Great Basin
Great Basin | |
---|---|
Coordinates: 40°40′N 117°40′W / 40.667°N 117.667°W | |
Location | United States, Mexico |
Area | |
• Total | 209,162 sq mi (541,730 km2)[1] |
Highest elevation | 14,505 ft (4,421 m) (Mount Whitney summit) |
The Great Basin (Spanish: Gran Cuenca) is the largest area of contiguous endorheic watersheds, those with no outlets to the ocean, in North America. It spans nearly all of Nevada, much of Utah, and portions of California, Idaho, Oregon, Wyoming, and Baja California. It is noted for both its arid climate and the basin and range topography that varies from the North American low point at Badwater Basin in Death Valley to the highest point of the contiguous United States, less than 100 miles (160 km) away at the summit of Mount Whitney. The region spans several physiographic divisions, biomes, ecoregions, and deserts.
Definition
The term "Great Basin" is applied to
The Great Basin Desert is defined by plant and animal communities, and, according to the National Park Service, its boundaries approximate the hydrographic Great Basin but exclude the southern "panhandle".[3]
The Great Basin Floristic Province was defined by botanist Armen Takhtajan to extend well beyond the boundaries of the hydrographically defined Great Basin: it includes the Snake River Plain, the Colorado Plateau, the Uinta Basin, and parts of Arizona north of the Mogollon Rim.[5]
The Great Basin physiographic section is a geographic division of the
The Great Basin Culture Area or
Hydrology
The hydrographic Great Basin is a 209,162-square-mile (541,730 km2) area that once drained internally. All precipitation in the region evaporated, sank underground or flowed into lakes (mostly saline). However, since the advent of the
The
Ecology
The hydrographic Great Basin contains multiple deserts and ecoregions, each with its own distinctive set of flora and fauna.[3] The ecological boundaries and divisions in the Great Basin are unclear.[15]
The Great Basin overlaps four different deserts: portions of the
The climate and flora of the Great Basin are strongly dependent on elevation; as the elevation increases, the temperature decreases and precipitation increases. Because of this, forests can occur at higher elevations.
Because the forest ecosystem is distinct from a typical desert, some authorities, such as the
Other authorities divide the Great Basin into different ecoregions, depending on their own criteria.
Fauna
Great Basin wildlife includes
Two endangered species of fish are found in Pyramid Lake: the Cui-ui sucker fish (endangered 1967) and the Lahontan cutthroat trout (threatened 1970).[19]
Large
Geology
The Great Basin includes valleys, basins, lakes and mountain ranges of the Basin and Range Province.[20]
The
Sediment build-up over thousands of years filled the down-faulted basins between ranges and created relatively flat
Geography
Great Basin physiographic section
The Great Basin physiographic section of the Basin and Range Province contains the Great Basin, but extends into eastern Oregon, southern Idaho, and the Colorado River watershed and the northwest corner of Arizona).[26] The Basin and Range region is the product of geological forces stretching the Earth's crust, creating many north–south trending mountain ranges. These ranges are separated by flat valleys or basins. These hundreds of ranges make Nevada the most mountainous state in the country.[3]
Settlements and roads
The Great Basin's two most populous metropolitan areas are the
History
Indigenous populations
There has been a succession of
The next group to live in the area was the Great Basin Desert Archaic, from approximately 9,000 to 1,500 years ago. They hunted animals like mule deer and antelope and gathered onions, wild rye, and pinyon pine nuts. Then, from 1,500 to 700 years ago, the Fremont lived in the area. Unlike the Paleo-Indians, who moved around to follow bison herds, the Fremont built small villages and grew crops like corn and squash.
Seven hundred years ago, the Shoshone inhabited the area after the Fremont. They were hunter-gathers and lived in temporary homes to be able to follow animal herds and collect plants. Now, Shoshone descendants live in nearby areas.
