Apical consonant
| Apical | |
|---|---|
| ◌̺ | |
IPA Number | 409 |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | ̺ |
| Unicode (hex) | U+033A |
An apical consonant is a
It is not a very common distinction and is typically applied only to
Basque uses the distinction for alveolar fricatives. Mandarin Chinese uses it for postalveolar fricatives (the "alveolo-palatal" and "retroflex" series). Lillooet uses it as a secondary feature in contrasting velarized and non-velarized affricates. A distinction between apical and laminal is common in Australian Aboriginal languages for nasals, plosives and (usually) lateral approximants.
Most dialects in the Bengali–Assamese continuum distinguish between dental–laminal alveolar stops and apical alveolar stops. In Upper Assamese, they have merged and leave only the apical alveolar stops. In Western Bengali apical alveolars are replaced by apical post-alveolars.
In the International Phonetic Alphabet, the diacritic for apical consonants is U+033A ◌̺ COMBINING INVERTED BRIDGE BELOW.
See also
- Coronal consonant
- Laminal consonant
- List of phonetic topics
- Voiceless apicoalveolar fricative
- Voiced apicoalveolar fricative
References
- ^ a b Catford (1977), p. 151.
- ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 10-11.
- ^ Gafos (1997), p. 129.
- ^ Dart (1991), p. 8, "By apical [dental] is probably meant apicolaminal, since it is very difficult for someone with normal dentition to put the tip of the tongue on the teeth without the blade also touching the base of the teeth in front of the alveolar ridge
Bibliography
- Catford, J.C. (1977). Fundamental problems in phonetics. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
- Gafos, Diamandis (1997). "A Cross-Sectional View of s, ʃ, θ". Proceedings of the North East Linguistics Society. 27.
- Dart, Sarah N. (1991). Articulatory and Acoustic Properties of Apical and Laminal Articulations. Working Papers in Phonetics. Vol. 79.
- ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
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