Pushkar Lake
Pushkar Lake | ||
---|---|---|
Primary inflows Luni River | | |
Primary outflows | Luni River | |
Catchment area | 22 km2 (8.5 sq mi) | |
Basin countries | India | |
Surface area | 22 km2 (8.5 sq mi) | |
Average depth | 8 m (26 ft) | |
Max. depth | 10 m (33 ft) | |
Water volume | 790,000 cubic metres (28,000,000 cu ft) | |
Surface elevation | 530 m (1,740 ft) | |
Settlements | Pushkar |
Pushkar Lake or Pushkar Sarovar is located in the town of
Pushkar Lake is surrounded by 52 bathing
Tourism, deforestation and pollution in the surroundings have taken a heavy toll on the lake, adversely affecting its water quality, reducing the water levels and destroying the fish population. As part of conservation measures, the government is undertaking de-silting, de-weeding, water treatment, and afforestation as well as mass awareness programme.
Geography
Pushkar Lake around which the Pushkar town has developed is in the
The soil and topography in the catchment are predominantly sandy with very low water retention capacity.[2] The land use pattern in the Pushkar valley that drains into the lake comprises 30% of the area under shifting sand dunes, 30% under hills (degraded and barren) and streams and 40% of the area is agricultural.[4]
Climate
The region experiences semi-arid climatic conditions with dry and hot summers and cool winters. The summer months of May and June are the hottest, with a maximum temperature of around 45 °C (113 °F). During the winter months, the maximum mean temperature is in the range of 25–10 °C (77–50 °F).[2] Rain mainly occurs during a short spell of two months during July and August. The recorded average rainfall is in the range of 400–600 millimetres (16–24 in). Rainfall is also recorded some times during winter months of January and February.[2]
From April to September, strong winds blowing in the southwest to northeast direction add to the formation of sand dunes.[2]
Hydrology
The Pushkar Lake drains a catchment of the Aravalli hills covering an area of 22 square kilometres (8.5 sq mi). The lake has a water surface area of 22 hectares (54 acres). It is a perennial lake sourced by the monsoon rainfall over the catchment. The depth of water in the lake varies from season to season from 8–10 metres (26–33 ft). The total storage capacity of the lake is 0.79 million cubic metres (1.03 million
Flora and fauna
Pushkar Lake, when full, is rich in fish and other aquatic life. The depth of the lake has substantially shrunk – to less than 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) from a maximum of 9 metres (30 ft) – resulting in the death of large fish weighing 5–20 kilograms (11–44 lb), caused due to the viscous water and the lack of oxygen for the fish to survive. Since the region where the lake and its valley is situated is arid, the flora and fauna recorded relate to desert plants, including cactus and thorny bushes, as well as desert animals like camels and cattle.[6][7] Man-eating crocodiles used to be a menace in the Puskhar Lake, resulting in the deaths of people. Pilgrims were aware of this fact, yet many considered it lucky to be eaten by crocodiles.[8] The crocodiles were caught with nets by the British and shifted to a nearby reservoir.[9]
History
Pushkar Lake's history dates back to the 4th century BC. Numismatics, in the form of punched Greek and Kushan coins date the lake back to this time. The inscriptions found at Sanchi attest to the lake's existence to the 2nd Century BC. This suggests that Pushkar was a pilgrimage centre even if it did not lie on the trade route.[10]
In the fifth century AD, Chinese traveller
A story tells of a ninth-century
The creation of Pushkar Lake, as an artificial lake, is also credited to the 12th century when a dam was built across the headwaters of the
During the
The Rajput rulers of
Religious significance
There are various legends from
According to the Hindu scripture
Ramayana and Mahabharata refer to Pushkar Lake as Adi
According to Hindu theology, there are five sacred lakes collectively called Panch-Sarovar ('Sarovar' means "lake"). Namely,
Cultural attractions
Pushkar Lake and its precincts offer a plethora of monuments of national importance, such as the
Pushkar city
Pushkar city, with a population of 14,791 at the 2001 census,
Temples
Apart from the sacred Lake, Pushkar is said to have over 500 temples (80 are large and the rest are small); of these many old temples were destroyed or desecrated by
Ghats
A coinage known as "Puskar Passport" used by visitors to the lake and the ghats denotes the red thread that is tied on the wrists of pilgrims by the priests (for a
Pushkar Fair
Pushkar Lake and its precincts become very heavily populated during the annual Pushkar Fair or Pushkar mela, which has both a religious as well as an economic aspect. During the fair, a very large gathering of pilgrims takes a holy dip in the lake and the camel fair is an adjunct celebration. Pushkar Fair commences on
Status and conservation issues
The natural environment of Pushkar Lake and its precincts has become increasingly degraded in the last few decades. The problems arise primarily from the over development of tourist facilities as well as the deforestation of the surrounding area.[37][38]
The critical issues related to the conservation of the lake have been identified as:[39]
- Siltation during the rainy season due to soil erosion of the denuded hills and inappropriate agricultural practices flowing through the three feeder streams namely, the Gomukh, the Nag Pahar and Savitri.
