Reindeer in Russia
Reindeer in Russia include tundra and forest reindeer and are subspecies of Rangifer tarandus. Tundra reindeer include the Novaya Zemlya (R.t.pearsoni) and Sápmi (R.t. tarandus) subspecies and the Siberian tundra reindeer (R.t. sibiricus).[1]: 333
Novaya Zemlya reindeer
The subspecies of reindeer, the Novaya Zemlya (R.t.pearsoni).: 58
Sami reindeer
A subspecies of reindeer, R.t. tarandus, a semi-domesticated reindeer are widespread in Sápmi.[1]: 333 Reindeer herds visit the grasslands of the Kola Peninsula in summer.[7]
Sami people and reindeer herding
By the end of the
Siberian tundra reindeer
Siberian tundra reindeer (R.t. sibiricus) "may be divided further into regional forms: the Taimyr Bulun, Yano-Indigirka and Novosibirsk islands (Egorov, 1971)."[1]: 333
There are three large herds of migratory tundra wild reindeer in central Siberia's Yakutia region: Lena-Olenek,
Further east again, the Chukotka herd is also in decline. In 1971 there were 587,000 animals. They recovered after a severe decline in 1986 to only 32,200 individuals, but their numbers fell again.[16] According to Kolpashikov, by 2009 there were less than 70,000.[15]
Taimyr reindeer herd
"In the 1960s up to 80% of reindeer wintered in the Putoran Mountains, but in the late 1970s most animals moved to the mountain taiga of the northern Evenkia and the western region of Yakutia. The shift in winter distribution occurred after the increase in population size, which resulted in deterioration of forage (Kuksoc, 1981). Lineitzev's (1983) observations at the biological station at Ayan Lake in the Putoran Mountains revealed the pattern of reindeer distribution in the piedmont. After some critical density was exceeded, migration was initiated through the Putoran plateau to the south. The new wintering grounds of the Taimyr reindeer are 1000-1200 km away from the calving grounds, and consequently the reindeer reach the Taimyr lowland later. The reindeer linger where the snow melts earlier on the winter mountain ranges. Then the reindeer have to migrate quickly but frequently do not reach the rivers before breakup. Then the reindeer have to stop at the river barrier to calve along the right bank of the
Enisei River, and when the ice conditions prevented them from crossing, they dispersed southward along the Enisei bank up to Turukhansk (Yakushkin et aL, 1970).— Baskin 1986
Forest reindeer
"Flerov (1952) and Sokolov (1959) divided forest reindeer into Siberian (R.t. valentinae) and Okhotsk (R.t. phylarchus). Egorov (1971), Vodopyanov (1970), Stremilov (1973) and Mukhachev (1981), however, inferred from their studies that the forest reindeer of Evenkia, Trans-Baikal Territory, Southern Yakutia and Far East are the same subspecies."[1]: 333
Wild forest reindeer, are similar to the woodland caribou in North America.[20] The male wild forest reindeer weighs 150 kg (330 lb)-200 kg (440 lb) and the female 60 kg (130 lb)-100 kg (220 lb).[20]
As the ice sheets melted 10,000 years ago, wild reindeer reached Fennoscandia from the eastern side of the Baltic Sea. Their range reached its peak in the 1600s-1700s. At that time wild forest reindeer inhabited nearly the "entire Eastern Fennoscandian and Northwestern Russian areas all the way to Ilmajärvi."[21] By the eighteenth century their range was being reduced and fragmented. They were "hunted to extinction in Finland in the late 1910s, but continued to live in the remote backwoods of Russian Karelia." By the early 2000s "the southern boundary of the range of wild forest reindeer in Karelia has retreated to the north, and the population is fragmented." Today the wild forest reindeer is found in Russia, in Kom and Arkhangelsk, as well as Karelia.[22]
The wild forest reindeer is an increasingly rare species in most of Russia. Mountain reindeer in the Kirov area are extremely endangered. Many are listed in the Red Book as endangered: Republik of Komi: wild mountain reindeer; Krasnoyarsk area: R. t. valentinae , two subspecies: Angara stock, Altai-Sayan stock; Altai Republic: Siberian forest reindeer, R.t.valentinae; Buryatia Republic: Mountain reindeer; Kamchatka region: Ohota orkamchatka forest reindeer, R. t. phylarchus; Sakhalin area: Ohota forest reindeer, R. t. phylarchus.[22]
Other populations are listed as vulnerable and rare including the Republic of Karelia: Wild forest reindeer, Rangifer tarandus fennicus; Tjumen area: Mountain reindeer, Rangifer tarandus; Kemerovo area: R.t. angustifrons; Irkutsk area: Siberian forest reindeer R. t. valentinae, wild forest reindeer subspecies Sayano-Altai stock; Khakassia stock; Tyva Republic: Siberian forest reindeer, R. t. angustifrons; Magadan area: Ohota forest reindeer, R. t. phylarchus.[22]
Reindeer husbandry
According to
There are over two dozen regions where reindeer husbandry has been part of the economy in Russia.[24][25]
Domestic "reindeer are sharply distinct in conformation and colouration and their morphological and ecological characteristics vary regionally. Like their wild conspecifics, regional variation in domestic reindeer may be explained by environmental conditions."[1]: 333
East Siberian Sea
The coast of the East Siberian Sea was inhabited for many centuries by the native peoples of northern Siberia such as
Soyot reindeer herding
Vainshtein undertook expeditions to study reindeer-herders including the Soyot.[25]
In 1926, the ethnologist Bernhard Eduardovich Petri, (1884-1937), led the first anthropological expedition into the Soyot reindeer-herding region.[30] Petri described a difficult period in Russian history claiming that Soyot reindeer herding was a "dying branch of the economy."[30][31][32] Pavlinskaya argued that "later research and data collected from Soyot elders show that the herding tradition easily overcame the period’s difficulties and endured until the middle of the 20th century, when the government interfered."[30]
In 2000 reindeer peoples of Mongolia and Russia were working on collaborative efforts to rebuild reindeer-herding.[33]
Plumley suggested that the Soyot of Buryatia's Okinsky Region, the
See also
Additional sources
Anderson, David G. "Identity and Ecology in Arctic Siberia: The Number One Reindeer Brigade (Oxford Studies in Social and Cultural Anthropology)." (2000).
