Saad Zaghloul
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|
Ahmad Ziwar Pasha | |
---|---|
Minister of Justice | |
In office 1910–1912 | |
Monarch | Abbas II |
Minister of Education | |
In office 28 October 1906 – 23 February 1910 | |
Monarch | Abbas II |
Personal details | |
Born | 1 July 1859 Ibyana, Eyalet of Egypt |
Died | 23 August 1927 Cairo, Kingdom of Egypt | (aged 68)
Resting place | Mausoleum of Saad Zaghloul , Cairo |
Political party | Wafd Party |
Spouse | Safiya Zaghloul |
Saad Zaghloul
He led a
Education, activism and exile
Zaghloul was born in Ibyana village in the
Rise in the bureaucracy
Upon his release from prison, he practiced law and distinguished himself; amassed some independent means, which enabled him to participate in Egyptian politics, then dominated by the struggle of moderate and extremist against British occupation; and effected useful, permanent links with different factions of Egyptian nationalists. He became close to
In all his ministerial positions, Zaghloul undertook certain measures of reform that were acceptable to both Egyptian nationalists and the British occupation. Throughout this period, he kept himself outside extreme Egyptian nationalist factions, and although acceptable to the British occupation, he was not thereby compromised in the eyes of his Egyptian compatriots. The relationship between Britain and Egypt continued to deteriorate during and after the Great War.
Exile
Zaghloul became increasingly active in nationalist movements, and in 1919 he led an official Egyptian delegation (or
The British in turn demanded that Zaghloul end his political agitation. When he refused, they
Political history
Zaghloul's absence caused disturbances in Egypt, ultimately leading to the
Upon his return from exile, Zaghloul led the Egyptian nationalist forces. He began to formulate a strong base amid his return which led to the elections of 12 January 1924 giving the Wafd Party an overwhelming majority, and two weeks later, led to Zaghloul forming the first Wafdist government.[8] As P. J. Vatikiotis writes in The History of Modern Egypt (4th ed., pp. 279 ff.):
The masses considered Zaghloul their national leader, the za'im al-umma, the uncompromising national hero. His opponents were equally discredited as compromisers in the eyes of the masses. Yet he also had finally come to power partly because he had compromised with the palace group and implicitly accepted the conditions governing the safeguarding of British interests in Egypt.
Following the assassination on 19 November 1924 of Sir
Family
Zaghloul's wife,
Zaghloul's brother,
He is buried with his wife in their mausoleum Beit El-Umma in Cairo.
Timeline
- 1857 July: Born into a middle-class peasant family in Ibaynah in the Nile delta.
Education: Attended the Al-Azhar in Cairo, as well as at the Egyptian School of Law.
- 1892: Appointed judge at the Court of Appeal
- 1895: Marries the daughter of the Prime minister of Egypt, Mustafa Pasha Fahmi
- 1906: Becomes head of the Ministry of Education.
— Partakes in the establishment of Hizbu l-Ummah, which was a moderate group in a time when more and more Egyptians claimed to revive their independence from the British.
- 1910: Zaghloul appointed Minister of justice.
- 1912: Resigns from the post as Minister of justice after a disagreement with Khedive Abbas Hilmi II.
- 1912: Is elected to the Legislative Assembly.
- 1913: Is appointed Vice-president of the Legislative Assembly, a position he uses to criticise the government.
- 1914–18: During World War I, Zaghloul and many members from the old Legislative Assembly form activist groups all over Egypt. The World War I leads to much hardship on the Egyptian population, because of the many British restrictions.
- 1918 November 13: With the end of World War I, Zaghloul and two other former members from the Legislative Assembly call upon the British high commissioner, asking for the abolition of the protectorate. They also ask to be representatives of Egypt in the peace negotiations after the war. These demands are refused, and Zaghloul's supporters, a group now known as Wafd, instigated disorder all over the country.
- 1919 March: Zaghloul and three other members of Wafd are deported to Malta. Zaghloul is soon released after that General Edmund Allenby takes over as high commissioner of Egypt. He travels to Paris, France in an attempt to present his version of Egypt's case to representatives of the Allied countries, but without much success.
- 1920: Zaghloul has several meetings with the British colonial secretary, Lord Milner. They reach an understanding, but Zaghloul is uncertain of how the Egyptians will see him if he forges an agreement with the British, so he withdraws.
— Zaghloul returns to Egypt, and is welcomed as a national hero.
- 1921: Zaghloul uses his supporters to hinder the establishment of a British-friendly government. Allenby responds by deporting Zaghloul to the Seychelles in the Indian Ocean.
- 1922 February: Egypt receives limited independence, according to Lord Milner's recommendations, as these were designed through the talks with Zaghloul.
- 1923: Zaghloul is allowed to return to Egypt.
- 1924 February: Zaghloul becomes Prime minister after that Wafd wins 90% of the parliament seats in elections.
— Zaghloul experiences that not even he is able to stop demonstrations and riots among Egyptians. — November: After that the British commander in chief over the Egyptian army is killed, Zaghloul is forced to leave office.
- 1926: Zaghloul becomes president of the parliament, and from this position he is able to control the actions of extreme nationalists.
- 1927 August 23: Zaghloul dies in Cairo.
Death
Saad Zaghloul died in Cairo on 23 August 1927, and was buried in the mausoleum of Saad, known as the House of the Nation (Bait Al Umma), which was built in 1931.
See also
References
- ^ "None". www.seychellesweekly.com.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-593-32008-2.
- JSTOR 195148.
- ISBN 9780813348339.
- ISBN 978-9993180920. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
- . Retrieved 14 February 2018.
- ^ Eugene Rogan, The Arabs (Basic Books: New York, 2009), p. 165.
- ^ “Egyptian Elections: Zaghulists Seeking to Impress British,” The Times of London, November 12 1923,
- ISBN 978-0-19-979532-1. Retrieved 11 September 2013.
- ^ "This day in history: Mother of Egyptians Safeya Zaghloul dies in 1946 – Egypt Independent". Egypt Independent. 12 January 2014. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
- ISBN 978-0-230-33951-4.
Further reading
- Vatikiotis, P.J. (1991). The History of Modern Egypt. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-4215-3.
- Lord Cromer, Modern Egypt (2 vols., 1908)
- Jamal M. Ahmed, The Intellectual Origins of Egyptian Nationalism (1960)
- Albert Hourani, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, 1798–1939 (1962)
- Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid, Egypt and Cromer: A Study in Anglo-Egyptian Relations (1968)
- Naguib Mahfouz, Miramar (1967)
External links
- Media related to Saad Zaghloul at Wikimedia Commons
- Al-Ahram: "The bitter harvest" An account of the 1924 assassination in Cairo of Sir Oliver (Lee) Stack and its consequences for Egypt and Zaghloul
- "High Tea, Low Lunch". Time Magazine. 14 June 1926. Archived from the originalon 8 May 2007. Retrieved 9 August 2008. A 1926 story about Zaghloul's attempt to return to power
- Newspaper clippings about Saad Zaghloul in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW