Proto-Trans–New Guinea language
Proto-Trans–New Guinea | |
---|---|
PTNG | |
Reconstruction of | Trans–New Guinea languages |
Region | New Guinea Highlands |
Lower-order reconstructions |
|
Proto-Trans–New Guinea is the reconstructed proto-language ancestral to the Trans–New Guinea languages. Reconstructions have been proposed by Malcolm Ross and Andrew Pawley.
Phonology
Proto-Trans–New Guinea is reconstructed with a typical simple Papuan inventory: five vowels, /i e a o u/, three phonations of stops at three places, /p t k, b d ɡ, m n ŋ/ (
Consonants[1]: 136 Bilabial Apical Palatal Velar Plosive p t k Prenasalised plosives ᵐb ⁿd ᶮʤ ᵑg Nasals m n ɲ ŋ Fricativess Laterals l Semivowels w j
The Proto-Trans–New Guinea vowels are reconstructed as having a cross-linguistically frequent five-vowel system:
Pronouns
Ross reconstructs the following pronominal paradigm for Trans–New Guinea, with *a~*i
I *na we *ni thou *ga you *gi s/he *(y)a, *ua they *i
There is a related but less commonly attested form for 'we', *nu, as well as a *ja for 'you', which Ross speculates may have been a polite form. In addition, there were
Morphology
Studies group
- Proto-Northeast New Guinea subject-marking verbal suffixes
singular dual plural 1st person *-Vn *-u(l,t) *-un, *-i 2nd person *-an *-i(l,t) *-ai, *-i, *-a 3rd person *-a, *-i *-ai
- Comparison of reconstructions of subject-marking verbal suffixes
proto-Northeast New Guinea proto-Madang proto- Finisterre-Huonproto- Kainantu-GorokaProto-Trans–New Guinea (tentative) 1sg *-Vn *-in ? *-u *-Vn 2sg *-an *-an,*-i *-an *-an *-Vn 3sg *-a,*-i *-a,*-an *-a,*-i *-ai,*-i *-a,*-i 1du *-u(l,t) -*-u(l,t) *-u(l,t) *-ur *-u(l,t) 2/3du *-i(l,t) *-i(l,t) *-i(l,t) ? *-i(l,t) 1pl *-un,*-i *-un *-un *-un 2/3pl *-ai,*-i,*-a *-ai,*-i *-e,*-i *-a
Lexicon
Lexical words, such as *niman 'louse', may also be reconstructed:
- Reflexes of *niman 'louse', which attest to an intermediate *iman in the east:
- Chimbu–Wahgi: Mid/Nuclear Wahgi numan
- Engan: Enga & Kewa lema
- Finisterre–Huon: Kâte imeŋ, Selepet imen
- Gogodala mi
- Kainantu–Goroka: Awa nu, Tairora nume, Fore numaa, Gende (tu)nima
- Southern Kiwai nimo
- Koiarian: Managalasi uma
- Kolopom: Kimaghama nome, Riantana nome
- Kwale nomone
- Madang: Kalam yman, Watiwa (Rai Coast) im, Sirva (Adelbert) iima
- Mek: Kosarek ami
- Marori nemeŋk
- Paniai Lakes: Ekari yame (metathesis?)
- Timor–Alor–Pantar: Western Pantar (h)amiŋ, Oirata amin (metathesis?)
- Wiru nomo
- Questionable branches:
- Pauwasi: Yafi yemar
- Central Sentani mi
The Proto-Trans–New Guinea negative is reconstructed as *ma-.[1] Negatives in Trans–New Guinea languages usually have either an mV- or nV- form.[1]
- *mV (often *ma): Finisterre-Huon)
- *na ~ *naa: Chimbu-Wahgi); Oksapmin
Reconstructions
body parts | |
---|---|
arm, forearm | *mbena |
belly, internal organs | *mundun |
blood | *ke(nj,s)a |
bone | *kondaC |
brain | *muk[V] |
breast | *amu |
buttocks | *simbi + modifier |
cheek | *mVkVm |
claw, hand | *sikal or *sakil |
ear | *kand(i,e)k[V] |
excrement 1 | [same as 'guts'] |
excrement 2 | *ata |
eye 1 (cf. egg 2) | *(ŋg,k)iti-maŋgV |
eye 2 | *ŋg(a,u)mu |
eye 3 | *nVpV |
fingernail | *(mb,p)(i,u)t(iu)C |
foot, lower leg | *k(a,o)nd(a,o)[C] |
forehead, head | *mVtVna |
guts, intestines, bowels | *sim(i,u), *simbi |
hair 1 | *(nd,s)umu(n,t)[V] |
