Harbin
Harbin
哈尔滨市 Ha'erbin, Haerhpin | |
---|---|
Lilac | |
Website | Harbin Official Website |
Harbin | ||
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Hanyu Pinyin | Hā'ěrbīn | |
Literal meaning | ( Hanyu Pinyin Hā'ěrbīn | |
Bopomofo | ㄏㄚ ㄦˇ ㄅㄧㄣ | |
Gwoyeu Romatzyh | Ha'eelbin | |
Wade–Giles | Ha1-êrh3-pin1 | |
IPA | [xá.àɚpín] ⓘ | |
Yue: Cantonese | ||
Jyutping | Haa1ji5ban1 |
Harbin
Harbin, whose name was originally a
Known for its bitterly cold winters, Harbin is heralded as the Ice City (
Harbin is one of the top 65 cities and metropolitan areas in the world by
History
Early history
Human settlement in the Harbin area dates from at least 2200 BC during the late
After the
International city
A small village in 1898 grew into the modern city of Harbin.
The city was intended as a showcase for Russian imperialism in Asia and the American scholar Simon Karlinsky, who was born in Harbin in 1924 into a Russian-Jewish family, wrote that in Harbin "the buildings, boulevards, and parks were planned—well before the October Revolution—by distinguished Russian architects and also by Swiss and Italian town planners", giving the city a very European appearance.[28] Starting in the late 19th century, a mass influx of Han Chinese arrived in Manchuria, and taking advantage of the rich soils, founded farms that soon turned Manchuria into the "breadbasket of China" while others went to work in the mines and factories of Manchuria, which become one of the first regions of China to industrialize. Harbin became one of the main points through which food and industrial products were shipped out of Manchuria. A sign of Harbin's wealth was that a theater had established during its first decade and in 1907 the play K zvezdam by Leonid Andreyev had its premiere there.[29]
During the
The rapid growth of the city challenged the public healthcare system. The worst-ever recorded outbreak of pneumonic plague spread to Harbin through the Trans-Manchurian railway from the border trade port of Manzhouli.[30] The plague lasted from late autumn of 1910 to spring 1911 and killed 1,500 Harbin residents (mostly ethnic Chinese), or about five percent of its population at the time.[31] This turned out to be the beginning of the large so-called Manchurian plague pandemic, which ultimately claimed 60,000 victims. In the winter of 1910, Dr. Wu Lien-teh (later the founder of Harbin Medical University) was given instructions from the Foreign Office, Peking, to travel to Harbin to investigate the plague. Dr. Wu asked for imperial sanction to cremate plague victims, as cremation of these infected victims turned out to be the turning point of the epidemic. The suppression of this plague pandemic changed medical progress in China. Bronze statues of Dr. Wu Lien-teh were built in Harbin Medical University to remember his contributions in promoting public health, preventive medicine, and medical education.[32]
The first generation of Harbin Russians were mostly the builders and employees of the Chinese Eastern Railway. They moved to Harbin in order to work on the railroad. At the time Harbin was not an established city. The city was almost built from scratch by the builders and early settlers. Houses were constructed, furniture and personal items were brought in from Russia. After the
Immediately after the February Revolution of 1917 Harbin Soviet was organized.[36] It sought to seize control over the Chinese Eastern Railway and to defend Russian citizens in Manchuria.[37] The Bolshevik Martemyan Ryutin was the chairman of the Harbin Soviet.[38]
After Russia's
In 1920 more than 100,000 defeated
The
The Russian community in Harbin made it their mission to preserve the pre-revolutionary culture of Russia. The city had numerous Russian language newspapers, journals, libraries, theaters, and two opera companies.[41] One of the famous Russian poets in Harbin was Valery Pereleshin, who started publishing his intensely homoerotic poetry in 1937 and was also one of the few Russian writers in Harbin who learned Mandarin.[42] The subject of Pereleshin's poetry caused problems with the Russian Fascist Party, and led Pereleshin to leave Harbin for Shanghai, and ultimately to the United States.