Ralph Vary Chamberlin

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Ralph Vary Chamberlin
Portrait of Chamberlin with a short beard and mustache
Chamberlin circa 1905
Born(1879-01-03)January 3, 1879
Salt Lake City, Utah
DiedOctober 31, 1967(1967-10-31) (aged 88)
Salt Lake City, Utah
NationalityAmerican
Alma materCornell University
University of Utah
Known for
Spouses
Daisy Ferguson
​
​
(m. 1899; div. 1910)​
Edith Simons
​
​
(m. 1922; died 1965)​
Children10
Scientific career
Fields
InstitutionsUniversity of Utah
Museum of Comparative Zoology
Brigham Young University
ThesisNorth American Spiders of the Family Lycosidae (1905)
Doctoral advisorJohn Henry Comstock
Notable students

Ralph Vary Chamberlin

Salt Lake City, Utah. He was a faculty member of the University of Utah for over 25 years, where he helped establish the School of Medicine and served as its first dean, and later became head of the zoology department. He also taught at Brigham Young University and the University of Pennsylvania, and worked for over a decade at the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University
, where he described species from around the world.

Chamberlin was a prolific

indigenous people of the Great Basin
, cataloging indigenous names and cultural uses of plants and animals. Chamberlin was celebrated by his colleagues at the University of Utah, however he was disliked among some arachnologists, including some of his former students. After retirement he continued to write, publishing on the history of education in his home state, especially that of the University of Utah.

Chamberlin was a member of

Mormon professors at Brigham Young University whose teaching of evolution and biblical criticism resulted in a 1911 controversy among University and Church officials, eventually resulting in the resignation of him and two other professors despite widespread support from the student body, an event described as Mormonism's "first brush with modernism".[3]

Biography

Early life and education

Ralph Vary Chamberlin was born on January 3, 1879, in

Latter-day Saints' University.[8][9] By 1900 he had authored nine scientific publications.[10]

In the summer of 1902 Chamberlin studied at the

Thomas H. Montgomery regarded Chamberlin's monograph as one of "decided importance" in using the structure of pedipalps (male reproductive organs) to help define genera, and in its detailed descriptions of species.[16][b]

Early career: University of Utah

refer to caption
Chamberlin early in his career

It is to Professor Chamberlin that credit should be given for starting medical training in the University of Utah.

— Maxwell M. Wintrobe (1982)[17]

After returning from Cornell, Chamberlin was hired by the University of Utah, where he worked from 1904 to 1908, as an assistant professor (1904–1905) then full professor. He soon began improving biology courses, which at the time were only of high school grade,[1] to collegiate standards, and introduced new courses in vertebrate histology and embryology.[8][17][18] He was the first dean of University of Utah School of Medicine, serving from 1905 to 1907.[6] During the summer of 1906, his plans to teach a summer course in embryology at the University of Chicago were cancelled when he suffered a serious accident in a fall, breaking two leg bones and severing an artery in his leg.[19] In 1907, University officials decided to merge the medical school into an existing department, which made Chamberlin's deanship obsolete. He resigned as dean in May, 1907, although remained a faculty member.[17] The medical students strongly objected, crediting the school's gains over the past few years largely to his efforts.[1]

In late 1907 and early 1908, Chamberlin became involved in a bitter lawsuit with fellow Utah professor Ira D. Cardiff that would cost them both their jobs. Cardiff, a botanist hired in spring of 1907, claimed Chamberlin offered him a professorship with a salary of $2,000 to $2,250 per year, but upon hiring was offered only $1,650 by the university regents.

