Ancona
Ancona | |
---|---|
Città di Ancona | |
UTC+2 (CEST) | |
Postal code | 60100, 60121–60129, 60131 |
Dialing code | 071 |
Patron saint | Judas Cyriacus |
Saint day | 4 May |
Website | Official website |
Ancona (/æŋˈkoʊnə/,[4] also US: /ænˈ-, ɑːnˈ-/,[5][6][7] Italian: [aŋˈkoːna] ⓘ) is a city and a seaport in the Marche region of Central Italy, with a population of around 101,997 as of 2015[update]. Ancona is the capital of the province of Ancona and of the region. The city is located 280 km (170 mi) northeast of Rome, on the Adriatic Sea, between the slopes of the two extremities of the promontory of Monte Conero, Monte Astagno and Monte Guasco.
Ancona is one of the main ports on the Adriatic Sea, especially for passenger traffic, and is the main economic and demographic centre of the region.
History
Greek colony
Ancona was populated as a region by Picentes since the 6th century BC, who also developed a small town there.
Ancona took a more urban shape by Greek settlers from
Roman municipium
When it became a
Byzantine city
Ancona was attacked successively by the
Maritime Republic of Ancona
After 1000, Ancona became increasingly independent, eventually turning into an important
In 1137, 1167 and 1174 it was strong enough to push back the forces of the
Unlike other cities of northern Italy, Ancona never became a
In the Papal States
Together with Rome and Avignon in southern France, Ancona was one of three cities in the Papal States in which the Jews were allowed to stay after 1569, living in the ghetto built after 1555.
In 1733, Pope Clement XII extended the quay, and an inferior imitation of Trajan's arch was set up; he also erected a Lazaretto at the south end of the harbour, Luigi Vanvitelli being the architect-in-chief. The southern quay was built in 1880, and the harbour was protected by forts on the heights. From 1797 onwards, when the French took it, it frequently appears in history as an important fortress.
The Greek community of Ancona
Ancona, as well as Venice, became a very important destination for merchants from the Ottoman Empire during the 16th century. The Greeks formed the largest of the communities of foreign merchants. They were refugees from former Byzantine or Venetian territories that were occupied by the Ottomans in the late 15th and 16th centuries. The first Greek community was established in Ancona early in the 16th century.
Contemporary history
Ancona entered the
On 23 May 1915, Italy entered World War I and joined the Entente Powers. In 1915, following Italy's entry, the battleship division of the Austro-Hungarian Navy carried out extensive bombardments causing great damage to all installations and killing several dozen people.[14] Ancona was one of the most important Italian ports on the Adriatic Sea during the Great War.
During
Jewish history
In 1555, pope
Though emancipated by
The Jews of Ancona received full emancipation in 1848 with
Two synagogues and two cemeteries still exist in the city. The ancient Monte-Cardeto cemetery is one of the biggest Jewish cemeteries in Europe and tombstones are dated to 1552 and on. It can still be visited and it resides within the Parco del Cardeto.
Geography
Climate
The climate of Ancona is
Climate data for Ancona (1971–2000) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 9.2 (48.6) |
10.2 (50.4) |
13.6 (56.5) |
16.9 (62.4) |
21.7 (71.1) |
25.6 (78.1) |
28.2 (82.8) |
28.1 (82.6) |
24.5 (76.1) |
19.4 (66.9) |
13.9 (57.0) |
10.4 (50.7) |
18.5 (65.3) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 5.3 (41.5) |
5.9 (42.6) |
8.6 (47.5) |
11.6 (52.9) |
16.3 (61.3) |
20.1 (68.2) |
22.6 (72.7) |
22.7 (72.9) |
19.3 (66.7) |
14.7 (58.5) |
9.8 (49.6) |
6.5 (43.7) |
13.6 (56.5) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 1.4 (34.5) |
1.6 (34.9) |
3.6 (38.5) |
6.4 (43.5) |
10.9 (51.6) |
14.5 (58.1) |
16.9 (62.4) |
17.2 (63.0) |
14.0 (57.2) |
10.0 (50.0) |
5.7 (42.3) |
2.6 (36.7) |
8.7 (47.7) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 43.8 (1.72) |
49.3 (1.94) |
56.8 (2.24) |
58.8 (2.31) |
54.0 (2.13) |
60.4 (2.38) |
47.1 (1.85) |
76.4 (3.01) |
72.6 (2.86) |
75.9 (2.99) |
86.0 (3.39) |
58.1 (2.29) |
739.2 (29.10) |
Source: MeteoAM[19] |
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1174 | 11,000 | — |
1565 | 18,435 | +67.6% |
1582 | 27,770 | +50.6% |
1656 | 17,033 | −38.7% |
1701 | 16,212 | −4.8% |
1708 | 16,194 | −0.1% |
1769 | 23,028 | +42.2% |
1809 | 31,231 | +35.6% |
1816 | 32,636 | +4.5% |
1828 | 36,816 | +12.8% |
1844 | 43,217 | +17.4% |
1846 | 43,953 | +1.7% |
1853 | 44,833 | +2.0% |
1861 | 47,230 | +5.3% |
1871 | 45,681 | −3.3% |
1881 | 48,888 | +7.0% |
1901 | 58,602 | +19.9% |
1911 | 65,388 | +11.6% |
1921 | 68,521 | +4.8% |
1931 | 75,372 | +10.0% |
1936 | 78,639 | +4.3% |
1951 | 85,763 | +9.1% |
1961 | 100,485 | +17.2% |
1971 | 109,789 | +9.3% |
1981 | 106,432 | −3.1% |
1991 | 101,285 | −4.8% |
2001 | 100,507 | −0.8% |