[42] Not all of the Russian newspapers were of high quality, with Karlinsky calling Nash put', the newspaper of the Russian Fascist Party "the lowest example of gutter journalism that Harbin had ever seen".[43] Nikolai Baikov, a Russian writer in Harbin was known for his novels of exile life in that city together with his accounts of his travels across Manchuria and the folklore of its Manchu and Chinese population.[43] Boris Yulsky, a young Russian writer who published his short stories in the newspaper Rubezh was considered to be a promising writer whose career was cut short when he gave up literature for activism in the Russian Fascist Party and cocaine addiction.[43] Moya-tvoya (mine – yours), a pidgin language that was a combination of Russian and Mandarin Chinese that had developed in the 19th century when Chinese went to work in Siberia, was considered essential by the Chinese businesspeople of Harbin.[44]
In the early 1920s, according to Chinese scholars' recent studies, over 20,000 Jews lived in Harbin.[45] After 1919, Dr. Abraham Kaufman played a leading role in Harbin's large Russian Jewish community.[46] The Republic of China discontinued diplomatic relations with the Russian Republic in 1920, leaving many Russians stateless.[further explanation needed] When the Chinese Eastern Railway and government in Beijing announced in 1924 that they agreed the railroad would employ only Russian or Chinese nationals, the émigrés were forced to announce their ethnic and political allegiance. Most accepted Soviet citizenship.[citation needed]
The Chinese warlord
Japanese invasion period
Japan invaded
With the establishment of the
Some others were
Twelve Unit 731 members were found guilty in the
Chinese revolutionaries including
Under the Manchukuo régime and Japanese occupation, Harbin Russians had a difficult time. In 1935, the Soviet Union sold the Chinese Eastern Railway (KVZhD) to the Japanese, and many Russian emigres left Harbin (48,133 of them were arrested during the Soviet Great Purge between 1936 and 1938 as "Japanese spies"[63]).[35] Most departing Russians returned to the Soviet Union, but a substantial number moved south to Shanghai or emigrated to the United States and Australia. By the end of the 1930s, the Russian population of Harbin had dropped to around 30,000.[64]
Many of Harbin's Jews (13,000 in 1929) fled after the Japanese occupation as the Japanese associated closely with militant anti-Soviet Russian Fascists, whose ideology of anti-Bolshevism and nationalism was laced with virulent anti-Semitism.[65] The Kwantung Army-sponsored and financed the Russian Fascist Party, which after 1932 started to play an over-sized role in the Harbin's Russian community as its thugs began to harass and sometimes kill those opposed to it. Most Jews left for Shanghai, Tianjin, and the British Mandate of Palestine.[66] In the late 1930s, some German Jews fleeing the Nazis moved to Harbin. Japanese officials later facilitated Jewish emigration to several cities in western Japan, notably Kobe, which came to have Japan's largest synagogue.
After World War II
The
Harbin was one of the key construction cities of China during the First Five-Year Plan period from 1951 to 1956. 13 of the 156 key construction projects were aid-constructed by the Soviet Union in Harbin. This project made Harbin an important industrial base of China. During the
National economy and social service have obtained significant achievements since the
On 5 October 1984, Harbin was designated a
Harbin hosted the third Asian Winter Games in 1996.[74] In 2009, Harbin held the XXIV Winter Universiade.
A memorial hall honoring
Geography
Harbin, with a total land area of 53,068 km2 (20,490 sq mi), is located in southern Heilongjiang province and is the provincial capital. The prefecture is also located at the southeastern edge of the
Climate
Under the
Climate data for Harbin (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1961–2010) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 4.2 (39.6) |
10.6 (51.1) |
22.6 (72.7) |
32.5 (90.5) |
36.2 (97.2) |
39.2 (102.6) |
39.2 (102.6) |
35.6 (96.1) |
31.4 (88.5) |
28.6 (83.5) |
18.7 (65.7) |
8.5 (47.3) |
39.2 (102.6) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −11.8 (10.8) |
−5.9 (21.4) |
3.2 (37.8) |
14.0 (57.2) |
21.6 (70.9) |
26.6 (79.9) |