Salt Lake Tribune noted "friction between the two men, of a different nature and not entirely due to financial matters, arose even before Professor Cardiff received his appointment".[23] In March 1908 the university regents fired both Chamberlin and Cardiff, appointing a single new professor to head the departments of zoology and botany.[23][24] In July, upon appeal, the suit was overturned and Cardiff ordered to pay costs. Chamberlin had by then secured a job at Brigham Young University.[25]

Brigham Young University

Main article: 1911 Brigham Young University modernism controversy
Portrait of Chamberlin
Chamberlin circa 1908

In 1908, Chamberlin was hired to lead the Biology Department at

theory of evolution was compatible with religious views, and promoted historical criticism of the Bible, the view that the writings contained should be viewed from the context of the time: Ralph Chamberlin published essays in the White and Blue, BYU's student newspaper, arguing that Hebrew legends and historical writings were not to be taken literally. In an essay titled "Some Early Hebrew Legends" Chamberlin concluded: "Only the childish and immature mind can lose by learning that much in the Old Testament is poetical and that some of the stories are not true historically."[28][29] Chamberlin believed that evolution explained not only the origin of organisms but of human theological beliefs as well.[29]

In late 1910, complaints from

stake presidents inspired an investigation into the teachings of the professors. Chamberlin's 1911 essay "Evolution and Theological Belief" was considered particularly objectionable by school officials.[30] In early 1911 Ralph Chamberlin and the Peterson brothers were offered a choice to either stop teaching evolution or lose their jobs. The three professors were popular among students and faculty, who denied that the teaching of evolution was destroying their faith. A student petition in support of the professors signed by over 80% of the student body was sent to the administration, and then to local newspapers. Rather than change their teachings, the three accused professors resigned in 1911, while William Chamberlin remained for another five years.[28][31][32]

In 1910, Chamberlin was elected a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.[33]

Pennsylvania and Harvard

After leaving Brigham Young, Chamberlin was employed as a lecturer and George Leib Harrison Foundation research fellow at the

U.S. Biological Survey from 1923 until the mid 1930s.[43]

Return to Utah

Chamberlin returned to the University of Utah in 1925, where he was made head of the departments of zoology and botany. When he arrived, the faculty consisted of one zoologist, one botanist, and an instructor. He soon began expanding the size and diversity of the biology program, and by the time of his retirement the faculty consisted of 16 professors, seven instructors, and three special lecturers.

Alvin L. Gittins was donated to the University and a book of commemorative letters produced.[52] In 1960 the University of Utah Alumni Association awarded Chamberlin its Founders Day Award for Distinguished Alumni, the university's highest honor.[53]

Wherever he has been, [Chamberlin] has produced unusual stimulation in students, many becoming imbued with his enthusiasm for the use of accurate, tested knowledge. Many caught the vision of what human life can mean when viewed in the light of man's evolutionary background and interpreted in terms of his emerging intelligence which has outdistanced so many of his animal competitors in the evolutionary race."

— Angus and Grace Woodbury (1958)[34]

Chamberlin was noted by colleagues at Utah for being a lifelong champion of the

C. Hart Merriam in the scope of his contributions science.[57]

Personal life and death

On July 9, 1899, Chamberlin married Daisy Ferguson of Salt Lake City, with whom he had four children: Beth, Ralph, Della, and Ruth.[47] His first marriage ended in divorce in 1910. On June 28, 1922, he married Edith Simons, also of Salt Lake, and with whom he had six children: Eliot, Frances, Helen, Shirley, Edith, and Martha Sue.[58] His son Eliot became a mathematician and 40-year professor at the University of Utah.[59] Chamberlin's second wife died in 1965, and Chamberlin himself died in Salt Lake City after a short illness on October 31, 1967, at the age of 88.[14][d] He was survived by his 10 children, 28 grandchildren, and 36 great-grandchildren.[6]

Research

Chamberlin's work includes more than 400 publications spanning over 60 years.

Torrey Botanical Club, New York Academy of Sciences, Boston Society of Natural History, Biological Society of Washington, and the Utah Academy of Sciences.[36][47]

Taxonomy

A black widow spider with a red hourglass marking.
The western black widow, one of the hundreds of spiders described by Chamberlin & Wilton Ivie[61]

Chamberlin was a prolific

genera, 28 new families, and 12 orders.[10] Chamberlin's taxonomic publications continued to appear until at least 1966.[60]

Chamberlin ranks among the most prolific arachnologists in history. In a 2013 survey of the most prolific spider systematists, Chamberlin ranked fifth in total number of described species (1,475) and eighth in number of species that were still valid (984), i.e. not

schizomids,[68] and described several pseudoscorpions with his nephew Joseph C. Chamberlin, himself a prominent arachnologist.[69][70]

