatrix fusarivirus 1
- Santeuil virus
- Secalivirus
- Solenopsis invicta virus 3
- Wuhan large pig roundworm virus
Satellite viruses
- Family Sarthroviridae
- Genus Albetovirus
- Genus Aumaivirus
- Genus Papanivirus
- Genus Virtovirus
- Chronic bee paralysis virus
An unclassified astrovirus/hepevirus-like virus has also been described.[36]
Group V – negative-sense ssRNA viruses
With the exception of the
Six classes, seven orders and twenty four families are currently recognized in this group. A number of unassigned species and genera are yet to be classified.[10]
- Phylum Negarnaviricota[37]
- Subphylum Haploviricotina
- Class Chunqiuviricetes
- Order Muvirales
- Family Qinviridae
- Family
- Order
- Class Milneviricetes
- Order Serpentovirales
- Family Aspiviridae
- Order
- Class Monjiviricetes
- Order Jingchuvirales
- Family Chuviridae
- Order Mononegavirales
- Family Bornaviridae – Borna disease virus
- Family Filoviridae – includes Ebola virus, Marburg virus
- Family Mymonaviridae
- Family Nyamiviridae[38]
- Family NDV
- Family RSV and Metapneumovirus
- Family Rhabdoviridae – includes Rabies virus
- Family Sunviridae
- Genus Anphevirus
- Genus Arlivirus
- Genus Chengtivirus
- Genus Crustavirus
- Genus Wastrivirus
- Order Jingchuvirales
- Class Yunchangviricetes
- Order Goujianvirales
- Family Yueviridae
- Family
- Order
- Class
- Subphylum Polyploviricotina
- Class Ellioviricetes
- Order Bunyavirales
- Family Lassa virus
- Family Cruliviridae
- Family Feraviridae
- Family Fimoviridae
- Family Hantaviridae
- Family Jonviridae
- Family Nairoviridae
- Family Peribunyaviridae
- Family Phasmaviridae
- Family Phenuiviridae
- Family Tospoviridae
- Genus Tilapineviridae
- Family
- Order Bunyavirales
- Class Insthoviricetes
- Order Articulavirales
- Family Amnoonviridae – includes Taastrup virus
- Family Orthomyxoviridae – includes Influenza viruses
- Family
- Order Articulavirales
- Class
- Subphylum Haploviricotina
- Unassigned genera:
- Genus subviral agent)
- Genus
Gallery
-
Arenaviridae)
-
Arenaviridae)
-
Bunyaviridae)
-
Ebola virus (Filoviridae)
-
Human respiratory syncytial virus (Paramyxoviridae)
-
Parainfluenza (Paramyxoviridae)
-
Vesicular stomatitis virus (Rhabdoviridae)
See also
- Virus classification
- List of viruses
- Viral replication
- Positive/negative-sense
- Animal viruses
- Double-stranded RNA viruses
- Retrovirus
- DNA viruses
- Norovirus cis-acting replication element
- Viroid
Notes
- ^ This inclusion was due to TaxoProp 2017.006G, which proposed Riboviria. The confusion might be due to the TaxoProp's reference to a "monophyly of all RNA viruses", improperly termed as it was only demonstrated with RdRP. On the other hand, the proposed definition of Riboviria did correctly mention RdRP .
- ^ The majority of fungal viruses are double-stranded RNA viruses. A small number of positive-strand RNA viruses have been described. One report has suggested the possibility of a negative stranded virus.[8]
References
- ISBN 0-632-04299-0. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
- ^ "Listing in Taxonomic Order – Index to ICTV Species Lists". Retrieved 11 April 2008.
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- ^ TaxoProp 2019.006G
- ^ TaxoProp 2019.009G
- PMID 12782362.
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- ^ ISBN 978-0-697-01372-9.
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- ^ PMID 35950839.
- ^ PMID 20335491.
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- PMID 31540135.
- PMID 1700865.
- PMID 30307534.
- ^ PMID 29111273.
- ^ PMID 27012512.
- PMID 30482837.
- ISBN 978-3-7091-9163-7.
- ^ "Current ICTV Taxonomy Release | ICTV". ictv.global. Retrieved 3 April 2023.
- PMID 1895057.
- PMID 1645151.
- PMID 8269709.
- PMID 8140287.
- PMID 18997823.
- ^ PMID 9562896.
- PMID 23865988.
- PMID 25633976.
- PMID 26446887.
- PMID 19862474.
- ^ Pankovics P, Boros Á, Kiss T, Engelmann P, Reuter G (2019) Genetically highly divergent RNA virus with astrovirus-like (5'-end) and hepevirus-like (3'-end) genome organization in carnivorous birds, European roller (Coracias garrulus). Infect Genet Evol
- ^ "Virus Taxonomy: 2018 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
- PMID 19279111.
External links
- RNA Viruses at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- Animal viruses