28.2 (82.8) |
26.7 (80.1) |
21.6 (70.9) |
12.6 (54.7) |
0.1 (32.2) |
−9.8 (14.4) |
10.6 (51.1) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −17.3 (0.9) |
−11.9 (10.6) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
8.0 (46.4) |
15.7 (60.3) |
21.3 (70.3) |
23.7 (74.7) |
21.9 (71.4) |
15.7 (60.3) |
6.8 (44.2) |
−4.6 (23.7) |
−14.6 (5.7) |
5.2 (41.3) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −22.4 (−8.3) |
−17.8 (0.0) |
−8.2 (17.2) |
1.9 (35.4) |
9.6 (49.3) |
16.0 (60.8) |
19.3 (66.7) |
17.4 (63.3) |
10.2 (50.4) |
1.6 (34.9) |
−9 (16) |
−19.1 (−2.4) |
0.0 (31.9) |
Record low °C (°F) | −38.1 (−36.6) |
−37.3 (−35.1) |
−28.4 (−19.1) |
−12.8 (9.0) |
−3.8 (25.2) |
4.6 (40.3) |
9.5 (49.1) |
5.5 (41.9) |
−4.8 (23.4) |
−16.2 (2.8) |
−26.5 (−15.7) |
−35.7 (−32.3) |
−42.6 (−44.7) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 3.8 (0.15) |
4.5 (0.18) |
11.5 (0.45) |
19.3 (0.76) |
51.4 (2.02) |
100.4 (3.95) |
137.0 (5.39) |
112.7 (4.44) |
52.3 (2.06) |
24.5 (0.96) |
14.4 (0.57) |
7.6 (0.30) |
539.4 (21.23) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 4.8 | 3.6 | 5.4 | 6.6 | 10.5 | 13.8 | 14.0 | 11.9 | 9.1 | 6.6 | 5.8 | 6.9 | 99 |
Average snowy days | 8.2 | 6.6 | 7.0 | 2.5 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.2 | 8.3 | 10.1 | 45 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
70 | 64 | 55 | 48 | 53 | 64 | 76 | 78 | 69 | 61 | 64 | 70 | 64 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 129.7 | 171.7 | 215.3 | 215.7 | 237.0 | 240.2 | 222.6 | 220.4 | 224.1 | 191.9 | 148.9 | 122.1 | 2,339.6 |
Percent possible sunshine | 46 | 58 | 58 | 53 | 51 | 51 | 47 | 51 | 60 | 58 | 53 | 45 | 53 |
Average ultraviolet index | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
Source 1: China Meteorological Administration,[85][86][87] Weather China[88] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Weather Atlas[89] |
Administrative divisions
The sub-provincial city of Harbin has direct jurisdiction over 9
Map | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Daoli Nangang Daowai Pingfang Songbei Xiangfang Acheng Shuangcheng | ||||||||||||
Division code[90] | Division | Area in km2[91] |
Population(2010) | Seat | Postal code | Subdivisions[92] | ||||||
Subdistricts | Towns | Townships | Ethnic townships | Residential communities | Villages | |||||||
230100 | Harbin | 53,523.5 | 10,635,971 | Songbei |
150000 | 131 | 107 | 62 | 12 | 850 | 1879 | |
City proper | ||||||||||||
230102 | Daoli
|
479.2 | 923,762 | Fushun Subdistrict | 150000 | 20 | 3 | 116 | 37 | |||
230103 | Nangang
|
182.9 | 1,343,857 | Dacheng Subdistrict | 150000 | 18 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 169 | 20 | |
230104 | Daowai
|
618.6 | 906,421 | Daxing Subdistrict | 150000 | 22 | 4 | 114 | 38 | |||
230108 | Pingfang
|
98.0 | 190,253 | Youxie Subdistrict | 150000 | 6 | 2 | 25 | 11 | |||
230109 | Songbei
|
736.3 | 236,848 | Songbei Subdistrict | 150000 | 7 | 2 | 33 | 48 | |||
230110 | Xiangfang
|
339.5 | 916,408 | Xiangfang Avenue Subdistrict | 150000 | 20 | 4 | 117 | 46 | |||
Suburbs | ||||||||||||
230111 | Hulan | 2,185.9 | 764,534 | Limin Subdistrict | 150500 | 16 | 7 | 3 | 48 | 170 | ||
230112 | Acheng
|
2,452.1 | 596,856 | Jincheng Subdistrict | 150300 | 12 | 7 | 76 | 108 | |||
230113 | Shuangcheng
|
3,112.0 | 825,634 | Xinxing Subdistrict | 150100 | 10 | 6 | 11 | 5 | 18 | 246 | |
Satellite cities | ||||||||||||
230183 | Shangzhi Ct. | 8,824.9 | 585,386 | Shangzhi Town | 150600 | 10 | 7 | 2 | 21 | 163 | ||
230184 | Wuchang Ct. | 7,502.0 | 881,224 | Wuchang Town | 150200 | 12 | 12 | 3 | 21 | 261 | ||
Rural | ||||||||||||
230123 | Yilan Co. | 4,616.0 | 388,319 | Yilan Town | 154800 | 6 | 3 | 1 | 12 | 132 | ||
230124 | Fangzheng Co. | 2,968.6 | 203,853 | Fangzheng Town | 150800 | 4 | 4 | 15 | 67 | |||
230125 | Bin Co. | 3,844.7 | 551,271 | Binzhou Town | 150400 | 12 | 5 | 5 | 143 | |||
230126 | Bayan Co. | 3,137.7 | 590,555 | Bayan Town | 151800 | 10 | 8 | 35 | 116 | |||
230127 | Mulan Co. | 3,600.0 | 277,685 | Mulan Town | 151900 | 6 | 2 | 7 | 86 | |||
230128 | Tonghe Co. | 5,675.5 | 210,650 | Tonghe Town | 150900 | 6 | 2 | 6 | 81 | |||
230129 | Yanshou Co. | 3,149.6 | 242,455 | Yanshou Town | 150700 | 5 | 4 | 12 | 106 |
Economy
Harbin has the largest economy in Heilongjiang province.
