Rievaulx Abbey
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Walter l'Espec and Thurstan, Archbishop of York | |
| Important associated figures | Aelred of Rievaulx |
|---|---|
| Site | |
| Location | Rievaulx, North Yorkshire, England |
| Coordinates | 54°15′27″N 1°7′0″W / 54.25750°N 1.11667°W |
| Visible remains | substantial |
| Public access | yes |
Rievaulx Abbey (
Foundation
Rievaulx Abbey was the first Cistercian monastery in the north of England,[2] founded in 1132 by twelve monks from Clairvaux Abbey.[3][4]
Its remote location was well suited to the order's ideal of a strict life of prayer and self-sufficiency with little contact with the outside world. The abbey's patron, Walter Espec, also founded another Cistercian community, that of Wardon Abbey in Bedfordshire, on unprofitable wasteland on one of his inherited estates.[5]
William I, the first
Financial prosperity
The abbey lies in a wooded dale by the River Rye, sheltered by hills.[9][10] The monks diverted part of the river several yards to the west in order to have enough flat land to build on. They altered the course of the river twice more during the 12th century. The old course is visible in the grounds of the abbey. This is an illustration of the technical ingenuity of the monks, who over time built up a profitable business mining lead and iron ore, rearing sheep and selling wool to buyers from all over Europe. Rievaulx Abbey became one of the greatest and wealthiest in England, with 140 monks and many more lay brothers. It received grants of land totalling 6,000 acres (2,400 ha) and established daughter houses in England and Scotland.
By the end of the 13th century the abbey had incurred debts on its building projects and lost revenue owing to an epidemic of
By the 15th century the Cistercian practices of strict observance according to the Rule of Saint Benedict had been abandoned in favour of a more comfortable lifestyle. The monks were permitted to eat meat, more private living accommodation was created for them and the abbot had a substantial private household in what had once been the infirmary.
Dissolution
The abbey was a troubling one for the authorities. Edward Cowper led the monks beginning in 1530, but the monks objected to his style. He was ejected in 1533 and initially the monks refused a replacement.[11]
At the time of its dissolution in 1538 the abbey was said to consist of 72 buildings occupied by the abbot and 21 monks, with 102 lay employees and an income of £351 a year. The abbey owned a prototype blast furnace at Laskill, producing cast iron as efficiently as a modern blast furnace.
As was standard procedure, the confiscated monastic buildings were rendered uninhabitable and stripped of valuables such as lead. The site was granted to Thomas Manners, 1st Earl of Rutland, one of Henry's advisers, until it passed to the Duncombe family.[12]
Post-monastic era
In the later 16th and 17th centuries Rievaulx was an important iron-manufacturing site.[1]
In the 1750s the then owner,
In the 1920s, the then-owner of the abbey donated lead, which had been stripped from its windows after the Dissolution and stored away, for the restoration of York Minster's Five Sisters window, which had been removed for safety during the First World War.[13]
In the 20th century the abbey became a historic monument in the care of the State and is now managed by the English Heritage Trust.
In 2015 Historic England commissioned an archaeological survey and investigation of the abbey precinct using low-level aerial photography to make a digital surface model and an earthwork plan. This was followed by a ground-based survey in 2018. The aim of the project was to develop a better understanding of the landscape surrounding the abbey and was published in 2019.[1]
When awarded a
Burials
- Aelred of Rievaulx
- Thomas de Ros, 4th Baron de Ros
- John de Ros, 5th Baron de Ros
Gallery
-
Rievaulx Abbey -
Rievaulx Abbey viewed from Rievaulx Terrace (NT) -
Rievaulx Abbey -
Rievaulx Abbey showing Presbytery (R), South Transept, Chapter House foundations & wall of Infirmary (L) -
View looking south-southeast through the nave of the abbey church -
Ruins of Rievaulx Abbey, 1803, by John Sell Cotman -
Ruins of Rievaulx Abbey nave, 1854, by Roger Fenton -
Ruins of Rievaulx Abbey high altar, 1854, by Roger Fenton
See also
References
- ^ a b c Pearson, T. (2019). "Rievaulx Abbey, Helmsley, North Yorkshire: Archaeological Survey and Investigation of the Precinct. Historic England Research Report 7/2019". research.historicengland.org.uk. Retrieved 9 June 2020.
- ISSN 2058-5144.
- ISBN 978-1-84868-418-8.
- S2CID 162222660.
- doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8885. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)
- ^ "Retracing the steps of Fountains Abbey founders". The Northern Echo. 26 December 2018. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
- ^ Walteri Danielis Vita Ailredi Abbatis Rievall, ed. FM Powicke, (London, 1959), ca. 30.
- ^ cf. Walter Daniel records a visitation that Aelred made to Dundrennan. Aelred Squire, OP, Aelred of Rievaulx: A Study (London: SPCK, 1969), p. 65
- ^ Gasquet 1908, p. 221.
- ^ Herbert, Ian (23 October 2011). "Spartan monks liked a touch of pink". The Independent. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
- required.)
- S2CID 159705299.
- ^ "Women's War Memorial". The British Medical Journal (Vol. 2 No. 3366 ed.). London, UK: BMJ. 4 July 1925. p. 25.
Sources
- Caroe and Partners (2001). A Second Paradise of Wooded Delight: Rievaulx Abbey Conservation Plan Volume 2. English Heritage.
- Fergusson, Peter; Harrison, Stuart (2000). Rievaulx Abbey. Community, Architecture, Memory. Yale University Press.
- Gasquet, Francis Aidan (1908). The greater abbeys of England. Chatto & Windus. OCLC 781133028.
- ISBN 0-89526-038-7.
- Derbyshire, David (21 June 2002). "Henry 'Stamped Out Industrial Revolution'". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 30 June 2014.
External links
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