To close a 1951 Indian Claims Commission case, the Western Shoshone Claims Distribution Act of 2004 established the United States payment of $117 million to the Great Basin tribe for the acquisition of 39,000 square miles (100,000 km2).[citation needed]
Europeans
European exploration of the Great Basin occurred during the 18th century
In 1869 the
Climate
The climate varies throughout the Great Basin by elevation, latitude, and other factors. Higher elevations tend to be cooler and receive more precipitation. The western areas of the basin tend to be drier than the eastern areas because of the
Significant special designations
- Great Basin National Park: President Warren G. Harding created Lehman Caves National Monument by presidential proclamation on January 24, 1922. It was incorporated into the national park on October 27, 1986.
- Death Valley National Park: Death Valley National Monument was designated in 1933 and the park was substantially expanded and became a national park in 1994.[34]
- Joshua Tree National Park was initially created as a National Monument on 10 August 1936, containing 825,000 acres (334,000 ha), after Minerva Hoyt led activism aimed at persuading the state and federal governments at protecting the area.[35] The park was elevated to a National Park on 31 October 1994 by the Desert Protection Act, which also added 234,000 acres to the park.[36]
- Valley of Fire State Park was designated as a National Natural Landmark in 1968
- The Golden Spike National Historic Site as authorized as a National Historic Site on April 2, 1957, under non-federal ownership. It was authorized for federal ownership and administration by an act of Congresson July 30, 1965. It was redesignated as a National Historical Park in 2019.
- The Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail was designated in 1990.
- The National Historic Trailswere designated in 1992.
- The US Congress.[37]
- The Black Rock Desert–High Rock Canyon Emigrant Trails National Conservation Area was created by the Black Rock Desert–High Rock Canyon Emigrant Trails National Conservation Area Act of 2000.[38]
- The Old Spanish National Historic Trail was designated in 2002.
- The Great Basin National Heritage Area was designated on October 13, 2006, under P.L.109-338[39]
- A section of the Wild and Scenic River in 2009 and is also a Bureau of Land Management Natural Area.[40]
- The Basin and Range National Monument was designated on July 9, 2015, under the authority of the Antiquities Act by President Barack Obama on the boundary of the Great Basin and Mojave Deserts, encompassing Garden and Coal Valleys in Southern Nevada.[41]
See also
- Bonneville Salt Flats
- Great Basin Landscape Conservation Cooperative
- Hastings Cutoff
- Hidden Cave, an archaeological cave site located in the Great Basin
- Nevada Basin
- Salton Sea
- Indigenous peoples of the Great Basin
References
- ^ "What is the WBD?". U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved 2010-10-23. GIS files used for both the acreage calculations and the overlay of the above map.
- ^ "Great Basin (2087988)". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2011-10-01.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i This article incorporates public domain material from What is the Great Basin?. National Park Service. Retrieved 2015-07-14.
- ^ ISBN 1560982225.
- Thorne, Robert F. "Phytogeography of North America North of Mexico". Archived from the originalon 2004-03-17.
- OCLC 487636.
- ^ "Physiographic Regions". United States Geological Survey. 2003-04-17. Archived from the original on 2006-05-15.
- .
- ^ "Salton Sea: California's Everglades" (PDF). Redlands Institute. p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-05-25. Retrieved 2015-08-02.
- ^ "Bear River Watershed Description". Bear River Watershed Information System. Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2010-04-28. (an additional ~1% is in the SW corner of WY)
- ^ "Great Basin". Geologic Provinces of the United States: Basin and Range Province. nature.nps.gov: National Park Service. Archived from the original on 2009-01-16. Retrieved 2009-01-10.
- ^ "Amazing Lake Tahoe". Lake Tahoe Visitors Authority. Archived from the original on 2008-12-07. Retrieved 2008-10-26.
- ^ Level III and IV Ecoregions of the Continental United States, EPA, archived from the original on 2016-04-12, retrieved 2016-03-31
- ^ "Great Basin shrub steppe". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund.