The chernozem soil in Harbin is one of the most nutrient rich in all of China, making it valuable for cultivating food and textile-related crops. As a result, Harbin is China's base for the production of commodity grain and an ideal location for setting up agricultural businesses.
Harbin also has industries such as light industry, textile, medicine, food, aircraft, automobile, metallurgy, electronics, building materials, and chemicals that help to form a fairly comprehensive industrial system. Several major corporations are based in the city.
Harbin International Trade and Economic Fair has been held annually since 1990.
In the financial sector, Longjiang Bank and Harbin Bank are some of the largest banks in Northeast China, with headquarters in Harbin. The latter ranks fourth by competitiveness among Chinese city commercial banks in 2011.[102]
In commerce, there is
Economic development zones and ports
- Harbin Economic & Technology Development Zone (National), mainly focus on telecommunications equipment, chemicals production and processing, automobile production/assembly, electronics, textiles, medical equipment and supplies.[8][103]
- Harbin High and New Technological Development Zone, focus on optical-mechanical-electrical integration, biology, medicine, electronics and information technology.[8]
- Harbin Pingfang Automobile Industrial Zone (Provincial), mainly focus on automobile production/assembly, electronics assembly & manufacturing, heavy industry, instruments & industrial equipment production.[104]
- Harbin Limin Economic Development Zone (Provincial), mainly focus on trading and distribution, food/beverage processing, medical equipment and supplies, shipping/warehousing/logistics.[105]
- Harbin Port
- Harbin Songbei Economic Development Zone
Songbei Economic Development Zone is located in
- Harbin Economic and Technological Development Zone
Harbin Economic and Technological Development Zone (HETDZ) is one of the 90 national economical development zones of China. It was set up in June 1991, and was approved by the State Council as a national development zone in April 1993. In December 2012, Harbin High Technology Development Zone was merged into HETDZ. In 2009, the hi-tech zone was separated from HETDZ again.[108] The area now has a total area of 18.5 square-kilometers in the centralized parks, subdivided into Nangang and Haping Road Centralized Parks. The 12.2 square-kilometers Yingbin Road Hi-tech Centralized Park, which was formerly part of HETDZ, is currently under the administration of Harbin High and New Technology Industry Development Zone since 2009.
- Nangang Centralized Park: designated for the incubation of high-tech projects and research and development base of enterprises as well as tertiary industries such as finance, insurance, services, catering, tourism, culture, recreation and entertainment, where the headquarters of large famous companies and their branches in Harbin are located.
- Yingbin Road Centralized Park: mainly focus on high-tech incubation projects, high-tech industrial development.
- Haping Road Centralized Park: designated for a comprehensive industrial basis for the investment projects of automobile and automobile parts manufacturing, medicines, foodstuffs, electronics, textile; Automobile production and assembly raw material processing are the encouraged industries in this region.