hair 2, leaf | *iti |
head 1 | *kV(mb,p)utu |
head 2 | *mVtVna |
heart 1 (cf. belly, egg 2) | *mundu-maŋgV |
heart 2 | *simu |
heart 3 | *kamu |
knee | *(ŋg,k)atuk |
leg 1 | *k(a,o)nd(a,o)[C] |
leg 2, calf | *kitu |
liver | *[ma]pVn |
milk, sap | *muk |
mouth, teeth | *maŋgat[a] |
navel | *simu + modifier |
neck 1 | *k(a,e)(nd,t)ak |
neck 2, nape, side of | *kuma(n,ŋ)[V] |
nose | *mundu |
penis | *mo |
saliva | *si(mb,p)at[V] |
shoulder | *kinV |
skin | *(ŋg,k)a(nd,t)apu |
testicles | *walaka |
tongue 1 | *mbilaŋ |
tongue 2 | *me(l,n)e |
tooth 1 | (see mouth) |
tooth 2 | *titi |
urine | *[si]si, *siti, *pisi |
kin terms | |
brother, older | *[mb]amba |
father | *apa, *mbapa |
grandparent | *apus[i] |
husband, man | *ambi |
mother, free form | *am(a,i,u) |
mother, bound form | *na- |
sibling, older | *nan(a,i) |
sibling, older same sex | *[mb]amba |
sister | *aya |
age-gender and other social categories | |
baby | *ŋaŋa |
boy | *nV |
man, husband | *ambi |
orphan, widow & child | *mbeŋga-masi |
woman, female | *panV |
birds, bird parts | |
bird 1 | *n[e]i |
bird 2 | *yaka[i] |
cassowary | *ku[y]a |
egg 1 | *mun(a,e,i)ka |
egg 2, fruit, seed | *maŋgV |
tail | *a(mb,m)u |
wing | *mbutu |
insects | |
butterfly | *apa[pa]ta |
fly | *ŋgambu |
louse | *niman, *iman |
mosquito | *kasin |
plants, plant parts | |
bark | *ka(nd,t)ap[u] |
casuarina | *kal(a,i)pV |
fruit, seed (cf. egg 2) | *maŋgV |
leaf 1, hair | *iti |
leaf 2 | *sasak |
root | *kindil |
sap, milk | *muk |
taro | *mV |
tree, wood | *inda |
inanimate world | |
ashes 1 | *sumbu |
ashes 2 | *kambu-sumbu |
ashes 3 | *la(ŋg,k)a |
cloud 1, sky | *samb[V] |
cloud 2 | *ka(mb,p)utu |
fire 1 | *k(a,o)nd(a,u)p |
fire 2 | *inda |
fire 3 | *kambu |
flame | *mbalaŋ |
ground 1 | *man[a] |
ground 2 | *maka[n] |
lightning, light | *(mb,m)elak |
moon 1 | *takVn[V] |
moon 2 | *kal(a,i)m |
morning | *k(i,u)tuma + X |
night | *k(i,u)tuma |
sand | *sa(ŋg,k)asiŋ |
sky 1, cloud | *samb[V] |
thunder, sky 2 | *kumut, *tumuk |
smoke 1 | *kambu(s,t)(a,u) |
smoke 2 | *kambu-la(ŋg,k)a |
stone 1 | *kamb(a,u)na |
stone 2 | *[na]muna |
sun 1 | *kamali |
sun 2 | *ketane |
water 1 | *ok[V] |
water 2 | *nok |
wind 1 | *kumbutu |
wind 2, breeze | *pinVm |
artefacts | |
axe | *tu |
fence | *wati |
netbag 1 | *kun |
netbag 2 | *at(i,u) |
string, rope | *asi |
intangible cultural concepts | |
instructions, language, word, speech | *mana |
mind, thought | *n(o,u)man |
name 1 | *imbi |
name 2, who | *wani |
shadow, spirit | *k(aw,o)nan |
song, type of | *saŋ |
witchcraft | *kum |
independent pronouns (for subject, object, possessor) | |
1 singular | *na |
2 singular | *ŋga |
3 singular | *ya |
3 singular | *wa |
1 plural | *ni, *nu |
1 plural | *ni |
2 plural | *ŋgi, *ki |
1 dual | *niLi, *nuLi |
2 dual | *ŋgiLi, *kiLi |
3 dual | *iLi |
verbal suffixes marking person-number of subject | |
1 singular | *-Vn |
2 singular | *-an |
1 dual | *-uL |
2/3 dual | *-iL |
1 plural | *-un |
1 singular different subject | *-pa |
verbs | |
be (live, stay, sit) | *mVna- |
bite | *s(i,u)- |
blow | *pu + verb |
break | *pa(ŋg,k)- |
burn | *nd(a,e,i)- |
burn, light a fire | *ki- |
carry (on back, shoulder) | *kak(i,u)- |
come | *me- |
cook | *andu- |
cut, chop | *tVk- |
die | *kumV- |
do, make | *ti- |
dream | *kina(mb,p)- |
eat, drink | *na- |
fly, flutter | *putu(putu)- |
