Freemasonry in Italy
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Freemasonry in Italy (
History
Origins
The early history of Freemasonry in the Italian peninsula precedes the unification of the country in 1859–60, and must be dealt with as it occurs in separate states. A minute of 1845 records a lodge called Fidelitas being founded at
Tuscany
Sometime before August 1732, Lord Charles Sackville, then Earl of Middlesex, later the second Duke of Dorset, founded a lodge in Florence which later attracted Italian noblemen and intellectuals. It also attracted the interest of the Inquisition, and its Italian secretary, Tommaso Crudeli, was imprisoned and tortured, later dying as a result.[2] Two lodges were formed in Livorno in 1763 and 1765 under the Antient Grand Lodge of England, and the Premier Grand Lodge of England produced two more in the same city in 1771. Lodges were also formed when French troops were quartered in Leghorn in 1796–97, but all were closed by the Grand Duke in 1800. Lodges were again formed in Florence and Leghorn in 1807-09 after annexation by France, but the end of French rule in 1814 meant the end of Freemasonry until Tuscany became part of the Italian State in 1859.[3]
Rome and the Papal States
The
Naples and the Two Sicilies
A masonic seal dated to 1728 in Naples appears to belong to a lodge named "Perfect Union", about which nothing else is known. No trace, likewise, can be found of the lodge patented in London in 1731 to be formed in Naples. In 1750, a Neapolitan lodge was established by a Greek, but after the publication, on 28 May 1751, of the Bull Providas Romanorum Pontificum issued by
Genoa and Liguria
In
Republic of Venice
In 1746 a lodge was founded in Venice, which became associated with Giacomo Casanova, Carlo Goldoni, and Francesco Griselini. It survived until 1755 when the intervention of the Inquisition led to the arrest of Casanova and the dissolution of the lodge. New lodges were founded in 1772, with warrants from the Premier Grand Lodge of England, in Venice and Verona, on the initiative of the Secretary of the Senate, Peter Gratarol, which remained active until 1777. The Rite of Strict Observance established a chapter in Padua in 1781, which opened another in Vicenza shortly afterwards. All Freemasonry was suppressed in 1785.[1][3]
Milan and Lombardy
The lodge founded in
Cisalpine Republic
In 1797, most of Northern Italy east of Piedmont and north of the Papal States became the
The Kingdom of Sardinia, Savoy and Piedmont
During the period when Freemasonry was first established in Italy,
Re-establishment in the Risorgimento
The
On 21 April 1901, the Grand Orient opened its new headquarters in
In 1904 the first lodge of Le Droit Humain was installed in Rome by Annie Besant. The subsequent lodges were organized into a Federation in 1916. Le Droit Humain is the oldest Freemasonry for Men and Women in Italy.
In 1914, at the fourteenth national congress of the Italian Socialist Party, held in Ancona, Mussolini managed to impose his motion for the incompatibility between party membership and Freemasonry, winning over that of the freemason[6] Alfredo Poggi who was instead in favor.[7]
Repression under Fascism
As
Rebuilding after fascism
On 4 December 1943, in the house of Salvatore Farina in Rome, members of the Grand Lodge of Italy reconstituted the Supreme Council of the Scottish Rite, electing Carlo de Cantellis as Sovereign Grand Commander. There followed years of schism and confusion, as different groups attempted to revive their own brand of Freemasonry.[10]
The Grand Orient of Italy was recognised by the United Grand Lodge of England on 13 September 1972 (the recognition was transferred to the Regular Grand Lodge of Italy in 1993, although many other regular Grand Lodges continue to recognise the Grand Orient). In 1973, attempts to unite the Grand Orient and the Grand Lodge failed due to the Grand Lodge's acceptance of female initiation. Nevertheless, 200 lodges of the Grand Lodge transferred their allegiance to the Grand Orient. The Grand Lodge, under Giovanni Ghinazzi, continued in its own tradition and continued to prosper.
Propaganda Due
A major scandal affecting the Grand Orient arose in the 1980s from the exposure of illegal activity in a lodge called Propaganda Due (P2). The lodge was originally formed in 1877 as Propaganda massonica. Its purpose was to ensure privacy for masons of national importance, both within and outside the organization. Refounded after World War II (hence P2), it was under the direct control of the Grand Master of the Grand Orient until the advent of Licio Gelli. After Gelli's appointment as master in 1975, he was able to gather together in secret at least a thousand prominent individuals, mainly politicians and State administrators, and the publication of his subversive program of socio-political and institutional structure caused one of the worst political scandals in the history of the Italian Republic.
