Renkyō Line
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The Renkyō Line (連京線; in Chinese Lianjing Line, Liánjīng Xiàn) was the primary
trunk line of the South Manchuria Railway from 1907 to 1945. The 701.4 km (435.8 mi) line ran between Dalian (Dairen) and Changchun
(Xinjing).
The rights to manage this railway line was one of the main concessions that
Japan acquired from Russia after the Russo-Japanese War. It played an important role in Japan's control of Manchuria, as a key connection in traffic between east Asia and Europe and as a means of conveying resources mined inland to the coast. The line's importance to freight traffic decreased somewhat after the opening of the shorter North Chosen Line via the Korean port of Rajin. It remained important to passenger traffic, however, as the "Asia Express" Dalian–Harbin limited express train, inaugurated in 1943, operated on this line between Dalian and Xinjing.[1] In August 1945, after Japan's defeat in the Pacific War, control of this and all other Mantetsu lines was passed to the Sino-Soviet China Changchun Railway
.
History
The Renkyō Line began as the "South Manchuria Line" of the Russian-owned
standard gauge.[3]
Mantetsu created the Renkyō Line - then called the Manchu Main Line (満洲本線, Manshū Honsen, Mǎnzhōu Běnxiàn) - between Dairen and
100-lb/yd (50 kg/m) rail. The first colour light signals for automatic block signalling
were installed on the Dalian–Jinzhou (Kinshū) and Fengtian–Sujiatun sections on 12 February 1924, and the entire section from Dalian to Fengtian received automatic blocking by 5 November 1933. On 15 July 1927, the line's name was changed from Manchu Main Line to Renchō Line (連長線; "Lianchang Line", Liáncháng Xiàn, in Chinese).
Using the
Mukden Incident as a pretext to invade Manchuria, Japan created the puppet state of Manchukuo in March 1932;[4] Changchun was designated the capital city, and was renamed Xinjing (Shinkyō), and the line was renamed once again, becoming the Renkyō Line at that time. The "Asia Express", a world-class limited express train,[5] was introduced on 26 September 1934 between Dalian and Xinjing. The Manchukuo National Railway, which had taken over the remainder of the Chinese Eastern Railway, finished the conversion of the Jingbin Line
from Xinjing to Harbin from broad gauge to standard gauge on 31 August 1935, and from 1 September the Asia Express service was extended to Harbin.
Japan's deteriorating situation in the Pacific War affected the line significantly. The Asia Express was suspended at the end of February 1943. The loss of air and sea superiority led to a drastic reduction in freight traffic to the port at Dalian, being instead redirected to Korean ports, via the
Chosen Government Railway to Busan. Between 1 August and 3 November 1944, the second track of the 180.3 km (112.0 mi) section between Sanshilibao (Sanjūrihō) and Dashiqiao (Daisekikyō) was removed, with the railways being used to upgrade Mantetsu's Anpō Line and the Manchukuo National Railway's Fengshan Line from Fengtian to Shanhaiguan.[6]
On 9 August 1945, the Soviet Union invaded Manchukuo, and on the 14th, the USSR and the Republic of China signed a treaty of friendship; the signing of the treaty was announced on the 27th. Under the terms of this treaty, a Sino-Soviet joint enterprise was formed, called the China Changchun Railway, to operate the Renkyō Line (known as the Changda Line after Xinjing reverted to its original name, Changchun) and a number of lines formerly owned by the Manchukuo National Railway, including the Xinjing–Harbin Jingbin Line and the Harbin–Manzhouli Binzhou Line. Mantetsu was formally dissolved on 30 September 1945.[7] The China Changchun Railway was transferred to China Railway in 1955, after which the Changda Line was split up, with the Dalian–Shenyang section becoming the Shenda Railway, and the Shenyang–Changchun section becoming part of the Beijing–Harbin Jingha Railway.
Services
In addition to many freight trains and local passenger trains, a number of domestic and international express and limited express trains operated on this line. Most important of these was the flagship "
American express trains of the day,[5] which featured several world firsts, such as fully enclosed, air-conditioned carriages.[8] The "Hato" express operated from 1932 to 1945, running between Dalian and Xinjing. There were two international express services serving Korea and Manchukuo: the "Hikari" between Busan
and Harbin, which operated from 1934 to 1945, and the "Nozomi", which ran between Busan and Xinjing.
