Robert McCarrison

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Robert McCarrison
Born15 March 1878
Portadown
Died18 May 1960
Oxford
Occupation(s)Physician, nutritionist

FRCP (15 March 1878 – 18 May 1960[1]) was a Northern Ireland physician and nutritionist in the Indian Medical Service, who was made a Companion of the Indian Empire (CIE) in 1923,[2] received a knighthood in July 1933,[3] and was appointed as Honourable Physician to the King in 1935.[4]

McCarrison was born in

goitre won widespread recognition and in 1913 he was promoted to do research. In 1928 he became Director of Nutritional Research in India, where he remained until his retirement from the Indian Medical Service in 1935, when he returned to England, settling at Oxford.[1]

Pioneer in nutrition research

McCarrison carried out the very first experiments to demonstrate the effect of nutrition on the epidemiology of disease.[citation needed]

McCarrison is credited with being the first to experimentally demonstrate the effect of deficient dietaries upon animal tissues and organs.

vitamin B had ever been made; the histopathological effects of such food on the various systems of the body were wholly unknown; above all, its effects on the gastro-intestinal tract and the organs of digestion and assimilation, and the significance of these effects for clinical medicine, were wholly unsuspected".[14]

At age 23, McCarrison went to India, where he spent 30 years on nutritional problems.[15] He attained the rank of major-general in the Indian Medical Service,[9] and founded the Nutritional Research Laboratories in Coonoor.[15] After retiring from the Indian Medical Service in 1935,[10] he gave a series of Cantor lectures at the Royal Society of Arts, about the influence of diet on health.[15] This comprised three lectures delivered on successive Mondays at the Society. The first lecture focused on the processes of nutrition; the second, on food essentials and their relationship to bodily structure and function; the third on disease prevention and physique improvement by attention to diet.[16] The lectures were subsequently published in book form under the title Nutrition and Health, and at the time of the third edition in 1962, were still not seen as "dated", with the advances of the preceding 25 years largely filling the details of the principles previously recognised by McCarrison.[17]

"McCarrison's work on goitre,

cretinism, and thyroid, begun in the western Himalayas in 1902, generated scores of scientific publications during the following thirty-five years",[18] While McCarrison's work is often considered the start of serious studies of goitre and cretinism in South Asia, it was preceded by that of Commissioner David Scott at Rangur in north-east India around 1825, and was investigated by Mountford Bramley at Kathmandu in 1832.[18]

In 1918, McCarrison founded the Beri-Beri Enquiry Unit in a single room laboratory at the

Calcutta".[20]

Retirement from India

After

Oxford University.[1]

Personal life

In 1906 he married Helen Stella Johnston, to whom he was still married at the time of his death.[1]

Legacy

McCarrison Society

In 1966, a group of doctors, dentists and veterinarians, interested in the promotion of nutrition and health, founded the McCarrison Society in honour of his efforts,[25][26] with a Scottish group established in 1981 due to both travel logistics and differing needs in the Scottish population.[26]

The Society aims "to assemble scientific knowledge on nutrition and health that is free from economic and political pressures with the object of securing the physical and mental health of future generations".[26] The society meetings sometimes raise questions with elusive answers, with speakers presenting material based on scanty, often anectdotal data, inviting criticism that it is "a gathering of cranks". However, "one answer to that criticism is that speakers at MCarrison meetings tend to be rather well qualified. But the main point is that the society has a way of asking questions about the environment - what are we doing to it and what it is doing to us - that are of profound importance".[27] The journal "Nutrition and Health" is the official journal of the McCarrison Society and is listed in PUBMED. The journal was started by members in 1978 with the objective of publishing peer reviewed scientific work and reviews on nutrition and health from academic research workers who were independent of the food and agricultural industries or those with a conflict of interest.

The society's website summarises McCarrison's work thus:

His researches were extensive; they included work on the newly discovered

vitamins and on the contrasting disease patterns in the Indian subcontinent. He demonstrated how many common diseases increasingly prevalent in industrial societies were caused simply by diets made defective by extensive food processing, often with the use of chemical additives. He deplored the universal consumption in Britain and America of refined white flour, instead of halite flour
, and the substitution of canned, preserved and artificially sweetened products for fresh natural food.

McCarrison's work was widely published in the medical press. He was honoured for his discoveries, but completely ignored by government and the medical profession at a time when medical thought was absorbed in the study of disease rather than on prevention and the promotion of health.[28]

Publications

The following is a selection of works published by McCarrison.[a] To avoid duplication, this does not include works cited, which are to be found in the References section.