give | *mV- |
go 1 | *pu- |
go 2 | *yata- |
hit | *tu- |
know, hear, see | *nVŋg- |
laugh | *ŋgiti (+ verb) |
live, be, sit | see 'be' |
put | *(m,p)a(l,t)V- |
say, speak | *nde- |
see, know, perceive | *nVŋg- |
shoot | *tVmV- |
sleep 1, lie down | *kin(i,u)[m] |
sleep 2 | *p(e,i)t(e,i)o- |
speak, talk | *nde- |
spit | *kasipa- |
stand | *t(a,e,i)k[V]- |
swell | *su + verb |
take | *(nd,t)a- |
tie | *ndiŋga-, *ndaŋgi |
turn (oneself) | *mbuli[ki] + verb |
urinate | *X + *si- (urine + verb) |
vomit | *mVŋ[g]V ti- |
adjectives | |
blue | *muk[V] |
cold | *kukam(o,u) |
dry | *ŋgatata |
full | *t(o,u)k(i,u) ti- |
heavy | *kenda |
long | *k(o,u)t(u,i)p |
new | *kVtak |
short | *tumba |
straight | *tutu[tu]ku |
conjunctions | |
and | *ito |
negatives | |
not | *ma- (+ verb) |
numerals | |
two | *ta(l,t)(a,e) |
Lexical comparison
family | language | head | hair | ear | eye | nose | tooth | tongue | leg | blood | bone | skin | breast |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Trans-New Guinea
|
Proto-Trans-New Guinea | *kobutu; *kV(mb,p)utu; *mUtUna; *mVtVna | *iti; *(nd,s)umu(n,t)[V]; *zumun | *ka(nd,t)(i,e)C; *kat(i,e)C; *tVmV(d) | *g(a,u)mu; *ŋg(a,u)mu; *(ŋg,k)iti [maŋgV]; *nVpV | *mundu; *mutu | *magata; *maŋgat[a]; *titi | *balaŋ; *mbilaŋ; *me(l,n)e; *me(n,l)e | *kani(n); *k(a,o)ond(a,o)C; *kitu | *ke(ñj,s)a; *kesa | *kondaC; *kwata(l,n) | *gatapu; *(ŋg,k)a(nd,t)apu | *amu |
West Bomberai | Proto- Mbahaam-Iha[4]
|
*kaˈnda | *kʷⁱɛr | *wⁱɛk | *ˈtɔkar | *pak | *sɔn | ||||||
Asmat-Kamoro
|
Proto- Asmat-Kamrau[4]
|
*uɸu | *ɸini | *jiɸ[a/o]ne | *manaN | *miC | *siC | *komane | *mawu | *ese | *eake | *awo | |
Ok-Oksapmin
|
Proto-Ok-Oksapmin
|
*kiin | *(mu)duum | *fV(lV)ŋ | *xeim | ||||||||
Greater Awyu | Proto-Awyu-Dumut
|
*kɑibɑn; *xaiban | *möxö; *muk; *ron | *turun | *kerop | *togut | *fɔgat; *fɔgɛt; *pogɑt | *gom | *kɑt; *xa(t) | *ɑm; *om | |||
Kayagaric
|
Proto- Gondu River[4]
|
*toxom | *upm | *itipaːm | *sakam | *jup | *o[x/ɣ]om | *maetap | *apit | *jes | *nomop | *pip | *etum |
Kolopom | Proto-Kolopom[4] | *tipV; *mVrV[w] | *muen[a] | ? *mVrVk; *[ndz][o/u]an | *VnV | *ŋgon | *t[e]r[a]k | *mepreŋg | *iendz | *mam | |||
Anim | Proto- Fly River[4]
|
*kindV[C] | *kam | *sas | *mbai[a]ŋg; *ɸia[u] | ||||||||
Anim | Proto-Inland Gulf[4] | *gia | *tu; *jeja | *kuɸino | *dasi | *ta; *bese | *koda; *sasa | *idini | *ɸia | *nikopi; *ko[j]ipo | *jono | ||
Anim | Proto- Lower Fly River[4]
|
*duɾumə; *duɾum | *towap | *baɾid | *miw | *suwə; *kam; *su | *jimə; *jim | *nauɾə | *naɾak(ə); *baig | *bub | |||
Anim | Proto- Marind[4]
|
*pa | *kembet, *kambet | *kind | *aŋgi₂p | *maŋgat | *inum | *tegu | *do | *haiau, *hiau | *ugu | *bub | |
Marori
|
Morori
|
merao | pu | ayix | terox | tegu | ŋgorom | ŋgwar | par | ||||
Gogodala-Suki
|
Gogodala
|
ganabi | tita | igibi | tao | mina | poso | mɛlɛpila | gosa | kaka | omo | ||
Kiwaian | Proto- Kiwai[4]
|
*kepuɾu | *mus[ua] | *gaɾe | *idomaɾi | *wodi | *ibo(-nVɾV) | *uototoɾo[p/b]e | *sakiɾo | *kaɾima; *sa[w]i | *soɾo | *tama | *amo |
Paniai Lakes | Ekari (Paniai Lake dialect)
|
migo | iyo | peka | juma | egó | etá | emo | mitoo | kadó | ama | ||
Dani
|
Dani, Lower Grand Valley (Tangma dialect)
|
mʋkkʋl-oak | nesi | nesakko | neil-ekken | namisaŋ | naik | namili | mep | noak | nakap | neilak | |
Somahai
|
Momuna
|
