Razakars (Hyderabad)
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Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen |
The Razakars were the paramilitary volunteer force of the nationalist party in the
During the period November 1947–August 1948, when Hyderabad was under a
History
The Hyderabad State was a kingdom that was ruled by the Nizam. When India became independent in 1947, like all the other Princely states, the Hyderabad State was also given the choice of either joining India or Pakistan. The Nizam wanted neither; he wanted to remain independent. The Nizam finally entered into a standstill agreement with India on 29 November 1947 to maintain the status quo.[6]
Hyderabad state had been steadily becoming more theocratic since the beginning of the 20th century. In 1926, Mahmud Nawaz Khan, a retired Hyderabad official, founded the Majlis-e-Ittehad-ul-Muslimeen (also known as MIM).
The MIM became a powerful organization, with a principal focus of marginalizing the political aspirations of Hindus and progressive Muslims through its actions, including the insistence that Hyderabad be declared a Muslim state.
MIM "had its storm troopers in the Razakars who were headed by
The Razakar militia brutally put down the armed revolts by Communist sympathizers and the peasantry and even eliminated Muslim activists such as journalist Shoebullah Khan who advocated merger with India.
Annexation after Operation Polo
Finally,
On 22 September 1948, the Nizam withdrew his complaint from the UN Security Council. The merger of Hyderabad into the Indian Union was announced. Major General Chaudhuri took over as military governor of Hyderabad and stayed in that position till the end of 1949. In January 1950, M. K. Vellodi, a senior civil servant was made the Chief Minister of the state and the Nizam was given the position of "Raj Pramukh" or "Governor".
The
Disbandment
The Razakars were disbanded after the merger of Hyderabad with India and the Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen was initially banned—though it was allowed to be rechartered as
Popular culture
In 2015, Marathi film
See also
- Muslim National Guard
- Razakars (East Pakistan)
- Hyderabad State Forces
- Kasim Razvi
References
- ^ Benichou, From Autocracy to Integration (2000), p. 99.
- ^ Sherman, The integration of the princely state of Hyderabad (2007), pp. 6–7.
- ^ Kamat, Border incidents, internal disorder (2007), p. 220: "A little over 800 people died on both sides during the operation, with the Razakars suffering the majority of the casualties."
- ^ Kamat, Border incidents, internal disorder (2007), p. 220.
- ^ a b "Hate speech not new for Owaisi clan". The Times of India. 10 January 2013.
- OCLC 664322508.
- ^ Kate, Marathwada under the Nizams 1987, p. 73.
- ^ Moraes, Frank, Jawaharlal Nehru, Mumbai: Jaico. 2007, p.390
- ^ Rao, P.R., History and Culture of Andhra Pradesh: From the Earliest Times to 1991, New Delhi: Sterling Publishers, 2012. p. 284
- ^ Remembering a legend, The Hindu, 22 August 2008; Aniket Alam, A one-man crusade, it was and still is[dead link], The Hindu, 6 January 2003.
- ^ Kate, Marathwada under the Nizams 1987, p. 84.
- ^ "Razakar: The Silent Genocide Of Hyderabad Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos |eTimes". The Times of India. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
Bibliography
- Benichou, Lucien D. (2000) [University of Western Australia, 1985], From Autocracy to Integration: Political Developments in Hyderabad State, 1938-1948, Orient Blackswan, ISBN 978-81-250-1847-6
- Kamat, Manjiri N. (2007), "Border incidents, internal disorder and the Nizam's claim for an independent Hyderabad", in Waltraud Ernst; Biswamoy Pati (eds.), India's Princely States: People, Princes and Colonialism, Routledge, pp. 212–224, ISBN 978-1-134-11988-2
- Kate, P. V. (1987), Marathwada under the Nizams, 1724-1948, Mittal Publications, pp. 73–, ISBN 978-81-7099-017-8
- Sherman, Taylor C. (2007), "The integration of the princely state of Hyderabad and the making of the postcolonial state in India, 1948–56", The Indian Economic and Social History Review, 44 (4): 489–516, S2CID 145000228
Further reading
- Hyder, Mohammed (2012). October Coup, A Memoir of the Struggle for Hyderabad. Roli Books. ISBN 978-8174368508.
- ISBN 093081102X.
- Menon, V. P. (1956). The Story of Integration of the Indian States. MacMillan.
- Sherman, Taylor C. (2015), Muslim Belonging in Secular India, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-107-09507-6
- Muralidharan, Sukumar (2014). "Alternate Histories: Hyderabad 1948 Compels a Fresh Evaluation of the Theology of India's Independence and Partition". S2CID 153722788.
- ISBN 978-1-84904-439-4.
External links
- "This day, that year: How Hyderabad became a part of the union of India". News Minute. 16 September 2018.
- Razakars - a "rope around the neck" of the Nizam