- Shifting sand dunes from hills and surrounding areas causing a rise of the bed level of the lake.
- Upstream interception by farmers through check dams for farming practices causing reduction in inflows. This reduction is reflected in the full reservoir level of 8.53 metres (28.0 ft) not being achieved during most years, resulting in pilgrim displeasure and the reduction in maximum depth of the lake, reported now as only 4.6 metres (15 ft).
- Large inflow of sewage from the ghats and the surrounding habitation has caused serious water pollution.
- Alarming rate of fall in groundwater level has occurred in the vicinity of the lake due to high extraction for various uses.
In recent years, storage in the Pushkar Lake has been reduced alarmingly, leaving only a small puddle of water in many years during the festival season when pilgrims flock to the lake for sacred bathing during the Hindu holy month of Kartik, when the Pushkar Fair is held. During the 2009 Pushkar fair, the situation became very grim when the lake dried up entirely. Alternate arrangements were made to facilitate sacred bathing by providing water in concrete tanks near one of the upper ghats, fed by tube wells from groundwater sources. While the authorities have been blamed for poor planning by de-silting the lake, the drought situation has resulted in insignificant rainfall in the area to fill the lake.[40][41]
Water quality issues
The lake does not meet the National Water Quality Standards due to its high concentration of
Restoration works
To supplement water supply to the lake, even as early as in 1993, the government built 12 deep tube wells to supplement water supply to the lake. However, most tube wells were dysfunctional, thereby aggravating the problem. The Union Ministry for Environment and Forests included Pushkar Lake on a list of five lakes under the National Lake Conservation Project (NLCP) for restoration. They have been providing funds since 2008 for the restoration works, but the situation has not eased.[41]
Development plans are under various stages of implementation to address the critical issues related to the lake. They aim to improve water quality, increase water storage capacity, prevent encroachment of the lake periphery, improve the ambiance around the lake, as well as to introduce recreational and revenue generating schemes.[39]
Sewage outfalls into the lake are proposed to be completely stopped by the interception and diversion of feeder lines. Lining the main feeders into the lake and setting up water treatment plants to continuously treat and recirculate the lake water are also envisioned.[39] Conservation measures proposed for adoption to clean the lake are by way of desilting, water treatment at inlet of feeders into the lake, construction of check dams, conservation of ghats, afforestation of denuded hills in the catchment, soil moisture conservation measures, stabilization of sand dunes by planting vegetation of suitable species of plants and restriction of cultivation in the bed of feeder channels.[39] In addition, the institutional measures considered for effecting improvement of the lake are mass awareness programmes with the population's participation as well as the control of fish proliferation to reduce the risk of death of fishes during periods of inadequate water depth in the lake.[39]
See also
- List of lakes in India
- Soda lake
Notes
- ^ a b c "Pushkar Lake". Eco India. Retrieved 23 January 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f g City Development Plan for Ajmer and Pushkar p. 196
- ^ M.S.Reddy and N.V.V.Char. "Management of Lakes in India" (PDF). Annex 2 Classification of Lakes in India. World Lakes Org. p. 20.
- ^ City Development Plan for Ajmer and Pushkar p. 201
- ^ City Development Plan for Ajmer and Pushkar p. 216
- ^ "Ecology Of Pushkar Valley". Archived from the original on 2 January 2010. Retrieved 27 January 2010.
- ^ "lakes in India". Archived from the original on 13 December 2009. Retrieved 26 January 2010.
- ISBN 8120724658. Retrieved 26 January 2010.
- ^ ISBN 1843530899. Retrieved 26 January 2010.