toko | toko-ate | otu | ija | i jo-ku | janɨ | toko | ke | ||||
Mek | Proto-Mek[4] | *p[ɔ]t[ɔ]ŋ | *aᵓ | *atiŋ | *jo̝ | *se̝l[ija]mu | *jan | *e̝ne̝ŋ | *jɔk | *mɔᵘm | |||
Awin-Pa
|
Proto- Kamula-Elevala[4]
|
*ke̝ba | *m[ɔ/o̝]d[ɔ/o̝] | *kinɔ | *kine̝ | *bate̝ | *taⁱ | *tama | *ke̝dɔ | ||||
East Strickland | Gobasi
|
ulʌkib | o dɔsɔ | dulo | hiɔ̃ | mina | mɔi | ili | hɔma | sõho | kib | kɔlɔf | tɔnu |
Duna-Bogaya
|
Duna
|
kuni | hini | kɔhane; konane | le | kuma | ne; nee | ogone; ɔgɔne | tia | kuyila | kuni | pulu | abu; adu; amu |
Duna-Bogaya
|
Bogaya
|
yeľʌ; yela | heepi; yeľʌ eľika | hona; hɔnʌn | kina; ki:nʌn | kuuma; pfouľu | yagai; yʌkʌi | iki; ɩkin | yehei; yehʌi | sokoya; yesʌ | hakale; hʌv̧ʌľe | hugwa; hukuʌn | alu; ʌľu |
Bosavi | Kaluli
|
mise; misẽ | misẽ fɔ̃; mise foon | kenẽ; malo | si | migi | beso; bis | eʌn; sano | gidaafoo; gip | hɔbɔ; hooboo | ki | dɔgɔf; toogoof} | bo; bu |
Kutubu
|
Proto- Lake Kutubu[4]
|
*uni | *iti | *hʲĩ | *sabe | *mete | *atu | *kotage | *kigi | *ga[o/u] | *hʲokõ | ||
Enga-Kewa-Huli
|
Enga (Sari dialect)
|
aiyomba | iri | kale | lenge | lya | neŋge | moko | taiyoko | kuli | yoŋge | andu | |
Wiru | Wiru
|
tobou | pine; píne | kabidi | lene | timini | kime | keke; keké | kawa | kamate | tono | kepene | adu |
Chimbu-Wahgi
|
Kuman
|
bit-na; bɩtiɩno | iŋguno; yungo | kina-na; kunano | gumutino; ongomit-na | guma-ne; gumano | siŋguno | dirambino | kati; kat-na | borɔmai; bořumai; maiam | yambiřo; yombura | gaŋgino | amu-na; amuno |
Madang | Proto-Madang
|
*gat(a,i)(m) | *imunu | *kaun(i) | *amu | *mutu(gu) | *make | *mele | *kani(n) | *ka(d,r)a; *kara | *kwaten | *ga(n,r)a | *amu(na) |
Finisterre | Mungkip
|
kʰige | sɨsa; sɪsa | maget; magitnɛ | dae; da·ge | miminɛ; mimiŋge | ma | mabɛm; mabim | kada | we·q | kwadi; kwadzi | girim | nom |
Huon | Selepet
|
kun; kun- | somot; somot- | âdâp-; ɔndɔp | sen; sen- | hâme-; hɔme | sât-; sot | nibilam-; nimbilam | hep- | haǥit; hahit- | hâk-; hɔk | nam; nam- | |
Kainantu-Goroka
|
Proto- Eastern Kainantu-Goroka
|
*-'no-N; *pia- | *ä-Q-ra-N | *-hi-Q | *-mäpi-V | *nade-V | *nä-N | ||||||
Kainantu-Goroka
|
Proto- Eastern Kainantu
|
*piᵄtɐ | *jɐᵘsi | *ɑːtoː | *wu | *ipi | *wɐⁱ | *m₂ɑːpiɾi | *ipu | *wi[ʔt]ipɐ | *muʔjɑːni | *nɑːNmɐ | |
Kainantu-Goroka
|
Proto- Northern Kainantu
|
*noːN | *jɐᵘ | *ɑːʔ | *u | *siʔ | *wɐj | *[m/n][ɐⁱ]piɾ | *tɐɾ | *nɑːɾeː | *(ɐ-)jɐNpɐ | *nɑːN | |
Angan | Simbari
|
minta | mindata | kaantɨka | sɨmta | sɨmputa | maanka | kwaavlɨlɨ | sɨwla | mɨnjaaka | yankinta | kɨlaaka | aamɨnta |
Turama-Kikori
|
Proto- Rumu-Omati[4]
|
*mab | *b[au]t | *go̝ | *isĩ | *ju | *magu | *tãᵋ | *tab | *sõ̝ | |||
Goilalan | Fuyug
|
hul ha; ondobe | are; hul haluma | gadolo | hul li; im | hul hunga; unge | hul usi | hul asese | soga | tana | hude | hul hoda; ode | hul duda |
Goilalan | Tauade
|
kɔrɔtɔ | awutu | kepapaí | tavai | ki:tʰ | nɔtɔvai | aivi | lɔ'vai | il'iví | keniví | kɔtipai | data |
Greater Binanderean | Proto-Binandere
|
*ciro; *giti | *tu | *dibe; *diti | *di | *VwVwV | *ju; *or{a,o}rә | *bobo; *wetu | *tamә | *ami | |||
Koiarian | Proto-Koiarian
|
*fómo | *ni | *uri | *taɣo | *vata | *amu | ||||||
Kwalean | Proto-Kwalean (Ross)
|
*iku(va) | *(u)bu(i)vi(ma) | *ʒaʒore | *vono(ne); *wano(ne) | *ruu | *esi(ne) | *ahiri | *n(a)u(ne) | ||||
Kwalean | Proto- Humene-Uare (Usher)[4]
|