- Harbin High and New Technology Industry Development Zone
Harbin High and New Technology Industry Development Zone is one of the 56 national High and New Technology Industry Development Zones of China.[109] The zone was first set up as a provincial level development zone in 1988, and was approved by the State Council as a national development zone in 1991 respectively.[110] It has 23.9 square-kilometers of built-area totally, and subdivided into two parts: Science and Technology Innovation Town and High-tech Industrial Development Zone.[109]
Demographics
Population
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1934 | 500,526 | — |
1944 | 711,818 | +42.2% |
1953 | 1,162,962 | +63.4% |
1964 | 1,962,000 | +68.7% |
1982 | 2,542,832 | +29.6% |
1990 | 4,219,516 | +65.9% |
2000 | 9,413,359 | +123.1% |
2010 | 10,635,971 | +13.0% |
Population size may be affected by changes on administrative divisions. |
The
The demographic profile for the Harbin metropolitan area in general is relatively old: 10.95 percent are under the age of 14, while 8.04 percent are over 65, compared to the national average of 16.6% and 8.87 percent, respectively. Harbin has a higher percentage of males (50.85 percent) than females (49.15 percent).[114] Harbin currently has a lower birth rate than other parts of China, with 6.95 births per 1,000 inhabitants, compared to the Chinese average of 12.13 births.[115]
Ethnic groups
Most of Harbin's residents belong to the
Ethnic groups in Harbin, 2000 census[116] | ||
---|---|---|
Ethnicity |
Population | Percentage |
Han Chinese | 8,796,610 | 93.45% |
Manchu | 433,340 | 4.6% |
Koreans | 119,883 | 1.27% |
Hui | 39,995 | 0.43% |
Mongols | 13,163 | 0.14% |
Xibe |
4,741 | 0.05% |
Russians | 938 | 0.01% |
Others | 4,689 | 0.05% |
Religion
The Catholic minority is pastorally served by the
Culture
The Harbin local culture is based on Han culture, combined with Manchu culture and Russian culture.[8] This combination of cultures influences the local architecture style, food, music, and customs. The city of Harbin was appointed a UNESCO City of Music on 22 June 2010 as part of the Creative Cities Network.[119]
Cuisine
Harbin is renowned for its culinary tradition. The cuisine of Harbin consists of European dishes and Northern Chinese dishes mainly typified by heavy sauce and deep-frying.
One of the most famous dishes in
Demoli Stewed Live Fish is one among other notable dishes in Harbin, which is originated in a village named Demoli on the expressway from Harbin to Jiamusi. The village is now Demoli Service Area on Harbin-Tongjiang Expressway.[122] Stewed Chicken with Mushrooms, Braised Pork with Vermicelli, and quick-boil pork with Chinese sauerkraut are also typical authentic local dishes.
Since Russia had a strong influence on Harbin's history, the local cuisine of Harbin also contains Russian-style dishes and flavor.[8] There are several authentic Russian-style restaurants in Harbin, especially alongside the Zhongyang Street.[123]
A popular regional specialty is
A Russian style large round bread 大列巴 dà liě ba, derived from the Russian word khleb for "bread" is also produced in Harbin's bakeries. Dalieba is a miche like sourdough bread. First introduced to the locals by a Russian baker, it has been sold in bakeries in Harbin for over a hundred years.[126] Dalieba's sour and chewy taste is different from other traditional soft and fluffy Asian style breads in other parts of China.
Madier ("马迭尔", derived from "Modern") ice-cream provided in the Zhongyang Street is also well known in northern China. This ice cream is made from a specific traditional recipe and it tastes a little salty but more sweet and milky. Besides its headquarters in Harbin, it also has branches in other major Chinese cities including Beijing, Shanghai, etc.[129]Manchu cuisine has mostly disappeared from Harbin.[130]
Tourism
Harbin, the capital of Heilongjiang Province, is situated in the northeast of the Northeast China Plain. It is a Famous Historical and Cultural City with an infusion of foreign culture. It is also popular as a city universally prestigious for its snow and ice culture. Summer and winter are the best occasions to visit Harbin as it is a cool resort in the short lovely summer and a fascinating ice kingdom in the harsh cold and long winter.[131]
Harbin is known for its European-style structures, for example, the popular Saint Sophia Cathedral, the design on Central Street, and the Baroque compositional complex in Lao Daowai (Old Town). Harbin in winter shows a large number of ice figures and offers many ice and snow activities for sightseers.
Along with facilitating the world's greatest Ice and Snow Festival, Harbin flaunts the world's biggest indoor ski park, which is inside the Wanda Harbin Mall (counting six ski slants up to 500 meters in length).[131]
Winter culture
Located in northern Northeast China, Harbin is the northernmost among major cities in China. Under the direct influence of the
The annual
The "Harbin International Ice and Snow Festival" is one of the four largest ice and snow festivals in the world, along with Japan's
Every November, the city of Harbin sends teams of ice artisans to the United States to promote their unique art form. It takes more than 100 artisans to create ICE!, the annual display of indoor Christmas-themed ice carvings in National Harbor, Maryland; Nashville, Tennessee; Kissimmee, Florida; and Grapevine, Texas.
