Revolt of the Muckers
Mucker's Revolt | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||
Belligerents | |||||||
Muckers | Empire of Brazil | ||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Jacobina Mentz Maurer † |
Colonel Genuino Sampaio † Col. César Augusto Col. Carlos Telles Cap. Santiago Dantas | ||||||
Strength | |||||||
700-1,000 |
600 soldiers 150 volunteer civilians | ||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||
approximately 150 killed, hundreds captured | at least 40 soldiers killed (including Colonel Genuino) |
The Revolt of the Muckers was a conflict between two groups in a
History
German settlement
Before emancipation in 1955, Sapiranga was considered the fifth district of
The Muckers
These Germans lived in an isolated rural community without access to medical care. Therefore, many of them used to consult local
In 1826, Jacobina's uncle, Libório Mentz built the first
On May 4, 1873, Jacobina preached to a congregation and an estimated 100 to 500 people were present.
Jacobina ordered her followers to leave the church and the local school, because, according to her, the institutions were not teaching the true Gospel anymore. This attitude irritated the religious members and a large part of the community that was not following Mentz and split the community: those who joined Jacobina were known as Mucker (because they were effectively rolling in the muck with their "false saint") and those who were against Jacobina were known as Spotter (a slang word for spy, or a combination of Portuguese and German slang, for stuttering informant). Among those against Jacobina were Karl von Koseritz, the founder of the Deutsche Zeitung (German Newspaper) of
On May 24, 1874 a great religious service was held in Ferrabraz, where Jacobina announced the end of the world and ordered the extermination of 16 families. On June 15 the massacre of the Kassel family occurred. An
On 19 July 1874, according to military records, provincial and imperial troops, supported by locals, attacked the Maurer's house was and set it on fire during a meeting. Dozens of men and women, and their children, died in the attack in addition to Genuino Sampaio. Although several survivors were arrested, Jacobina escaped with her newborn child and hid in the nearby woods. Two weeks later, locals colonists and soldiers found and killed the group, and mutilated the bodies: Jacobina's mouth was slit. They were all placed in a common grave in the forest, but Jorge Maurer's body was never found.[8]
Even after Jacobina's death, there are records of the presence of Muckers as late as 1897 and 1898. On October 23–24, 1897 three people were killed and the crime was attributed to the Muckers led by Aurélia Maurer, the daughter of Jacobina. In 1898, a group of 100 Germans murdered 5 Muckers in the region of Nova Petrópolis and Lajeado.[9]
Popular culture
There is also a 1901 book of the same title, Os Muckers, by Pe. Ambrosio Schupp,
In 1978, filmmaker Jorge Bodansky reproduced the story of the revolt in the film Os Muckers (in Germany, it was named Jakobine).[
Notes
- ^ A Revolta dos Muckers
- ^ Sapiranga História
- ^ "Sapateiros" gaúchos têm origem alemã
- ^ Joao Biehl, The Mucker War, Found in Mary-Jo DelVecchio Good (ed), Post Colonial Disorders. University of California Press, 2008, pp. 288.
- ^ Chisholm 1911, pp. 954–955.
- ^ Biehl, p. 288–289.
- ^ Joao Biehl, The Mucker War, Found in Mary-Jo DelVecchio Good (ed), Post Colonial Disorders. University of California Press, 2008, pp. 288.
- ^ Joao Biehl, The Mucker War, Found in Mary-Jo DelVecchio Good (ed), Post Colonial Disorders. University of California Press, 2008, pp. 279–290.
- ^ DESCRIÇÃO CRONOLÓGICA DO EPISÓDIO MUCKER Archived 2011-07-06 at the Wayback Machine
- OCLC 8991598
- ^ a b Lesser 2013, p. 52.
- ^ IMDB, A Paixão de Jacobina, accessed 14 July 2015.
References
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 954–955. Endnotes:
- Lesser, Jeffrey (2013). "Muckers". Immigration, Ethnicity, and National Identity in Brazil, 1808 to the Present. New Approaches to the Americas (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 50–52. ISBN 9780521193627.
- Robert M. Levine, Vale of Tears, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1992, p. 220-221.
Further reading
- Adam, Thomas, ed. (2005). "Muckers". Germany and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History : a Multidisciplinary Encyclopedia. Transatlantic relations series. ABC-CLIO. pp. 783–784. ISBN 9781851096282.
- Bethell, Leslie, ed. (1985). Brazil: Empire and Republic, 1822-1930. Volume 5 of Cambridge History of Latin America. Vol. 3 (reprint, illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 170–171. ISBN 9780521368377.