- ^ Brussard, P.F.; Charlet, D.A.; Dobkin, D.S.; Ball, L.C.; et al. (1998). "Great Basin-Mojave Desert Region" (PDF). In Mac, M.J.; Opler, P.A.; Puckett Haeker, C.E.; et al. (eds.). Status and trends of the nation's biological resources. Vol. 2. Reno, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ "Deserts of North American". Encyclopedia of Earth.
- ^ a b "Great Basin montane forests". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund.
- ^ Schmitt, Dave N. (Winter 1995). "The Taphonomy of Golden Eagle Prey Accumulations at Great Basin Roosts" (PDF). J. Ethnobiol. 15 (2): 237–256.
- Environmental Protection AgencyTechnology Series. Washington D.C.: Earth Metrics Inc.
- ^ "Basin and Range Province". Geologic Provinces of the United States. United States Geological Survey. 2004. Archived from the original on 2009-01-25. Retrieved 2009-01-10.
- ^ Mooney, Walter D; Braile, Lawrence W (1989). "The seismic structure of the continental crust and upper mantle of North America". The Geology of North America – An Overview. Geological Society of America. p. 42.
- ^ "Geologic Provinces of the United States: Basin and Range Province". USGS. Archived from the original on 2009-01-25.
- ^ Jackson, Richard H.; Stevens, Dale J. (1981). "Physical and Cultural Environment of Utah Lake and Adjacent Areas". Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs (5: Utah Lake Monograph): 5. Retrieved 2010-04-06.
- ^ Gilbert, Grove Karl (1890). Lake Bonneville. United States Geological Survey. p. 127. Retrieved 2010-04-23 – via Internet Archive.
- ISBN 0-87480-478-7.
- ^ "Physiographic regions" (PDF). Tapestry of Time and Terrain. USGS.
- ^ Nevada Commission on Tourism. The Official Hwy 50 Survival Guide: The Loneliest Road in America (PDF). Nevada Commission on Tourism. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 30, 2010. Retrieved December 15, 2007.
- ^ "Tourism Commission Has Really Gone Far Out There". Las Vegas Sun. July 5, 1996. Retrieved January 13, 2009.
- ^ "Archaeology, Cultural Transmission, and the Indigenous Native American Indians of the Great Basin Region of North America". Bauu Institute. Archived from the original on 2009-12-15. Retrieved 2010-04-22.
- ^ a b "People-Great Basin National Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2022-04-11.
- ^ Morgan (1953, 1964), Jedediah Smith and the Opening of the West, p. 7
- ^ Ogden, Peter Skene, Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
- ^ "Ceremony at "Wedding of the Rails," May 10, 1869 at Promontory Point, Utah". World Digital Library. 1869-05-10. Retrieved 2013-07-20.
- ^ The National Parks Index (PDF). Washington, D.C.: National Park Service. 2003. p. 26. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-12-19. Retrieved 2008-10-05.
- ^ Zarki, Joe. "A Park for Minerva". Joshua Tree National Park, NPS. Retrieved 17 December 2013.
- ^ "Park History". Joshua Tree National Park, NPS. Retrieved 17 December 2013.
- ^ "California Desert Protection Act". Joshua Tree National Park. U.S. National Park Service. Retrieved 2015-08-02.
- ^ "Black Rock Desert-High Rock Canyon Emigrant Trails National Conservation Area Act of 2000" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2004-11-08. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
- ^ "Join Our Friends". Great Basin National Park. U.S. National Park Service. Retrieved 2015-08-02.
- ^ "Amargosa River Natural Area". U.S. Bureau of Land Management. Archived from the original on 2016-03-01. Retrieved 2015-08-02.
- ^ "Secretary Jewell Applauds President Obama's Designation of Basin and Range National Monument in Nevada". Bureau of Land Management News Release. U.S. Department of the Interior. Archived from the original on 2015-07-12. Retrieved 2015-07-11.
External links
- "Great Basin" from the Utah History Encyclopedia by Gary B. Peterson
- New International Encyclopedia. 1905. .