The Music City
Founded in 1908, the Harbin Symphony Orchestra was China's oldest symphony orchestra. Harbin No.1 Music School was also the first music school in China, which was founded in 1928. Nearly 100 famous musicians have studied at the school since its founding, said Liu Yantao, deputy chief of Harbin Cultural, Press and Publication Bureau. Every year, thousands of youngsters start their music dreams in this city, and the "Harbin Summer Music Concert" serial activities that always be held in the every year's summer present the music passion of the locals. UNESCO recognizes China's Harbin as "The Music City" as part of the Creative Cities Network in 2010.[119]
Harbin Summer Music Concert
Harbin Summer Music Concert ('Concert' for short) is a national concert festival, which is held on 6 August every two years for a period of 10~11 days. During the concert, multiple evenings, concert, race and activities are held. The artists come from all over the world.
The 'Harbin Summer Music Month', which was then renamed as 'Harbin Summer Music Concert', was held in August 1958. The first formal Concert was held on 5 August 1961 in Harbin Youth Palace, and kept on every year until 1966 when the
Media
Television and radio
- Heilongjiang Television(HLJTV) serves as the media outlets of this region, broadcasts on seven channels as well as a satellite channel for other provinces.
- Harbin Television [zh] (HRBTV) serves as a municipal station, which has five channels for specialized programming.
- Long Guang, Dragon Broadcast, formerly Heilongjiang People's Broadcasting Station, the radio station group that serves the whole Heilongjiang region, providing seven channels including a Korean language broadcast station.
- Harbin People's Broadcasting Station [zh] (HPBS), broadcasts music, news, traffic, economy and life in Harbin and adjacent areas including Daqing, Suihua and Fuyu.
Architecture
Harbin is notable for its combination of Chinese and European architecture styles. Many Russian and other European style buildings are protected by the government. The architecture in Harbin gives it the nicknames of "Oriental Moscow" and "Oriental Paris" in China.[81]
Historical architecture
The
Many citizens believe that the Orthodox church damaged the local
The Harbin Railway Administration, formerly known as the Middle East Railway Administration, commonly known as the "big stone house", was built in 1902, destroyed twice and rebuilt in 1904 and 1906.[citation needed]
Modern architecture
The Harbin Grand Theatre is a landmark building in Harbin. It is built in accordance with the water and is consistent with the surrounding environment. It embodies the concept of the landscape and landscape of the north. As a public building facility, the theatre provides people and visitors with different spatial experiences from the theatre, landscape, square and stereoscopic platform. During the design process, architect Ma Yansong has set up a unique sightseeing corridor and viewing platform in the Grand Theatre. Visitors are able to overlook the surrounding wetland and enjoy the unique natural wetland scenery of Harbin.
After the completion of the Harbin Grand Theatre, the public can enjoy opera, symphony, ballet and drama performances in various function rooms.
Sports
As the center of winter sports in China, Harbin has hosted the
Harbin has an indoor speed skating arena, the Heilongjiang Indoor Rink.[146] Opened in 1995, it is the oldest one of seven in China.
Mutual cooperation of the Far Eastern State Academy of Physical Culture and the Harbin Institute of Physical Education started an exchange of sports and cultural delegations, holding of sports, training of Chinese students in Khabarovsk, Russia and Harbin. Russian side started to have plans to introduce bandy to China while Harbin has good preconditions to become one of the strong points of this sport in China.[147] The national team is based in Harbin,[148][149] and it was confirmed in advance that they would play in the 2015 Bandy World Championship.[150] The Chinese team came 16th in a field of 17 teams, edging out Somalia. Mr Zhu, president of the sport university, is a member of the Federation of International Bandy council.[151] In December 2017, an international student tournament will be played.[152] While Chinese bandy is still in its initial stages, it is expected that Harbin even more will become the driving force behind the domestic development,[153] for example via opening the Federation of International Bandy office for development and promotion in Asia.[154][155]
An indoor ski resort opened in Harbin in 2017 and laid claim to be the world's largest of its kind. It will make it possible to enjoy down-hill skiing all year round.[157]
Events
The 1996 Asian Winter Games were held in Harbin. While ice games were mainly held in Harbin city, the skiing events were held in Yabuli ski resort, Shangzhi City. In the frame of this campaign to assert its role on the world scene, Harbin hosted the 2009 Winter Universiade. Local Government spent 3.6 billion yuan for this event, with 2.63 billion used in construction and renovation of its sport infrastructure for this Universiade.[158]
Harbin hosted the Asian Basketball Confederation Championship in 2003, in which China won the championship on their home court for the thirteenth time.[159]
Harbin bid to host the 2010 Winter Olympics, which was ultimately awarded to Vancouver, Canada.[160]
The second China-Russia University Winter Sports Carnival was inaugurated 12 December 2017.[161] This marked the first international bandy in Harbin.[162] The Russian participation came from DVGAFK [ru] in Khabarovsk among men and IrGTU in Irkutsk among women.[163]
Being the national centre of bandy, Harbin organised Division B of the 2018 Bandy World Championship and China improved its placing to 12th from a total field of 16 teams.[164][165][166]
Transport
Railway
Located at the junction of "T-style" mainline system, Harbin is an important railway hub of the Northeast China Region.