*igu | *ubuma | *jajɔɾɛ | *ɣɔnɔnɛ | *majanɛ | *ɔda | *ɾɔo̝ | *e̝tinɛ | *ahe̝ɾe̝ | *nuunɛ | ||
Manubaran | Proto-Manubaran (Ross)
|
*ada | *weʔia | *ane-ma | *ne(u) | *uru-ma | *gade | *afie | *[n,y]u-ka | *nena | *roʔ(o,a) | ||
Manubaran | Proto- Mount Brown (Usher)[4]
|
*ada | *u[w]e[t/k]a | *anema | *ne | *uɾuma | *gade | *api[j]e | *daweʔa | *nena | *ɾoʔo | *sisu | |
Yareban | Proto- Musa River[4]
|
*bo-tai | *idi | *ome | *nai-tai | *iboʔo | *ni[ʔ]o | *meana | *buɾi | *iwa | *tai | *ope | *ama |
Mailuan | Mailu (Ilai dialect)
|
ilolo | liʔimu | ʔope | ini | durumu | maʔa | goba | ʔau | lala | kisa | ʔopi | ama |
Dagan | Daga
|
iwa | igumewa | darinewa | yamewa | ginewa | nodonewa | mɛriwa | dɛnip | kaemewa | ɛpiwa | amewa |
family | language | louse | dog | pig | bird | egg | tree | sun | moon | water | fire | stone | path |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Trans-New Guinea
|
Proto-Trans-New Guinea
|
*niman | *n(e,i); *n(e)i; *n[e]i; *yak; *yaka[i]; *yanem | *maŋgV; *munaka; *mun(a,u)ka | *ida; *inda ~ *iñja | *kamali; *kamuli; *ketana | *kal(a,i)m; *kamali; *takVn; *takVn[V] | *nok; *(n)ok; *ok(u); *ok[V] | *inda; *k(a,e)dap; *k(a,e)(n,d)ap; *kambu; *k(a,o)nd(a,u)p | *kamb(a,u)na; *(na)muna; *[na]muna | |||
West Bomberai | Proto- Mbahaam-Iha
|
*mɛⁱn | *jaˈmbar | *[ku]ˈndur | *wun | *wiˈra | *kaˈminV | *kaˈpas | *kiˈra | *war | |||
Asmat-Kamoro
|
Proto- Asmat-Kamrau
|
*amo | *juwuɾi | *oɸo | *[a]sa | *ose | *jawu | *buɾa | *m[oi/ui] | *usa | *jeta | ||
Ok-Oksapmin
|
Proto-Ok-Oksapmin
|
*mVjaan | *kVŋ; *saamVVn | *aleem; *ilnem | *ataan | *kajoop | |||||||
Greater Awyu | Proto-Awyu-Dumut
|
*gut | *angay; *ɑgɑi; *set | *wi | *yet | *wɑidin | *yin | *seyɑt | *wɑkot | *ox | *yin | *irop | |
Kayagaric
|
Proto- Gondu River
|
*num | *epe | *wakum | *suopam | *map-jaxam | *wom | *taːm | *xa[x/ɣ]atam | *o[x/ɣ]om | *atu | *maitn | *kamein |
Kolopom | Proto-Kolopom | *nemeŋg | *n[ia] | *k[o/u][a] | *uak | *nd[ua]t | *kumbanV | *ndzu | *mete | ||||
Anim | Proto- Fly River
|
*n[u]m[u]ŋg | *mbasik | *kanV | *nde | *tae | |||||||
Anim | Proto-Inland Gulf | *uani | *gaso | *maɸa | *ewesa | *ɸutu; *usu | *de | *nowumu; *siwio | *bubei | *ogo | *maɸi; *ta[j]e | *jigei | |
Anim | Proto- Lower Fly River
|
*oɾ[eae]n | *s[eae]; *diɾean | *m[i/e]nawə | *dawod | *sVɣaɾə | *naukə | *manom | *manom | *mau[g/k]ə | *j[i]au | *didigə | *ewean |
Anim | Proto- Marind
|
*nahun; *mba[m/mb] | *ŋgat | *basik | *ujub | *magaw | *de | *katane | *mandou | *adeka | *tekaw | *ketaɾ; *seŋga | *isas |
Marori
|
Morori
|
nemeŋk | koro | bosik | ujif | vi | kwi | kum | deke | sir | mere | ||
Gogodala-Suki
|
Gogodala
|
ami | soke | uai | kadɛpa | wi | ila | nabidi | |||||
Kiwaian | Proto- Kiwai
|
*nimo | *[k]umu | *wowogo | *kikopu | *nuk₂a; *kota | *saɾik₂i; *si[w]io | *sagomi; *owe | *kobo | *keɾa | *(nok₂oɾa-)kopi | *gabo | |
Paniai Lakes | Ekari (Paniai Lake dialect)
|
uka | dodi | ekina | bedo | nipo | pija | meuka; tani | agoo | uwo | bodija | mogo | itá |
Dani
|
Dani, Lower Grand Valley (Tangma dialect)
|
napɩ | jekke | wam | sʋe | sʋe-kken | e | mo | tuki | i | ettu | helep | kwe |
Somahai
|
Momuna
|
amega | kwoka | uwo | magisaga | kwo | ɨkɨ | iŋga | kukwa | kɨ | |||
Mek | Proto-Mek | *ami | *gam | *be̝sam | *mak, *mag | *do̝[k] | *gal | *k[ɛ]t[e̝]ŋ | *wal | *m[ɛ/a]g | *o̝ᵘg | *gɛⁱl; *gidig | *bi[t/s]ig |
Awin-Pa
|
Proto- Kamula-Elevala