Among fellow arachnologists, Chamberlin was regarded as influential but not particularly well-liked: in many of his papers co-authored with Ivie, it was Ivie himself who did most of the collecting, and describing, while Chamberlin remained first author, and a 1947 quarrel over recognition led to Ivie abandoning arachnology for many years.[46][67] When arachnologist Arthur M. Chickering sent Chamberlin a collection of specimens from Panama, Chamberlin never returned them and in fact published on them, which made Chickering reluctant to collaborate with colleagues.[71] Chamberlin is said to have eventually been banned from the Museum of Comparative Zoology by Ernst Mayr in his later years, and after Chamberlin's death his former student Gertsch said "his natural meanness finally got him".[46]

Chamberlin's other major area of study was myriapods. He was publishing on centipedes as early as 1901,

symphylans to the 1961 edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica.[77]

refer to caption
Chamberlin's illustration of Prostemmiulus cooki, one of many new Central American millipedes he described in 1922

Although a prolific describer of species, his legacy to myriapod taxonomy has been mixed.

stone centipedes as pioneering, and of a quality unmatched in Chamberlin's later work.[72]

Chamberlin studied not only arthropods but soft-bodied invertebrates as well. He described over 100 new species and 22 new genera of

sipunculids as well as myriapods for the academic journal database Biological Abstracts.[47] William Behle has noted he also made indirect contributions to ornithology, including leading several multi-day specimen collecting trips and guiding the graduate research of Stephen Durrant, who worked on Utah game birds, and Behle himself, who studied nesting birds of the Great Salt Lake.[9][81][j]

After Chamberlin's death, his collection of some 250,000 spider specimens was donated to the

type specimens—the individual specimens used to describe species.[83]

Great Basin cultural studies

Early in his career,

Goshute language.[85] His resulting publication, "The Ethno-botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah", is considered the first major ethnobotanical study of a single group of Great Basin peoples.[86]: 103  He also published surveys of Goshute animal and anatomical terms,[87] place and personal names,[88] and a compilation of plant names of the Ute people.[84] One of Chamberlin's later colleagues at the University of Utah was Julian Steward, known as the founder of cultural ecology. Steward himself described Chamberlin's work as "splendid", and anthropologist Virginia Kerns writes that Chamberlin's experience with indigenous Great Basin cultures facilitated Steward's own cultural studies: "in terms of ecological knowledge, [Steward's younger informants] probably could not match the elders who had instructed Chamberlin. That made his research on Goshute ethnobotany all the more valuable to Steward."[89]: 285  Chamberlin gave Goshute-derived names to some of the organisms he described, such as the spider Pimoa, meaning "big legs", and the worm Sonatsa, meaning "many hooks", in the Goshute language.[69][90]

Other works

Portrait of W. H. Chamberlin
Chamberlin described the philosophical development of his brother W. H. Chamberlin in a 1925 biography.

Chamberlin's work extended beyond biology and anthropology to include historical, philosophical, and theological writings. At BYU he published several articles in the student newspaper on topics such as

University of Deseret, the LDS Church-founded university that preceded the University of Utah.[95]

Religious views

Chamberlin believed wholeheartedly in Darwin's theory of evolution including its least desirable implications such as the brutality of nature implied by natural selection and the descent of man from lower primates. It is also clear that Chamberlin was a devout Mormon ... Chamberlin believed that since science and religion were different parts of one eternal truth they could be reconciled.

— Tim S. Reid (1997)[96]

Chamberlin was a

Stake President George W. McCune described a 1922 meeting in which Chamberlin testified "to the effect that all his labors and researches in the laboratories of science, while very interesting, and to a great extent satisfying to the intellect, did not satisfy the soul of man, and that he yearned for something more," adding Chamberlin "bore testimony that he knew that ours is the true Church of Jesus Christ."[97] University of Oregon doctoral student Tim S. Reid called Chamberlin clearly devout,[96] however, Sterling McMurrin stated "spiders are different from metaphysics, and I think Ralph was not such a devout Mormon."[44]
: 70 