The city's main railway stations are the
Direct passenger train service is available from Harbin Railway Station to large cities including Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, Guangzhou, Jinan, Nanjing and many other major cities in China.[95] Direct high-speed railway service began operation between Harbin West and Shanghai Hongqiao stations on 28 December 2013, and shorten the journey time to 12 hours.[171]
-
North terminal of Harbin Railway Station
-
Harbin West Railway Station
-
Harbin East Railway Station
-
Harbin South Railway Station
-
A CRH High-Speed train enters Harbin West railway station.
Road
As an important regional hub in Northeast China, Harbin has an advanced highway system. Major highways that pass through or terminate in Harbin include the Beijing–Harbin, Heihe–Dalian, Harbin–Tongjiang, Changchun–Harbin, and Manzhouli–Suifenhe highways.
- G1 Beijing–Harbin Expressway
- G10 Suifenhe–Manzhouli Expressway
- G1001 Harbin Ring Expressway
- G1011 Harbin–Tongjiang Expressway, a spur of G10 that extends west to Tongjiang, formerly part of China National Highway 010
- G1111 Hegang–Harbin Expressway, a spur of G11 Hegang–Dalian Expressway
- G1211 Jilin–Heihe Expressway, a spur of G12 Hunchun–Ulanhot Expressway that extends north to Heihe
- China National Highway 102
- China National Highway 202
- China National Highway 221
- China National Highway 222
- China National Highway 301
Air
Harbin Taiping International Airport, which is 35 kilometres (22 miles) away from the urban area of Harbin, is the second largest international airport in Northeast China. The technical level of flight district is 4E, which allows all kinds of large and medium civil aircraft. There are flights to over thirty large cities including Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Nanjing, Qingdao, Wenzhou, Xiamen, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Shenyang, Dalian, Xi'an and Hong Kong.[95] In addition there are also scheduled international flights between Harbin and Russia, Singapore, Malaysia and South Korea. In June 2015, The first LCC international air routes to Japan, specifically the city of Nagoya was to begin.[167] Because of the freight capability limitation, construction of the T2 Terminal began on 31 October 2014. The 160,000-square-meter T2 Terminal was scheduled to be finished in 2017, and will increase the freight capacity of the airport to three times of the previous.[172] Harbin is also working on T3 which would be shaped like a snow flake, signifying Harbin as an ice city famous for their annual International Ice & Snow Sculpture Festival which places during the heavy winter season.[173]
Metro
Construction of Harbin Metro started on 5 December 2006. The total investment for the first phase of Line 1 is RMB5.89 billion. Twenty stations were planned to be set on this 17.73 km (11.02 mi) long line starting from Harbin East Railway Station to the 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University in the west of the city. A metro depot, a command centre and two transformer substations will be built along the line. Most of the line's route follows the air defence evacuation tunnel left from the "7381" Project, which started in 1973 and ended in 1979. The 7381 project was intended to protect Harbin from the former Soviet Union's possible invasion or nuclear attack.
The
Picture References:
Ports and waterways
There are more than 1,900 rivers in Heilongjiang, including the
Education and research
Harbin is one of the top 65 cities and metropolitan areas in the world by scientific research output as tracked by the Nature Index.[15] As Harbin serves as an important military industrial base after PRC's foundation, it is home to several key universities mainly focused on the science and technology service of national military and aerospace industry.[177] Soviet experts played an important role in many education projects in this period. Due to the threat of possible war with the Soviet Union, however, several colleges were moved southwards to Changsha, Chongqing, and several other southern cities in China in the 1960s. Some of these colleges were returned to Harbin in the 1970s.