|
*awV | *ti | *m₂aⁱnæ | *te̝ja | *m[ɔ/o̝]k[ɔ/o̝] | *je̝ | *gani | *ike̝ | ||||
East Strickland | Gobasi
|
om | sɔf | bɔi | sigɔ | wigɔ hɔlɔ | hɔmɔ̃n | õs | ogɔ | hõ | dɔbu | yo | |
Duna-Bogaya
|
Duna
|
tete | yawi | isa | heka | hapa | lowa; lɔwa | hewa | eke | yu | lɔwa kiliana; lowa puru | kana; kuna | |
Duna-Bogaya
|
Bogaya
|
fando; fiľʌ | ɔv̧ɔpi; yau | ʌpʌn | aka; pitʌkʌ | oondi; pitʌkʌ ɔ̃udi | dowa; tɔuʌ | owa; ɔwa | kaiyuu; kʌiu | paiyuku; pʌiuku | dowada; tɔun | haana; hʌnʌ | |
Bosavi | Kaluli
|
fe; fẽ | gasa; kasʌ | kabɔ | ɔ̃bẽ; oloone; oobaa | ɔ̃bẽ uš; us | i | of; ɔf | ili | hɔ̃n; hoon | de; di | u | |
Kutubu
|
Proto- Lake Kutubu
|
*g[e/ẽ/a]s[a/ã] | *mena | *hʲaka | *kapa | *ita | *he̝ge̝ | *hẽ | *ita | *kana | *ig[i]a | ||
Enga-Kewa-Huli
|
Enga (Sari dialect)
|
tilya | yana | mena | yaka | yaka tuku | ita | niki; nira | kana | indaki | ira | kan | kait |
Wiru | Wiru
|
nomo; nomò | tue | kaì | ini; inì | mu̧ | yomo; yomò | lou; loú | tokene | ue; uè | toe | kue; kué | |
Chimbu-Wahgi
|
Kuman
|
numan | aʝg; agi; akɬ̥ | bogla; bugɬa | kua | mugɬo; muɬo | endi | ande; andesuŋgua | ba | nigl; nikɬ̥ | baugl; doŋga | kombuglo; kombugɬo | konbo; konumbo |
Madang | Proto-Madang
|
*[n]iman | *kVbara | *munaka | *tari | *kamali | *kalam; *takun | *yag(V) | *k(a,e)dap | *namanu | |||
Finisterre | Mungkip
|
mi; mīŋ | sap | kare | jāŋ | qiliq | bɛm | maim; male | jaʁip | ime; imɛ | kuduk; kugup | qawade | tɛlɛ; tɛrɛpmēŋ |
Huon | Selepet
|
imen | soso | nâi; nɔi | nak | dewutâ; dewutɔ | emesenŋe | to | kɔlɔp | kât; kɔt | giop | ||
Kainantu-Goroka
|
Proto- Eastern Kainantu-Goroka
|
*nu-N | *iya-N | *poe-V | *yë-V | *no-N | *ida-V | *ä-N | |||||
Kainantu-Goroka
|
Proto- Eastern Kainantu
|
*numɐ | *w₂ɐⁱni | *p₂uᵄɾɐ | *inɑːmɐ; *uwini | *uɾu | *jɐtɐɾi | *j₂uᵄni | *[u]toːnɐ | *noːni | *iʔjɐ | *oːni | *ɑːni |
Kainantu-Goroka
|
Proto- Northern Kainantu
|
*nuN | *ijɐN | *poːɾ | *nuN | *uɾ | *jɑːj | *ɑːʔ | *wi[ɾ]oːN | *noːN | *itɐ | *oː[ɾ/j] | *ɑːj |
Angan | Simbari
|
ila | njɨlɨka | ntaqatɨ | pantapta | ika | kwɨnja; nilya | lampaaka | aalya; wanya | ntɨka | sɨla | ||
Turama-Kikori
|
Proto- Rumu-Omati
|
*gutɔm | *gas | *gɔ[u]n | *gaᵋ | *d[ɔ]um | *i | *ɛsɔa | *wẽ̝ | *i | *dɛⁱ | ||
Goilalan | Fuyug
|
hi | ho; oi | ovo | Nemba; nembe | hulombo | i'i | evuli | hama | ʒu | oki | zo | enamba; inambe |
Goilalan | Tauade
|
dautʰ | kɔveřa | pɔřu | kide | mutuwu | eata | vatava | ɔne | ipi | e'na·m | evi'ti | bɔřiƀařa |
Greater Binanderean | Proto-Binandere
|
*sinә | *pu | *munju | *i | *iji; *waeko | *inua | *awo | *g{o,e}mb{a,i}(ro) | *begata; *esa; *ndai | |||
Koiarian | Proto-Koiarian
|
*ʔumu | *ugu[fa] | *uni | *idí | *vené | *muni | ||||||
Kwalean | Proto-Kwalean (Ross)
|
*(n)omo(ne) | *ɣuni | *aba | *teboare | *ma(va) | *mada | *bato | *vou; *wara | *ire | *hadi | ||
Kwalean | Proto- Humene-Uare (Usher)
|
*nɔmɔnɛ | *ɣo̝ni | *aba | *ne̝ni; *t[e̝]b[o̝]ɾ[e̝] | *maɣa | *maˈda | *batɔ | *wɔu | *iɾɛ | *hadi | *e̝bi | |
Manubaran | Proto-Manubaran (Ross)
|
*gue | *auna | *Dona | *erena | *une-ma | *yabo | *maida(ka) | *e(y)oʔa; *mohe- (?) | *koru | *ita | ||
Manubaran | Proto- Mount Brown (Usher)
|
*gu[w]e | *auna | *dona | *eɾena | *unema | *jabo | *me[i]daʔa | *ejoʔa | *koɾu | *ita | *waʔiga | *ida |
Yareban | Proto- Musa River
|