- ^ a b c d City Development Plan for Ajmer and Pushkar p. 195
- ^ )
- ^ a b Rajputana district gazetteers, Part 1. Vol. 1. Scottish Mission Industries Co., Ltd. 1904. pp. 18–19. Retrieved 24 January 2010.
{{cite book}}
:|work=
ignored (help) - ^ )
- ^ "Pushkar Lake". ENVIS Centre on Conservation of Ecological Heritage and Sacred Sites of India: Pushkar Lake when full is rich in fish and other aquatic life. Archived from the original on 12 January 2016. Retrieved 26 January 2010.
- )
- ^ City Development Plan for Ajmer and Pushkar pp. 195-196
- ^ )
- ISBN 190094992X. Retrieved 26 January 2010.
- ^ a b "Pushkar- Pilgrimage in Paradise". National Informatics Centre. Archived from the original on 4 February 2010. Retrieved 25 January 2010.
- ^ a b "Ten of the World's Most Religious Cities". Pushkar. International Business Times. Archived from the original on 30 March 2009. Retrieved 24 January 2010.
- ^ ISBN 978-1741046908. Retrieved 24 January 2010.
- )
- ^ a b "Temple Profile: Mandir Shri Brahma Ji". Devasthan Department, Govt of Rajasthan. 2001–2002. Archived from the original on 13 February 2011. Retrieved 31 January 2010.
- ^ "Pushkar Lake". Rajasthan tourism, Government of Rajasthan. Archived from the original on 17 January 2010. Retrieved 24 January 2010.
- ^ "Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)". Census Commission of India. Archived from the original on 16 June 2004. Retrieved 21 February 2010.
- ^ City Development Plan for Ajmer and Pushkar pp. 199, 208
- ^ City Development Plan for Ajmer and Pushkar pp. 217-218
- ^ ISBN 9780470169087.
- ^ "Travel and Geography:Pushkar". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 24 January 2010.
- ^ City Development Plan for Ajmer and Pushkar pp. 209-212
- ^ "Pushkar Lake". Rajasthan tourism. Archived from the original on 6 February 2010. Retrieved 24 January 2010.
- )
- ^ City Development Plan for Ajmer and Pushkar p. 208
- ^ Isha Manchanda (23 January 2010). "Camel Kingdom". Tehelka Magazine. 7 (3). Archived from the original on 24 January 2010. Retrieved 2 February 2010.
- ^ City Development Plan for Ajmer and Pushkar p. 219
- ^ "Rajasthan Infrastructure Agenda "2025"" (PDF). Pushkar. Price Waterhouse Cooper. p. 44. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011.
- ^ "Prof. Rasa Singh Rawat's questions in Parliament about what the Government is doing to reverse ecological damage". National Informatics Centre. 30 July 1992. Archived from the original on 21 February 2009. Retrieved 24 January 2010.
- ^ Praveen Mathur & Nimit R. Chowdhary (1999). "Environmental Degradation at Pushkar Valley" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 24 January 2010.
- ^ a b c d e City Development Plan for Ajmer and Pushkar p. 232
- ^ "Pushkar without a dip". India Today. 1 November 2009. Retrieved 26 January 2010.
- ^ a b "India Pushkar Lake picture". Archived from the original on 3 November 2012. Retrieved 26 January 2010.
- ^ "National Water Quality at a Glance". Central Pollution Control Board. p. 203. Archived from the original on 6 January 2010. Retrieved 24 January 2010.
- ^ "Assessment of Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Suggested Restoration Measures for Pushkar Lake, Ajmer Rajasthan (India)". Proceedings of International Conference TAAL 2007 held at Jaipur. Ministry of Environment and Forests Government of India. p. 308.
{{cite book}}
:|work=
ignored (help)
References
- "Assessment of Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Suggested Restoration Measures for Pushkar Lake, Ajmer Rajasthan (India)". Proceedings of International Conference TAAL 2007 held at Jaipur. Ministry of Environment and Forests Government of India.
{{cite book}}
:|work=
ignored (help) - "Rajasthan Tourism Guide for Ajmer and Pushkar". Pushkar Lake. National Informatics Centre. July 2006. pp. 195–356. Archived from the original (pdf) on 21 September 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2010.
External links
- Pancha Sarovar Archived 12 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine Five holy Ponds
- Govt's facelift plan leaves Pushkar without a lake
- Pushkar Lake travel guide from Wikivoyage
- http://tourism.rajasthan.gov.in/pushkar