2010 | 102,997 | +2.5% |
Source: P. Burattini. Stradario – Guida della città di Ancona (Ancona, 1951) and ISTAT |
In 2007, there were 101,480 people residing in Ancona (the greater area has a population more than four times its size), located in the province of Ancona, Marches, of whom 47.6% were male and 52.4% were female. Minors (children ages 18 and younger) totalled 15.54 percent of the population compared to pensioners who number 24.06 percent. This compares with the Italian average of 18.06 percent (minors) and 19.94 percent (pensioners). The average age of Ancona residents is 48, compared to the Italian average of 42. In the five years between 2002 and 2007, the population of Ancona grew by 1.48 percent, while Italy as a whole grew by 3.56 percent.[20][21] The current birth rate of Ancona is 8.14 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.45 births.
As of 2006[update], 92.77% of the population was Italian. The largest immigrant group came from other European nations (particularly those from Albania, Romania and Ukraine): 3.14%, followed by the Americas: 0.93%, East Asia: 0.83%, and North Africa: 0.80%.
Ancona is also home to a dialect of the
Government
Main sights
Ancona Cathedral
Ancona Cathedral, dedicated to Judas Cyriacus, was consecrated at the beginning of the 11th century and completed in 1189.[22] Some writers suppose that the original church was in the form of a basilica and belonged to the 7th century. An early restoration was completed in 1234. It is a fine Romanesque building in grey stone, built in the form of a Greek cross, and other elements of Byzantine art. It has a dodecagonal dome over the centre slightly altered by Margaritone d'Arezzo in 1270. The façade has a Gothic portal, ascribed to Giorgio da Como (1228), which was intended to have a lateral arch on each side. The interior, which has a crypt under each transept, in the main preserves its original character. It has ten columns which are attributed to the temple of Venus.[9] The church was restored in the 1980s.
Arch of Trajan
The
Other sights
- Lazzaretto: the complex was planned by architect Luigi Vanvitelli in 1732 as a pentagonal building built on an artificial island, also pentagonal, as a quarantine station; it covers more than 20,000 square metres (220,000 square feet), built to protect the city from the risk of contagious diseases eventually reaching the town with the ships. Later it was used also as a military hospital or as barracks; it is currently used for cultural exhibits.
- The Episcopal Palace was the place where Pope Pius II died in 1464.
- Santa Maria della Piazza: medieval romanesque church with an elaborate arcaded façade (1210).[9]
- Palazzo del Comune (or Palazzo degli Anziani – Elders palace); it was built in 1250, with lofty arched substructures at the back, was gotic work of Margaritone d'Arezzo.[9]
- the Palazzo del Governo (now prefecture), Renaissance work of Francesco di Giorgio Martini.[9]
- Santi Pellegrino e Teresa: 18th century church.
- Santissimo Sacramento: 16th and 18th century church.
There are also several buildings by Giorgio da Sebenico, combining Gothic and Renaissance elements: the Palazzo Benincasa, the Loggia dei Mercanti, the Franciscan church of San Francesco alle Scale and Sant'Agostino, Augustinian church with statues portraying St. Monica, St. Nicola da Tolentino, St. Simplicianus and Blessed Agostino Trionfi; in the 18th century it was enlarged by Luigi Vanvitelli and turned into a palace after 1860.
The
- prehistoric section, with Copper Age and of the Bronze Age
- protohistoric section, with the richest existing collection of the Picenian civilization; the section includes a remarkable collection of Greek ceramics
- Greek-Hellenistic section, with coins, inscriptions, glassware and other objects from the necropolis of Ancona
- Roman section, with a statue of Augustus, Pontifex Maximus, carved sarcophagi and two Roman beds with fine decorations in ivory[9]
- rich collection of ancient coins (not yet exposed)
The Municipal Art Gallery (Pinacoteca Civica Francesco Podesti) is housed in the Palazzo Bosdari, reconstructed between 1558 and 1561 by Pellegrino Tibaldi. Works in the gallery include:
- Circumcision, Dormitio Virginis and Crowned Virgin, by Olivuccio di Ciccarello
- Madonna with Child, panel by Carlo Crivelli
- Gozzi Altarpiece by Titian
- Sacra Conversazione by Lorenzo Lotto
- Portrait of Francesco Arsilli by Sebastiano Del Piombo
- Circumcision by Orazio Gentileschi
- Immaculate Conception and St. Palazia by Guercino
- Four Saints in Ecstasis, Panorama of Ancona in the sixteenth century and Musician Angels by Andrea Lillio
Other artists present include Francesco Podesti, Ciro Ferri and Arcangelo di Cola. Modern artists featured are Anselmo Bucci, Massimo Campigli, Bruno Cassinari, Enzo Cucchi, Carlo Levi, Aligi Sassu, Orfeo Tamburi and others.