On 31 October 1981, seven months after the discovery of the lists of affiliates of P2, the central court of the Grand Orient of Italy, presided over by the new grandmaster Armando Corona, expelled Gelli to avoid further scandals. They stated that P2 had been suspended in 1976. A Parliamentary Commission of Inquiry, chaired by
The P2 scandal seriously damaged the image of Freemasonry in Italy, damaging all the various Italian Masonic movements, and not just the Grand Orient of Italy, of which P2 was a part. In 1993, in the aftermath of a further judicial inquiry, the so-called Cordova investigation (after the Public Prosecutor of Palmi, Agostino Cordova), the then Grand Master of the Grand Orient of Italy, Giuliano Di Bernardo (it), elected to distance himself from the organisation, founding the Regular Grand Lodge of Italy (it), which immediately gained (and still retains) the recognition of the United Grand Lodge of England.
Holidays
The feast of Italian Freemasonry is celebrated on
Main masonic obediences
- Grande Oriente d'Italia(Grand Orient of Italy)
- Gran Loggia d’Italia(Grand Lodge of Italy; the "Piazza del Gesú" or "Palazzo Vitelleschi" Obedience)
- Regular Grand Lodge of Italy
- Gran Loggia Italiana
- Ordine Massonico Tradizionale Italiano
- Gran Loggia Massonica Femminile d’Italia
- Gran Loggia Nazionale dei Liberi Muratori d'Italia
- Gran Loggia Italiana dei Riti Egizi
- The International Order of Freemasonry for Men and Women, LE DROIT HUMAIN - Italian Federation
External links
- The International Order of Freemasonry for Men and Women Le Droit Humain
- The International Order of Freemasonry for Men and Women Le Droit Humain — Italian Federation
- Grande Oriente d’Italia
References
- ^ a b c d e f g Grande Oriente del Tre Mari d'Italia, Massoneria Italiana del 1700, accessed 16 October 2014
- ^ Proposal for a biography of Tommaso Crudeli (edited by Prof. Renzo Rabboni) presented to Prof. Fabio Roversi Monaco May 9, 2003, in Bologna Archived December 8, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, for publication in the Biographical Dictionary of Italian Encyclopaedia, Treccani, 14 July 2009
- ^ a b c d e f g h R. F. Gould, The History of Freemasonry, Vol IV, 1889, Italy pp104-111
- ^ Gran Loggia d'Italia, La Gran Loggia d'Italia degli Antichi Liberi Accettati Muratori (history), accessed 24 October 2014
- ^ Grande Oriente Italiano, La nostra storia (2), accessed 24 October 2014
- Fichte)
- ^ "Antimasonry in Fascism" (in Italian). January 16, 2023.
- ^ Freemasonry and Fascism in Italy, The Builder Magazine, vol XIII no 9, September 1927, Phoenix masonry, accessed 25 October 2014
- ^ Gran Loggia d'Italia, Dal fascismo ad oggi, accessed 24 October 2014
- ^ Gran Loggia d'Italia, 1908-2008: I primi 100 anni della Gran Loggia d'Italia, accessed 27 October 2014
- ^ Phillip Willan, Puppetmasters, Constable 1991, p50
- ^ Judgment of the European Court of Human Rights of Strasbourg August 2, 2001 (in the case of the Grand Orient of Italy Palazzo Giustiniani v. Italy), where reference is made to the law 17/82, "implementation of Art. 18 of the Constitution on the subject of secret societies and those relating to the dissolution of the association called P2 Lodge".
- ^ "XX Settembre: il rovescio di Porta Pia" (in Italian). Citazione: "The only date engraved with characters in relief in the Italian Masonic calendar is still 20th September, the date of the famous breach of Porta Pia Ulteriori informazioni su questo testo di origine Per avere ulteriori informazioni sulla traduzione è necessario il testo di origine Invia commenti Riquadri laterali".
- ^ "Perché il 20 settembre è la festa della massoneria?" (in Italian).
- ^ "XX September. The Grand Master replies to Augias: "We Freemasons proudly celebrate the breach of Porta Pia"".
- ^ ""The 20th September is the Feast of Freedom and Free Thought". The Grand Orient at Porta Pia on the anniversary of the battle that completed the unification of Italy".