Konstantinov, Yulian. “Memory of Lenin Ltd.: Reindeer-Herding Brigades on the Kola Peninsula.” Anthropology Today, vol. 13, no. 3, 1997, pp. 14–19. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/2783133.
Konstantinov, Yulian. Conversations with Power: Soviet and post-Soviet developments in the reindeer husbandry part of the Kola Peninsula. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 2015.
Stammler, Florian. "Reindeer nomads meet the market." Münster: LIT Verlag (2005).
Vitebsky, Piers. The reindeer people: living with animals and spirits in Siberia. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2006.
References
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- ^ "Новая земля в 1917—1941 гг". Belushka.virtbox.ru. Retrieved 27 September 2012.
- ^ "The Columbia Encyclopedia". Retrieved 14 October 2006.
- ^ "2" (PDF), Ядерные испытания СССР, vol. 1, archived from the original (PDF) on 14 April 2010
- ^ World Wildlife Fund, ed. (2001). "Kola Peninsula tundra". WildWorld Ecoregion Profile. National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 8 March 2010.
- ^ Administrative-Territorial Divisions of Murmansk Oblast
- ^ Atlas of Murmansk Oblast, 1971
- ^ "The Sámi– one people in four countries" (PDF), Gáldu – Resource Centre for the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
- ^ "Sami People" (PDF), UNESCO, UNESCO Observatory Cultural Village Program, archived from the original (PDF) on 4 June 2013
- ^ F. Norokorpi, Yrjö (2007). "World Heritage and the Arctic". Case study: Struve Geodetic Arc. UNESCO.
- ^ ISBN 9781896209111. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
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- ^ a b c d e Kolpashikov, L.; Makhailov, V.; Russell, D. (2014). "The role of harvest, predators and socio-political environment in the dynamics of the Taimyr wild reindeer herd with some lessons for North America". Ecology and Society.
- ^ Klokov, K. (2004). "Russia. Family-Based Reindeer Herding and Hunting Economies, and the Status and Management of Wild Reindeer/Caribou Populations". Sustainable Development Program, Arctic Council, Centre for Saami Studies, University of Tromsø: 55–92.
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(help) - ^ a b Russell, D.E.; Gunn, A. (20 November 2013). "Migratory Tundra Rangifer". NOAA Arctic Research Program.
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(help) - ^ "World's largest reindeer herd plummets". BBC News. 13 December 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
- ^ "Putorana Plateau", UNESCO, UNESCO World Heritage Site datasheet, 2010, retrieved 7 January 2015
- ^ a b "Rangifer genus", Metsähallitus, Wild Forest Reindeer, nd, retrieved 7 January 2015
- ^ "North West Russia", Metsähallitus, Wild Forest Reindeer, nd, retrieved 7 January 2015
- ^ a b c "Wild Forest Reindeer", Metsähallitus, nd, retrieved 7 January 2015The site has been made as part of the wild forest reindeer project, partly financed by the Karelia ENPI CBC Programme. The site has been cooperatively prepared by Metsähallitus, the Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute (RKTL) and the Institute of Biology at the Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Maintained by Metsähallitus.
- ^ "Evenki Reindeer Herding: A History", Cultural Survival, retrieved 30 December 2014
- ^ "Interactive Map of Reindeer Husbandry in Russia", Rangifer, nd, archived from the original on 16 May 2013, retrieved 7 January 2015
- ^ a b Vainshtein, Sev’yan I. (1971), "The Problem of the Origins of Reindeer Herding in Eurasia, Part II: The Role of the Sayan Center in the Diffusion of Reindeer Herding in Eurasia", Sovetskaya Etnografiya, 5: 37–52
- ^ Yukaghirs, Great Soviet Encyclopedia (in Russian)
- ^ Evenks, Great Soviet Encyclopedia (in Russian)
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- ^ Evens, Novosibirsk University (in Russian)
- ^ a b c Pavlinskaya, Larisa R. (Spring 2003), "Reindeer Herding in the Eastern Sayan- A Story of the Soyot", Cultural Survival Quarterly, The Troubled Taiga, 27 (1), retrieved 30 December 2014
- ^ Petri, B.E. (1927), Anthropological Research into the Small-Numbered Peoples of the Eastern Sayan Mountains (Preliminary Findings), Irkutsk
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- ^ a b Plumley, Daniel R. (June 2000), "Requiem or Recovery: The 21st Century Fate of the Reindeer-Herding Peoples of Geographical Central Asia", Totem Peoples Preservation Project, Cultural Survival Inc., Republic of Tuva, archived from the original on 19 January 2015, retrieved 31 December 2014