Selected works

Scientific

Historical & biographical

  • The Life and Philosophy of W. H. Chamberlin. Salt Lake City: Deseret News Press. 1925.
  • Memories of John Rockey Park. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. 1949.
  • Life Sciences at the University of Utah: Background and History. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. 1950. pp. 1–417.
  • The University of Utah, a History of its First Hundred Years, 1850 to 1950. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. 1960. pp. 1–668.
  • The Exploration of the Colorado River in 1869 and 1871–1872 (Reprinted from Utah Historical Quarterly v. 15, 1947 ed.). Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. 2009.
    William C. Darrah
    and Charles Kelly)

Eponymous taxa

A striped millipede crawls on the ground
A species of Chamberlinius from Japan's Ryukyu Islands

The taxa (e.g. genus or species) named after Chamberlin are listed below, followed by author(s) and year of naming, and taxonomic family. Taxa are listed as originally described: subsequent research may have reassigned taxa or rendered some as invalid synonyms of previously named taxa.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ His surname is sometimes spelled "Chamberlain" in print, e.g.[1][2]
  2. ^ Montgomery, who named twenty wolf spider species of which Chamberlin recognized only two, in critiquing Chamberlin and defending his own species wrote "the main deficiency in [his] revision seems to have been insufficient type material."[16]
  3. ^ Cardiff and Chamberlin were simultaneously co-defendants in a separate lawsuit filed by a typewriter company, over $70.[20]
  4. Salt Lake Tribune on Wednesday, November 1, 1967, both state simply Chamberlin "died Tuesday in a Salt Lake hospital."[6] However, Behle (1990) states the date of Chamberlin's death as September 30, 1967.[9]
  5. ^ Durrant tallied 403 papers in 1958, with nine appearing before 1900.[10] His publication record extends to at least 1966,[60] and his obituary states 407 publications.[6]
  6. ^ One such publication was titled simply "A hundred new species of American spiders".[65]
  7. doi:10.5479/si.00963801.1242.21
    .
  8. ^ Chamberlin, Carl Attems and Karl W. Verhoeff each described over 1,000 millipede species.[74]
  9. Gosodesmus claremontus.[78] See also Lumpers and splitters
    .
  10. ^ Durrant and Behle, the first two graduate students in ornithology at the University of Utah, worked primarily under Chamberlin, although are on record as students of Angus M. Woodbury.[9]: 113  Behle published extensively on the birds of Utah. Durrant's thesis was never published, and he became primarily known as a mammalogist.[9]
  11. ^ Chamberlin wrote he was among the Goshutes in the spring of 1901.[84]
  12. ^ Named for both Chamberlin and his nephew J. C. Chamberlin[103]