*uʔa | *kua | *boɾo | *gasiɾa; *ada | *baka; *uɾimi | *ana | *eweaka | *maɾabe; *sakaɾa | *adua | *inaʔa | *oma; *gebiɾo | *daʔaba |
Mailuan | Mailu (Ilai dialect)
|
tuma | dari | talae | manu | muruʔu | ana | nina | dovele | ʔaʔama | eu | gomana | laea |
Dagan | Daga
|
kuisin | eao | tuan | nɛnip | bagua | oma | oam | siragam | kaum | om |
family | language | man | woman | name | eat | one | two |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Trans-New Guinea
|
Proto-Trans-New Guinea
|
*abV; *ambi | *panV; *pan(V) | *ibi; *imbi; *wani | *na; *na- | *ta(l,t)(a,e) | |
West Bomberai | Proto- Mbahaam-Iha
|
*nami-sar | *t[ɔ/u]mb[ɔ/u]r | *nⁱɛ | *nawa | *ɔkʷɔ[nɔ] | |
Asmat-Kamoro
|
Proto- Asmat-Kamrau
|
*ɟawoɟa | *uwase | *n[a]- | *ɟawa[kV] | *kaboma | |
Ok-Oksapmin
|
Proto-Ok-Oksapmin
|
*win | |||||
Greater Awyu | Proto-Awyu-Dumut
|
*ran; *rɑn | *füp; *pip | *ɑde; *en; *ɛn- | *rumo; *rumon | ||
Kayagaric
|
Proto- Gondu River
|
*jo[k] | *enop | *na[k] | *xapti | *pa[x/ɣ]amo[x/k] | *tousiki |
Kolopom | Proto-Kolopom | *ndz[ia]p | *jowa[k] | *n[e/a][k/ŋg] | *[j]enapa; *sVp | ||
Anim | Proto- Fly River
|
*anem | *anum | *ija (?) | *meas[i] | ||
Anim | Proto-Inland Gulf | *aneme | *anumu | *jiga | *jaigio | *measi | |
Anim | Proto- Lower Fly River
|
*anem(ə) | *anum(ə) | *gag | *tamu | *ɣoɾ[e]a[u][k] | *mis |
Anim | Proto- Marind
|
*anem | *anum | *igij | *ɣawi[ɣ] | *ijako[d]; *ijakod | *inah |
Marori
|
Morori
|
yexri | nex | kef | sekodu | yenadu | |
Gogodala-Suki
|
Gogodala
|
dala; dalagi | ato; susɛgi | gagi | na | ||
Kiwaian | Proto- Kiwai
|
*dubu | *oɾobo; *upi | *paini, *paina | *oɾuso (sg.), *iɾiso (pl.) | *nak[o/u] | *netoa |
Paniai Lakes | Ekari (Paniai Lake dialect)
|
jame | eka | nai | ena; kate | wijá | |
Dani
|
Dani, Lower Grand Valley (Tangma dialect)
|
ap | he; hʋmɩ | ettake | oppakke-at | p:ie | |
Somahai
|
Momuna
|
mogo-mearu | nowa- | ||||
Mek | Proto-Mek | *ge̝l | *si | *de̝-(b) | *[na]tɔn | *b[e̝/ɛ]te̝ne̝ | |
Awin-Pa
|
Proto- Kamula-Elevala
|
*k[ɔ/o̝]b[a/ɔ] | *pi | *de̝- | *tV[n/d]o̝ | ||
East Strickland | Gobasi
|
os | uliʌ | hũni | nɔwalaga | hele | bihinɔ̃n |
Duna-Bogaya
|
Duna
|
anoa; anɔa | ima | yaka | nai-; neyana | du | yapa |
Duna-Bogaya
|
Bogaya
|
ami; ʌmĩ | ĩmiʌ; imya | ʌmĩn; yaga | nã; nosii | mɔsʌ kɔmʌ; moso | efʌn; yeefa |
Bosavi | Kaluli
|
kalu | ga; kesali; kesari | wi | maya | ãgel; angel | a̧dep; ãdip |
Kutubu
|
Proto- Lake Kutubu
|
*ne- | *hʲaga | ||||
Enga-Kewa-Huli
|
Enga (Sari dialect)
|
akali | eŋda | keŋge | neŋge | mendai | lapoma |
Wiru | Wiru
|
ali | atoa; atòa | ibini; ibíni | nakò; one ne nako | odene | takuta; ta kutà |
Chimbu-Wahgi
|
Kuman
|
yagl; yakɬ̥ | ambu | kaŋgin; kangi-ne | neuŋgua | suařa | suo |
Madang | Proto-Madang
|
*na-gali(k) | *ibi; *wañim | *(n,ñ)a | *kati(ŋ,g)a | *arigita | |
Finisterre | Mungkip
|
mɛ | tam | buŋām; wow | nʌna | kubugaŋ | lifɛt |
Huon | Selepet
|
lok | apet; ibi | kut; kut- | ne; ni- | konok | yâhâp |
Kainantu-Goroka
|
Proto- Eastern Kainantu-Goroka
|
*kwe-(t)-V | *-wi-Q | *boda | |||
Kainantu-Goroka
|
Proto- Eastern Kainantu
|
*wɐⁱ-iNti | *ɐnɑːjeː | *utu | *nɐ- | *moːʔjɑː | *tɑːɾɐ |
Kainantu-Goroka
|
Proto- Northern Kainantu
|
*wɑːⁱNsɐ | *ɐnɑːsi | *wiʔ | *mɐnɑː | *tɑːN | |
Angan | Simbari
|
kwala | aampala | yavata | an̲aantapyɨ | pɨrɨ'mɨna | pɨvɨraalna |
Turama-Kikori
|
Proto- Rumu-Omati
|
*e̝ne̝ne̝n | *t[aⁱ/aᵋ] | ||||
Goilalan | Fuyug
|