Route
In the "Stops" columns, ● indicates a stop made by all trains of that category, ▲ indicates a stop made only by some trains of that category, ○ indicates a stop made by all trains of that category after October 1939, and | indicates that trains of that category did not stop at that station. Ordinary passenger trains stopped at all stations except signal stops.
| Distance | Station name | Stops | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total; km | S2S; km | Japanese | Chinese | Post-1945 | Exp. | Ltd. | Opened | Connections |
| 0.0 | 0.0 | Dairen 大連 |
Dalian | Dalian | ● | ● | 1903 | Gusai Line |
| 4.0 | 4.0 | Shakakō 沙河口 |
Shahekou | Shahekou | ▲ | ｜ | 1909 | Futō Line, Nyūzen Line |
| 8.9 | 4.9 | Shūsuishi 周水子 |
Zhoushuizi | Zhoushuizi | ▲ | ｜ | 1907 | Ryojun Line |
| 15.5 | 6.6 | Nankanrei 南関嶺 |
Nanguanling | Nanguanling | ｜ | ｜ | ||
| 23.2 | 7.7 | Entō 塩島 |
Yandao | Yandao | ｜ | ｜ | 1911 | |
| 27.7 | 4.5 | Daibōshin 大房身 |
Dafangshen | Dafangshen | ｜ | ｜ | 1903 | |
| 32.5 | 4.8 | Kinshū 金州 |
Jinzhou | Jinzhou | ● | ｜ | 1903 | Kinjō Line (zh) |
| 46.4 | 13.9 | Nijūridai 二十里台 |
Ershirlitai | Ershirlitai | ｜ | ｜ | ||
| 55.8 | 9.4 | Sanjūrihō 三十里堡 |
Sanshilibao | Sanshilibao | ｜ | ｜ | ||
| 66.1 | 10.3 | Sekika 石河 |
Shihe | Shihe | ｜ | ｜ | ||
| 77.2 | 11.1 | Furanten 普蘭店 |
Pulandian | Pulandian | ● | ｜ | 1903 | |
| 94.1 | 6.9 | Tenka 田家 |
Tianjia | Tianjia | ｜ | ｜ | ||
| 105.0 | 10.9 | Gabōten 瓦房店 |
Wafangdian | Wafangdian | ● | ｜ | 1903 | |
| 112.7 | 7.7 | Ōka 王家 |
Wangjia | Wangjia | ｜ | ｜ | ||
| 124.1 | 11.4 | Tokuriji 得利寺 |
Delisi | Delisi | ｜ | ｜ | ||
| 130.7 | 6.6 | Shōshu 松樹 |
Songshu | Songshu | ｜ | ｜ | ||
| 146.3 | 15.6 | Bankarei 万家嶺 |
Wanjialing | Wanjialing | ｜ | ｜ | ||
| 160.5 | 14.2 | Kyokaton 許家屯 |
Xujiatun | Xujiatun | ｜ | ｜ | 1938 | |
| 168.0 | 7 | Kyūsai 九寨 |
Jiuzhai | Jiuzhai | ｜ | ｜ | ||
| 173.9 | 5.9 | Rizan 梨山 |
Lishan | - | ｜ | ｜ | Closed 1 April 1944 | |
| 178.2 | 4.3 | Ugakujō 熊岳城 |
Xiongyuecheng | Xiongyuecheng | ● | ｜ | 1903 | |
| 188.2 | 10.0 | Rokaton 芦家屯 |
Lujiatun | Lujiatun | ｜ | ｜ | ||
| 199.0 | 10.8 | Sakō 沙崗 |
Shagang | Shagang | ｜ | ｜ | ||
| 209.6 | 11 | Kaihei 蓋平 |
Gaiping | Gaizhou | ▲ | ｜ | 1903 | |
| 218.3 | 8.7 | Hakuki 白旗 |
Baiqi | - | ｜ | ｜ | Closed 1 April 1944 | |
| 228.3 | 10.0 | Taiheizan 太平山 |
Taipingshan | Taipingshan | ｜ | ｜ | ||
| 239.5 | 11.2 | Daisekikyō 大石橋 |
Dashiqiao | Dashiqiao | ● | ● | 1900 | Eikō Line |
| 247.1 | 7.6 | Funsui 分水 |
Fenshui | Fenshui | ｜ | ｜ | ||
| 255.1 | 8.0 | Tazan 他山 |
Tashan | Tashan | ｜ | ｜ | ||
| 263 | Tōōzan 唐王山 |
Tangwangshan | Tangwangshan | ｜ | ｜ | 1935 | ||