People
- Cyriac of Ancona (1391–1453/55), navigator and archeologist
- Franco Corelli (1921–2003), opera singer
- Jean Guillaume Bruguière (1749–1798), zoologist, died in Ancona in 1798
- Niccolò Matas (1798–1872), Italian architect[23]
- Emanuele Naspetti (born 1968), racing driver
- Virna Lisi (1936–2014), actress
- Vito Volterra (1860–1940), mathematician
Transportation
Shipping
The Port has regular ferry links to the following cities with the following operators:
- Adria Ferries (Durrës)
- Jadrolinija (Split, Zadar)
- SNAV (Split) (seasonal)
- Superfast Ferries (Igoumenitsa, Patras)
- ANEK Lines (Igoumenitsa, Patras)
- Minoan Lines (Igoumenitsa, Patras)
- Marmara Lines (Çeşme)
Airport
Ancona is served by
European Coastal Airlines, a former seaplane operator from Croatia, established trans-Adriatic flights between Croatia and Italy in November 2015, and offered four weekly flights from Ancona Falconara Airport to Split (59 minutes) and Rijeka (49 minutes).
Railways
The Ancona railway station is the main railway station of the city and is served by regional and long-distance trains. The other stations are Ancona Marittima, Ancona Torrette, Ancona Stadio, Palombina and Varano.
Roads
The A14 motorway serves the city with the exits "Ancona Nord" (An. North) and "Ancona Sud" (An. South).
Urban public transportation
The Ancona trolleybus system has been in operation since 1949. Ancona is also served by an urban and suburban bus network operated by Conerobus.
International relations
Twin towns — sister cities
Ancona is twinned with:
See also
- Maritime republics
- Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ancona-Osimo
- University of Ancona
- Biblioteca comunale Luciano Benincasa
- History of AC Ancona
- US Ancona 1905
- Stadio del Conero
References
- ^ "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
- ^ "Ancona AN - Marche". Comuni e borghi d'Italia (in Italian). Retrieved 1 July 2023.
- ^ "Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
- ^ "Ancona". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020.
- ^ "Ancona". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
- ^ "Ancona". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
- ^ "Ancona". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
- ^ Silius Italicus, VIII. 438
- ^ a b c d e f g h i public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ancona". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 951–952. One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
- ^ Livy xli. i
- ^ The other four were Fano, Pesaro, Senigallia and Rimini
- ^ The Italian Cities and the Arabs before 1095, Hilmar C. Krueger, A History of the Crusades: The First Hundred Years, Vol. I, ed. Kenneth Meyer Setton, Marshall W. Baldwin (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1955), p. 47.
- ^ The International Geographic Encyclopedia and Atlas, Ancona (p. 27), Springer, 1979. ISBN 9781349050024.
- ISBN 978-1-84476-299-6.
- ^ Jerzy Bordziłowski (ed. ), Mała encyklopedia wojskowa. Tom 1 (in Polish), Warsaw, Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej, 1967.
- ^ "The Jewish Community of Ancona". The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 3 February 2014.
- ^ Edict of the Inquisition of Ancona against the jews at Internet Archive
- ^ a b Jewish Virtual Library
- ^ "Falconara" (PDF). Italian Air Force National Meteorological Service. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
- ^ "Statistiche demografiche ISTAT". Demo.istat.it. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
- ^ "Statistiche demografiche ISTAT". Demo.istat.it. Archived from the original on 26 April 2009. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
- ^ San Ciriaco – La cattedrale di Ancona, Federico Motta editore, 2003
- ^ Capalbi, Monica (2008). "Matas, Niccolò (Niccola, Nicola)". Treccani. Biographical Dictionary of Italians - Volume 72. Institute of the Italian Encyclopedia.
- ^ "Kardeş Şehirlerimiz" (in Turkish). Çeşme. Retrieved 14 January 2023.
- ^ "General Information on city Galati". invest-in-galati.ro. Galați. Retrieved 14 January 2023.
- ^ "Gradovi prijatelji". split.hr (in Croatian). Split. Retrieved 14 January 2023.
- ^ "Gradovi prijatelji" (in Croatian). Zadar. Retrieved 14 January 2023.