The city hosts several major universities in Northeast China, including Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin Medical University, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin University, Heilongjiang University of Science and Technology, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin Sport University, and Heilongjiang University.[16][178]
Notably,
Military
Harbin is now headquarters of the 78th Group Army of the People's Liberation Army, one of the three group armies that comprise the Northern Theater Command responsible for defending China's northeastern borders with Russia, Mongolia and North Korea. 23rd Group Army of the PLA used to garrison in Harbin before it was disbanded in a cycle of reductions in 2003.
International relations
Harbin has
In 2009 Harbin opened an International Sister Cities museum. It has 1,048 exhibits in 28 rooms, with a total area of 1,800 square metres (19,375 square feet).[182]
On 3 September 2015, China and Russia signed an agreement to re-open the Russian consulate in Harbin, as the former Soviet consulate was closed in 1962 after the Sino-Soviet split. China will also establish a corresponding consulate in Vladivostok.[183]
See also
- Chinese Baroque Street
- Dragon man
- Harbin Ferris Wheel
- Harbin Siberian Tiger Park
- List of cities in the People's Republic of China by population
- List of colleges and universities in Harbin
- List of current and former capitals of subnational entities of China
- List of universities and colleges in Heilongjiang
Notes
- ^ /hɑːrˈbɪn, hɑːrˈbiːn/ har-BIN, har-BEEN;[4][5] Manchu: ᡥᠠᡵᠪᡳᠨ, Möllendorff: Harbin, IPA: [χarpin]; simplified Chinese: 哈尔滨; traditional Chinese: 哈爾濱; pinyin: Hā'ěrbin; IPA: [xá.àɚpín] ⓘ.
- ^ "Harbintsy" is the Russian word for "people of Harbin", cf. Berliners, New Yorkers, Muscovites. It applies to any nationality, not just Russians. While the paper focuses on Russian Harbintsy, many of their experiences were shared by Russians living elsewhere in "Russian Manchuria".
References
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Sources
- Jing-shen, Tao (1976). The Jurchen in Twelfth-Century China. University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-95514-7.
- Lahusen, Thomas (15 November 2001). Harbin and Manchuria: Place, Space, and Identity (South Atlantic Quarterly (Book 99) ed.). Location: Duke University Press Books. pp. 276 pages. ISBN 0-295-95514-7.
- Karlinsky, Simon (2013). Freedom from Violence and Lies Essays on Russian Poetry and Music. Boston: Academic Studies Press. Excerpt at JSTOR j.ctt1zxsk34.29
- Walravens, Hartmut. "German Influence on the Press in China". – In: Newspapers in International Librarianship: Papers Presented by the Newspaper Section at IFLA General Conferences. ISBN 978-3-11-096279-6.
e**Also available at (Archive) the website of the
- Also available in Walravens, Hartmut and Edmund King. Newspapers in international librarianship: papers presented by the newspapers section at IFLA General Conferences. ISBN 978-3-598-21837-8.
- Also available in Walravens, Hartmut and Edmund King. Newspapers in international librarianship: papers presented by the newspapers section at IFLA General Conferences.
Further reading
- Bakich, Olga. "A Russian City in China: Harbin before 1917". Canadian Slavonic Papers 28.2 (1986): 129–148.
- Carter, James. "Struggle for the Soul of a City: Nationalism, Imperialism, and Racial Tension in 1920s Harbin". Modern China 27.1 (2001): 91–116.
- Clausen, Søren, and Stig Thøgersen. The making of a Chinese city: history and historiography in Harbin (ME Sharpe, 1995).
- Gamsa, Mark. "Harbin in comparative perspective". Urban History 37.1 (2010): 136–149.
- Guins, George C. "Russians in Manchuria". Russian Review 2.2 (1943): 81–87. Online excerpt
- Horn, Dara, People Love Dead Jews. New York: W. W. Norton. (2021) ISBN 978-0-393-53157-2. Chapter 2: Frozen Jews.
- Lahusen, Thomas. "A place called Harbin: reflections on a centennial". China Quarterly 154 (1998): 400–410.
- Meyer, Mike, "Manchuria Under Ice", Departures Magazine, Nov/Dec 2006, 292–297
- Xie, Liou, et al. "Harbin: A rust belt city revival from its strategic position". Cities 58 (2016): 26–38. Online
- Zissermann, Lenore Lamont, Mitya's Harbin; Majesty and Menace, Book Publishers Network, 2016, ISBN 978-1-940598-75-8
External links
- Harbin Government website
- Harbin travel guide from Wikivoyage