References

  1. ^ a b c "Medical Students are Up in Arms: Forcing Out of Dean Chamberlain is Not Greatly to Their Liking". The Salt Lake Tribune. May 16, 1907. p. 10.
  2. ^ a b "Home From Cornell. Ralph Chamberlain Returns with Degree of Doctor of Philosophy". Deseret Evening News. 13 September 1904. p. 5.
  3. ISBN 978-0-252-06236-0
    .
  4. ^ Warrum, Noble (1919). Utah Since Statehood: Historical and Biographical. The S. J. Clarke Publishing Company. p. 1099.
  5. OCLC 3088541
    .
  6. ^ a b c d e f
  7. ^ Nelson, Marian Foote (September 4, 1949). "Friendly Enemy". The Deseret News Magazine. pp. 10–11.
  8. ^ a b c Woodbury & Woodbury 1958, p. 23.
  9. ^
    ISBN 0-940378-11-6
    .
  10. ^ a b c d Durrant 1958, p. 28.
  11. ^ "News of the Great West". The Latter-Day Saints Millennial Star. 64 (23). P. Pratt: 359. 1902. [the fellowship] entitles him to $500 a year and all the privileges of the eastern institution for two or three years.
    "Fellows and Scholars". The Cornellian. 35. Cornell University: 66. 1903.
  12. ^ The Cornellian. Vol. 36. Cornell University. 1904. pp. 255 & 297.
  13. ^ Comstock, John Henry (1912). The Spider Book: A Manual for the Study of the Spiders and Their Near Relatives. Doubleday, Page & Company. Several students, who have worked under my direction, have contributed in an important way to the advancement of the work; notably Prof. R. V. Chamberlin, by studies of the Lycosidae ...
  14. ^ a b c Crabill, R. E. (1968). "R. V. Chamberlin". Entomological News. 79: 193.
  15. PMID 17791661. Ralph Vary Chamberlin: 'North American Spiders of the Family Lycosidae'
    Published as: Chamberlin, R. V. (1908). "Revision of North American spiders of the family Lycosidae"
    . Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 60: 158–318, Plates 8–23.
  16. ^
    JSTOR 4063310
    .
  17. ^
    PMID 7046259
    .
  18. ^ "Podiatry Parley Hears History of Utah College". The Deseret News. Jan 9, 1960. p. B3.
  19. ^ "Dr. Chamberlain injured. Breaks leg while jumping and is now in hospital". The Salt Lake Herald. June 6, 1906. p. 10.
  20. ^ a b "University Men Co-Defendants". The Salt Lake Tribune. November 5, 1907. p. 14.
  21. ^ "Chamberlain Must Pay Prof. Cardiff". The Salt Lake Tribune. December 17, 1907. p. 12.
  22. ^ "Sheriff Stops Pay of Chamberlain". The Salt Lake Tribune. December 22, 1907. p. 20.
  23. ^ a b "Regents' Action to End Contest". The Salt Lake Tribune. March 25, 1908. p. 12.
  24. ^ "Bitter Fight Ended at Last". The Salt Lake Herald. March 24, 1908. p. 12.
  25. ^ "Prof. Cardiff Must Pay Costs of Suits". The Salt Lake Tribune: 16. July 1, 1908.
  26. ^ a b Wilkinson 1975, pp. 502.
  27. ^ a b Woodger, Mary Jane; Groberg, Joseph H. (2004). "George H. Brimhall's Legacy of Service to Brigham Young University". BYU Studies. 43 (2): 25. All four were active Latter-day Saints and enthusiastic to be teaching at a Church school
  28. ^ a b Sherlock, Richard (Jan–Feb 1979). "Campus in Crisis: BYU's earliest conflict between secular knowledge and religious belief" (PDF). Sunstone (13): 10–16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-10-13. Retrieved 2014-07-29.
  29. ^ a b Wilkinson 1975, pp. 403–457.
  30. ^ "Teachers at Provo to Resign". The Evening Standard. Ogden, Utah. 21 February 1911. p. 6.
  31. OCLC 25873671
    .
  32. ISBN 978-0-252-06578-1
    .
  33. ^ American Association for the Advancement of Science (1912). "Members and Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science". Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. p. 88.
  34. ^ a b c d Woodbury & Woodbury 1958, p. 24.
  35. ^ University of Pennsylvania (1912). Fasciculus of the Graduate School. University of Pennsylvania Bulletin. University of Pennsylvania. pp. 19, 125.
  36. ^ a b c Cattell, J. McKeen; Brimhall, Dean R., eds. (1921). "Chamberlin, Prof. R(alph) V(ary)". American Men of Science: a Biographical Directory (3rd ed.). Garrison, N.Y: The Science Press. p. 119.
  37. ^ Henshaw, Samuel (1926). Annual Report of the Director of the Museum of Comparative Zoölogy at Harvard College to the President and Fellows of Harvard College for 1925–1926 (Report). Cambridge. p. 7.