| 271.6 | ~8 | Kaijō 海城 |
Haicheng | Haicheng | ● | ｜ | 1903 | |
| 280.7 | 9.1 | Nantai 南台 |
Nantai | Nantai | ｜ | ｜ | 1907 | |
| 285.5 | 4.8 | Kansenfu 甘泉鋪 |
Ganquanpu | - | ｜ | ｜ | Closed 1 September 1944 | |
| 292.8 | 7.3 | Tōkōshi 湯崗子 |
Tanggangzi | Tanggangzi | ● | ｜ | 1907 | |
| 302.2 | 9.4 | Senzan 千山 |
Qianshan | Jiupu | ｜ | ｜ | 1905 | |
| 307.3 | 5.1 | Anzan 鞍山 |
Anshan | Anshan | ● | ○ | 1918 | |
| 312.6 | 5.3 | Rissan 立山 |
Lishan | Lishan | ｜ | ｜ | ||
| Dairakuton-shingōsho 大樂屯信号所 |
Daletun signal stop | ｜ | ｜ | |||||
| 317.6 | 5.0 | Reizan 霊山 |
Lingshan | Lingshan | ｜ | ｜ | 1907 | |
| 321.7 | 4.1 | Shuzan 首山 |
Shoushan | Shoushan | ｜ | ｜ | 1907 | |
| 332.3 | 10.6 | Ryōyō 遼陽 |
Liaoyang | Liaoyang | ● | ｜ | 1899 | Liaogong Line (zh) |
| 339.0 | 6.7 | Taishika 太子河 |
Taizihe | - | ｜ | ｜ | 1931 | Closed 1 September 1944 |
| 345.2 | 6.2 | Chōdaishi 張台子 |
Zhangtaizi | Zhangtaizi | ｜ | ｜ | 1907 | |
| 354.6 | 9.4 | Endai 煙台 |
Yantai | Dengta | ｜ | ｜ | 1903 | Endai Colliery Line |
| 362.9 | 8.3 | Jūrika 十里河 |
Shilihe | Shilihe | ｜ | ｜ | 1919 | |
| 371.7 | 8.8 | Shaka 沙河 |
Shahe | Linshengpu | ｜ | ｜ | 1911 | |
| 381.0 | 9.3 | Sokaton 蘇家屯 |
Sujiatun | Sujiatun | ● | ｜ | 1903 | Anpō Line, Bushun Line (zh) |
| 388.0 | 7.0 | Konga 渾河 |
Hunhe | Hunhe | ｜ | ｜ | 1902 | Anpō Line, Kon'yu Connecting Line, MNR Fengshan Line |
| 392.1 | 4.1 | Minami-Hōten 南奉天 |
South Fengtian | Shenyang South | ｜ | ｜ | ||
| 396.6 | 4.5 | Hōten 奉天 |
Fengtian | Shenyang | ● | ● | 1899 | Anpō Line, MNR Fengshan Line, MNR Fengji Line (zh) |
| 398 | ~3 | Kita-Hōten 北奉天 |
North Fengtian | Shenyang North | ｜ | ｜ | 1911 | MNR Huanggutun Connecting Line |
| 409.7 | ~11 | Bunkanton 文官屯 |
Wenguantun | Wenguantun | ｜ | ｜ | 1907 | |
| 417.2 | 7.5 | Kosekidai 虎石台 |
Hushitai | Hushitai | ｜ | ｜ | 1901 | |
| 422.1 | 4.9 | Tōsanka 唐三家 |
Tangsanjia | - | ｜ | ｜ | Closed 1 September 1944 | |
| 429.3 | 7.2 | Shinseiji 新城子 |
Xinchengzi | Xinchengzi | ｜ | ｜ | 1908 | |
| 441.3 | 12.0 | Shindaiji 新台子 |
Xintaizi | Xintaizi | ｜ | ｜ | 1899 | |
| 448.8 | 7.5 | Ransekizan 乱石山 |
Luanshishan | Luanshishan | ｜ | ｜ | 1907 | |
| 458.5 | 9.7 | Tokushōdai 得勝台 |
Deshengtai | Deshengtai | ｜ | ｜ | 1907 | |
| 468.0 | 9.5 | Tetsurei 鐵嶺 |
Tieling | Tieling | ● | ｜ | 1900 | |
| 478.7 | 10.7 | Heichōho 平頂堡 |
Pingdingbao | Pingdingbao | ｜ | ｜ | 1907 | |
| 482.6 | 3.9 | Santōhō 山頭堡 |
Shantoubao | - | ｜ | ｜ | Closed 1 September 1944 | |
| 489.5 | 6.9 | Chūko 中固 |
Zhonggu | Zhonggu | ｜ | ｜ | 1907 | |
| 501.5 | 12.0 | Kaigen 開原 |
Kaiyuan | Kaiyuan | ● | ｜ | 1901 | Kaifeng Railway (ja) Kaifeng Line |
| 512.3 | 10.8 | Kinkōji 金溝子 |
Jingouzi | Jingouzi | ｜ | ｜ | 1909 | |