Explanatory notes

a.

Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine
. Free access to publications BMJ and the Proceedings is to be found in the external links section. Some of McCarrison's publications listed are from those journals, but links were not located at time of listing. They should however, be available at these websites, along with other publications by or about McCarrison from those two journals which have not been located or listed.

b. ^ This letter is by the "nominal overseer" of McCarrison's last salaried post. It contains particularly insightful commentary on the contribution of McCarrison at a time of significant change in the existing university and medical institutions of the UK.

c. ^ The author of this obituary letter on McCarrison is identified only as "N.C.P.", which are also the initials of N.C. Penrose, author of a 1951 letter defending the legacy of McCarrison's earlier works.

d.

Self-Publishing
service.

Citations

  1. ^
    PMID 13856887
  2. Supplement to the London Gazette
     (32830): 3947, 2 June 1923, retrieved 10 August 2010 (See p.3946 for list heading)
  3. ^ "Knighthood conferred July 1933", The London Gazette (33960): 4716, 14 July 1933, retrieved 10 August 2010
  4. ^ "McCarrison appointment as Honourable Physician to the King", The London Gazette (34226): 7671, 3 December 1935, retrieved 10 August 2010
  5. ^ "Robert McCarrison: Lieutenant to Captain on 29 January 1904", The London Gazette (27679): 3356, 24 May 1904, retrieved 10 August 2010
  6. ^ "Indian Medical Service: Robert McCarrison, MD: Captain to Major on 29 July 1912", The London Gazette (28639): 6377, 27 August 1912, retrieved 10 August 2010
  7. ^ "Maj. R. McCarrison listed for Lieutenant-Colonel", Supplement to the London Gazette (30450): 11, 1 January 1918, retrieved 10 August 2010 (List heading: "To be Brevet Lieutenant-Colonerl" is on p.10)
  8. ^ "Indian R. McCarrison to be Colonel from 5th November 1929", The London Gazette (33723): 3657, 5 June 1931, retrieved 10 August 2010
  9. ^ a b Indian Medical Service: Col. Sir R. McCarrison, Kt., C.I.E., M.D., F.R.C.P., K.H.P., to be Maj.-Gen., 19th July 1933, 16 February 1934, p. 1079, retrieved 10 August 2010
  10. ^ a b Indian Medical Service: Maj.-Gen. Sir R. McCarrison retires, 19th Aug. 1935, 30 August 1935, p. 5536, retrieved 10 August 2010
  11. PMC 2314713
  12. PMC 2318200
  13. PMC 2415481
  14. PMC 2523693
  15. ^
    PMC 2016372
    . Retrieved 12 August 2010
  16. PMC 2457947
  17. PMC 1038277
  18. ^
    PMID 9536623
  19. ^ a b c d Down the memory lane, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India, retrieved 12 August 2010
  20. ^
    ISBN 0-521-56319-4
    , retrieved 12 August 2010
  21. ^ McCarrison, Lieut.-Colonel R (1928), "Memorandum on Malnutrition as a cause of physical inefficiency and ill-health among the masses in India (pp.96-98); Oral evidence (pp.99-116)", Royal Commission on Agriculture in India. Volume I, Part II, Evidence of Officers serving under the Government of India, Calcutta: Government of India, Central Publication Branch, pp. 95–116 (n118–n139 in electronic page fields), retrieved 12 August 2010 (Full text at Internet Archive
  22. ^ McCarrison, Lieut.-Colonel R (1928), p.95
  23. ^ Mantle, Paul, "Two Reviews (see review of Origins of the Organic Movement)", Tributes, The Man of the Trees: Richard St. Barbe Baker, p. 7, archived from the original on 8 January 2010, retrieved 14 August 2010
  24. ^ Sayre, Laura (4 March 2004), Review: The Origins of the Organic Movement, Rodale Institute, retrieved 14 August 2010
  25. ^ Ferry, Georgina (6 October 1983), "Eat your way to mental health", New Scientist, 100 (1378): 46, retrieved 13 August 2010
  26. ^ a b c The McCarrison Society (Scottish Group) (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 26 July 2011, retrieved 13 August 2010
  27. ^ Editorial (6 October 1983), "Big questions with elusive answers", New Scientist, 100 (1378): 2, retrieved 13 August 2010
  28. ^ Sir Robert McCarrison, McCarrison Society for Nutrition and Health, retrieved 13 August 2010

General and cited references

The following works discuss aspects of the life and work of Robert McCarrison.

External links
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_McCarrison&oldid=1187421271"