  38. ^ a b c Hoffman 1999, p. 8.
  39. ^ a b Durrant 1958, p. 29.
  40. PMID 17730889
    .
  41. PMID 17792496
    .
  42. doi:10.1093/aesa/12.1.57
    .
  43. The A. N. Marquis Company
    . p. 514.
  44. ^
    ISBN 1-56085-087-6
    .
  45. ISBN 0-941214-49-4
    .
  46. ^ a b c d Vogel, Beatrice (2011). "A History of the American Arachnological Society 1900–1975". American Arachnological Society. Archived from the original on 2015-08-11. Retrieved 2015-08-05.
  47. ^
    The A. N. Marquis Company
    . 1948. p. 423.
  48. ISBN 978-0-8135-4700-8
    .
  49. doi:10.1093/aesa/31.2.248
    .
  50. ^ "'U' Scientist Returns from Trip to Mexico, Central America". Salt Lake Tribune. April 6, 1939. p. 12 – via NewspaperArchive.com.
  51. ^ "Chamberlin, Ralph V., Ph.D." utah.edu. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
  52. ^ Woodbury & Woodbury 1958, p. 21.
  53. ^ "Alumni Association Awards". University of Utah. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
    "Founders Day Distinguished Alumnus/a Award, Honorary Alumnus/a Award, Past recipients" (PDF). Retrieved 5 January 2016.
  54. ^ Woodbury & Woodbury 1958, p. 26.
  55. ^ Woodbury & Woodbury 1958, pp. 24–25.
  56. ^ Durrant 1958, p. 30.
  57. ^ Durrant 1958, p. 27: "History will bear out that in his contributions to knowledge in the biological and other sciences, he marches abreast of such great figures as Baird, Merriam, Gray and others."
  58. ^ Woodbury & Woodbury 1958, pp. 23–24.
  59. ^ "Death: Dr. R. Eliot Chamberlin". Deseret News. March 16, 1994.
  60. ^ a b Chamberlin, R. V. (1966). "A new genus in the chilopod family Dignathodontidae with proposal of two subfamilies (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha)". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 79: 215–220.
  61. ^ Chamberlin, R. V.; Ivie, W. (1935). "The black widow spider and its varieties in the United States" (PDF). Bulletin of the University of Utah. 25 (8): 1–29.
  62. The Deseret News
    . April 24, 1941. p. 1.
  63. PMID 25250473
    .
  64. ^ Bennett, Robert G. (2001). "Spiders (Araneae) and araneology in British Columbia" (PDF). Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia. 98.
  65. ^ Chamberlin, R. V.; Ivie, W. (1942). "A hundred new species of American spiders" (PDF). Bulletin of the University of Utah. 32 (13): 1–117.
  66. JSTOR 41712008
    .
  67. ^
    ISBN 0-9510939-9-1
    .
  68. ^ Some listed in Harvey, Mark (2003). Catalogue of the Smaller Arachnid Orders of the World: Amblypygi, Uropygi, Schizomida, Palpigradi, Ricinulei and Solifugae. Collingwood, VIC: CSIRO Publishing.
    ISBN 0-643-09874-7
    .     See also:
  69. ^ a b Hans G. Hansson (1997-11-14). "Biographical Etymology of Marine Organism Names (BEMON)". Tjärnö Marine Biological Laboratory, Göteborg University.
  70. ^ Chamberlin, Joseph C.; Chamberlin, R. V. (1945). "The genera and species of the Tridenchthoniidae (Dithidae), a family of the arachnid order Chelonethida". Bulletin of the University of Utah. Biological Series. 9 (2): 1–67.
  71. PMID 1096415
    .
  72. ^ a b Hoffman, Richard L. (1995). "The Centipeds (Chilopoda) of Virginia: A First List" (PDF). Banisteria (5).
  73. ^
    ISBN 978-0-471-04551-9
    . The vast majority, of the species and most of the higher taxa [of North American centipedes] as well, were described by the single pioneering investigator Ralph V. Chamberlin ... Chamberlin's work is monumental in scope and quantity. In too many cases, however, formal descriptions and diagnoses are, although sufficient to validate a new name, totally insufficient to permit the recognition of the taxon without recourse to the holotype.
  74. ^
    PMID 17163800
    .
  75. hdl:2027/osu.32435029595998
    .
  76. ^ Hoffman 1999, p. 7.
  77. ^ W.B.S. (March 3, 1961). "Britannica- the Pace-setter". The Deseret News. p. A19.
  78. ^ Hoffman 1999, p. 182.
  79. PMC 3253571
    .
  80. ^ Chamberlin, R. V.; Jones, David T. (1929). "A descriptive catalog of the Mollusca of Utah" (PDF). Bulletin of the University of Utah. 19 (4): 1–203.
    Chamberlin, R. V.; Roscoe, Ernest J. (1948). "Check list of recent Utah Mollusca" (PDF). Bulletin of the University of Utah. 39 (2): 4–16.