| 522.4 | 10.1 | Bachūka 馬仲河 |
Mazhonghe | Mazhonghe | ｜ | ｜ | 1909 | |
| 532.6 | 10.2 | Shōto 昌圖 |
Changtu | Changtu | ▲ | ｜ | 1901 | |
| 540.0 | 7.4 | Mansei 満井 |
Manjing | Manjing | ｜ | ｜ | 1907 | |
| 547.0 | 7.0 | Sentō 泉頭 |
Quantou | Quantou | ｜ | ｜ | 1911 | |
| 557.6 | 10.6 | Sōbyōji 雙廟子 |
Shuangmiaozi | Shuangmiaozi | ｜ | ｜ | 1901 | |
| 566.7 | 9.1 | Enkōji 垣勾子 |
Maojiadian | Maojiadian | ｜ | ｜ | 1911 | |
| 573.2 | 6.5 | Bōgyūshō 虻牛哨 |
Mengniushao | Mengniushao | ｜ | ｜ | 1911 | |
| 585.9 | 12.7 | Shihei 四平 Shiheigai 四平街 (to 1941) |
Siping | Siping | ● | ● | 1902 | MNR Shibai Line (zh), MNR Heisei Line (zh) |
| 592.4 | 6.5 | Yōmokurin 楊木林 |
Yangmulin | Yangmulin | ｜ | ｜ | 1919 | |
| 601.5 | 9.1 | Jūkahō 十家堡 |
Shijiabao | Shijiabao | ｜ | ｜ | 1909 | |
| 612.3 | 10.8 | Kakukaten 郭家店 |
Guojiadian | Guojiadian | ｜ | ｜ | 1901 | |
| 623.0 | 10.7 | Saika 蔡家 |
Caijia | Caijia | ｜ | ｜ | 1911 | |
| 631.5 | 8.5 | Daiyuju 大楡樹 |
Dayushu | Dayushu | ｜ | ｜ | 1908 | |
| 639.4 | 7.9 | Kōshurei 公主嶺 |
Gongzhuling | Gongzhuling | ● | ｜ | 1901 | |
| 650.2 | 10.8 | Rubōshi 劉房子 |
Liufangzi | Liufangzi | ｜ | ｜ | 1908 | |
| 661.0 | 10.8 | Tōkaton 陶家屯 |
Taojiatun | Taojiatun | ｜ | ｜ | 1916 | |
| 671.2 | 10.2 | Hankaton 范家屯 |
Fanjiatun | Fanjiatun | ｜ | ｜ | 1901 | |
| 681.6 | 10.4 | Daiton 大屯 |
Datun | Datun | ｜ | ｜ | 1907 | |
| 692.7 | 11.1 | Mōkaton 孟家屯 |
Mengjiatun | Mengjiatun | ｜ | ｜ | ||
| 696.4 | 3.7 | Minami-Shinkyō 南新京 |
South Xinjing | Changchun South | ▲ | ｜ | 1906 | |
| Sensō-shingōba 千早信号場 |
Qianzao signal stop | ｜ | ｜ | |||||
| 701.4 | 5.0 | Shinkyō 新京 |
Xinjing | Changchun | ● | ● | 1907 | MNR Jingbai Line (zh), MNR Jingbin Line, MNR Jingtu Line (zh), |
References
- ^ Ichihara, Yoshizumi, 写真集南満洲鉄道 (South Manchuria Railway Photo Collection) pp. 119-120, 135, 1998 Seibundo Shinkosha Publishing Co. Ltd. (in Japanese)
- ^ Young, Japan's Total Empire, pp 25
- ^ Luis Jackson, Industrial Commissioner of the Erie Railroad. "Rambles in Japan and China". In Railway and Locomotive Engineering, vol. 26 (March 1913), pp. 91-92
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica article on Manchukuo Archived 2007-12-21 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b 1934年（昭和9年） パシナ形蒸気機関車979号が当社製造蒸気機関車の1,500両目となる : 沿革 : 川崎重工 車両カンパニー. www.khi.co.jp (in Japanese). Kawasaki Heavy Industries. Retrieved 1 March 2017.
- ^ 『満鉄四十年史』 "40 Years of Mantetsu", pp. 199–202"
- ^ 『満鉄四十年史』 "40 Years of Mantetsu", pp. 215–220"
- ^ "満州写真館 特急あじあ (in Japanese)". Archived from the original on 2017-03-02. Retrieved 2018-02-11.
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