A'a; an | Amu; amuri | ifa | huni nene | fida | ʒuvalo |
Goilalan | Tauade
|
baře | iva | ape'te | ɔmei nai | kɔne | kupal'iai |
Greater Binanderean | Proto-Binandere
|
*embә | *bam{u,o}nә | *jajo; *jawә | *ind-; *mind- | *daba | |
Koiarian | Proto-Koiarian
|
*maɣina | *ifí | *i- | *(i,o)gau | ||
Kwalean | Proto-Kwalean (Ross)
|
*vaʒe | *no'ɣone | *ni | *anE- | *teba | *aheu |
Kwalean | Proto- Humene-Uare (Usher)
|
*wajɛ | *nɔgɔnɛ | *ni | *an- | *te̝bɔ | *ahɛu |
Manubaran | Proto-Manubaran (Ross)
|
*amie | *roka | *iri- | *yokohi | *(ye)(ka)ma[nu] | |
Manubaran | Proto- Mount Brown (Usher)
|
*ami[j]e | *ɾema | *ɾoka | *iɾi- | *jokohi | *[ɾ/j]ema |
Yareban | Proto- Musa River
|
*e[ʔe]me | *aweta | *ibi | *it- | *demu | |
Mailuan | Mailu (Ilai dialect)
|
egi | avesa | omu | isiisi | ʔomu | ʔava |
Dagan | Daga
|
apan | oaen | yaoa | naiwan | daiton | dɛrɛ |
For other lexical comparison tables of Papuan languages, see also:
- West Papuan languages#Lexical comparison
- West Bomberai languages#Lexical comparison
- West Papuan Highlands languages#Lexical comparison
- Northwest Papuan languages#Lexical comparison
- Trans-Fly–Bulaka River languages#Lexical comparison
- Papuan Gulf languages#Lexical comparison
- Torricelli languages#Lexical comparison
- Sepik–Ramu languages#Lexical comparison
- East Papuan languages#Lexical comparison
See also
- List of Proto-Trans-New Guinea reconstructions (Wiktionary)
- Synchronic reflexes
- Madang languages#Evolution
- Finisterre–Huon languages#Evolution
- Kainantu–Goroka languages#Evolution
- Engan languages#Evolution
- Chimbu–Wahgi languages#Evolution
- East Strickland languages#Evolution
- Greater Awyu languages#Evolution
- Asmat–Kamrau languages#Evolution
- Asmat language#Evolution
- Ok languages#Evolution
- Marind–Yaqai languages#Evolution
- Paniai Lakes languages#Evolution
- Dani languages#Evolution
- Mek languages#Evolution
- Wiru language#Evolution
- Duna–Pogaya languages#Evolution
- Kutubuan languages#Evolution
- Kiwaian languages#Evolution
- Tirio languages#Evolution
- Awin–Pa–Kamula languages#Evolution
- Kolopom languages#Evolution
- Morori language#Evolution
- Gogodala–Suki languages#Evolution
- Inland Gulf languages#Evolution
- Greater Binanderean languages#Evolution
- Mailuan languages#Evolution
- Dagan languages#Evolution
- Goilalan languages#Evolution
- Koiarian languages#Evolution
- Kwalean languages#Evolution
- Yareban languages#Evolution
- Manubaran languages#Evolution
- Timor–Alor–Pantar languages#Evolution
References
- ^ ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
- ISSN 0023-1959.
- ^ Greenhill, Simon J. (2021). "Database of the languages of New Guinea". TransNewGuinea. Australian National University.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Usher, Timothy; Suter, Edgar (2020). "Newguineaworld". Archived from the original on 16 December 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
Bibliography
- ISBN 978-3-11-029525-2.
- OCLC 41025250.
- OCLC 67292782.
- OCLC 67292782.
- OCLC 37096514. Archived from the originalon 2010-06-20. Retrieved 2019-09-23.
Further reading
- Ross, Malcolm. 2014. Proto-Trans-New-Guinea. TransNewGuinea.org.
External links
- TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea (by Simon Greenhill)
- Timothy Usher's Newguineaworld site Archived 2021-11-18 at the Wayback Machine