  81. JSTOR 1379745
    .
  82. ^ Sullivan, Walter (October 27, 1972). "Museum Gets 250,000 Spiders". The New York Times. (reprinted as "250,00 Spiders Added to Museum in New York". The Milwaukee Journal. November 17, 1972.)
  83. ^ Hoffman 1999, p. 4.
  84. ^
    doi:10.1525/aa.1909.11.1.02a00040
    .
  85. ^ Chamberlin, R. V. (1911). "The ethno-botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah" (PDF). Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association. 2: 330–384.
  86. ISBN 0-8061-3345-7
    .
  87. ^ Chamberlin, R. V. (1908). "Animal names and anatomical terms of the Goshute Indians". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 60: 74–103.
  88. JSTOR 983995
    .
  89. ISBN 978-0-8032-2827-6
    .
  90. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00192.x
    .
  91. ^ Chamberlin, R. V. (1909). "The Early Hebrew Conception of the Universe". The White and Blue. Vol. 13, no. 11. Brigham Young University. pp. 84–88.
  92. ISBN 978-0-252-01895-4
    . (p. 254): Though not always reliable in detail, one of the earliest historical surveys of the scientific idea of multiple inhabited worlds from antiquity to recent times is given by Ralph V. Chamberlin, "Life in Other Worlds: a Study in the History of Opinion"... Although written by a Mormon scientist, it does not treat the concept of pluralism in Mormon theology.
  93. ^ Lewis, B. Roland (November 20, 1949). "Utah Educator's Biography Earned Scholar's Praise". Salt Lake Tribune. p. M7.
  94. JSTOR 3636273
    .
  95. ^ Ricks, Brian William (2012). Closing the Church University in 1894: Embracing or Accommodating Secularized Education (Ph.D.). Brigham Young University. p. 46.
  96. ^ a b c Reid, Tim S. (1997). Mormons and evolution: a history of B. H. Roberts and his attempt to reconcile science and religion (Ph.D.). Oregon State University. p. 112.
  97. ^ McCune, George W. (1922). Ninety-Second Annual Conference of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (PDF). Salt Lake City: Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. p. 133.
  98. ^ Brolemann, Henry W. (1922). Notes on female paraiulids (myriapods) with description of a new species. Ann. Entom. Soc. America, 15: 289.
  99. ^ Gertsch, W. J. (1933). Notes on American spiders of the family Thomisidae. American Museum Novitates; no. 593.
  100. ^ Berland, L. (1942). Polynesian spiders. Occasional Papers of Bernice P. Bishop Museum 17(1): 1–24.
  101. ^ Jones, David T. (1944) Two Protozoans from Great Salt Lake. Bull. Univ. Utah. 35(8)
  102. ^ Hoffman, Richard L. Systematic notes on some central American millipeds Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. v. 63.
  103. ^ Harvey, Mark S.; Judson, Mark (1998). "A Tribute to Joseph C. Chamberlin on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of his birth" (PDF). The Journal of Arachnology. 26 (3): 409–410.
  104. ^ Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 23: 273.
  105. ^ Causey, Nell. "New Mexican and Venezuelan millipeds in the collection of the Illinois State Natural History Survey". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 67: 55.
  106. ^ Hoffman, Richard L. (1911). "Further studies on American millipeds of the family Euryuridae (Polydesmida)". Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences. 44 (2): 49–58.
  107. PMID 27103878
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  108. ^ Shear, Willam. "Millipeds (Diplopoda) from caves in Mexico, Belize and Guatemala, III". Acc. Naz. Lincei, Prob. Att. Sci. Cult. 171 (2): 235–265.
  109. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1997.tb00141.x
    .
  110. ^ Hershler, Robert (1998). "A systematic review of the hydrobiid snails (Gastropoda: Rissooidea) of the Great Basin, Western United States: Part I. Genus Pyrgulopsis". The Veliger. 41 (1): 1–131.
  111. ^ Peterson, Kathi Oram (Fall 2001). "The Woman Behind the Veil". Continuum: The Magazine of the University of Utah. University of Utah Alumni Association. Retrieved 30 November 2015.

Cited works

Further reading

External links

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