Same-sex marriage in the Cayman Islands
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Same-sex marriage is currently not recognised in the Cayman Islands. The island's statutory law limits marriage to different-sex couples. A lawsuit with the Grand Court successfully challenged this ban in March 2019; however, the Court of Appeal overturned the ruling in November 2019. Same-sex civil partnerships are legal following the enactment of the Civil Partnership Law, 2020 on 4 September 2020.
Same-sex marriages legally performed in other jurisdictions are recognised as civil partnerships in the Cayman Islands.
Background
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In 2006, the Cayman "People for Referendum" activist group began protesting against
The
In 2015, Premier Alden McLaughlin indicated that the government was examining immigration law and regulations to allow same-sex couples who have legally married in other jurisdictions the right to have their spouse recognised as a dependant.[4] In July 2016, the Immigration Appeals Tribunal ruled in favour of a gay man who sought to be recognised as a dependant. The couple's application had been made 14 months prior and had been rejected by immigration authorities. A July 2016 ruling by the European Court of Human Rights had significant implications for the lawsuit. The ECHR found that refusal to grant a residence permit to a same-sex couple in Italy on family grounds was unjustified discrimination.[4][5][6] Despite this ruling, immigration authorities later refused to grant dependency rights to two dual Caymanian-British same-sex couples. The two couples were forced to leave the Cayman Islands, despite one partner being a Cayman citizen.[7]
On 6 October 2016, the Legislative Assembly voted against holding a
Lawsuit and civil partnerships
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Homosexuality_laws_in_Central_America_and_the_Caribbean_Islands.svg/280px-Homosexuality_laws_in_Central_America_and_the_Caribbean_Islands.svg.png)
In April 2018, a dual Caymanian-British same-sex couple, Chantelle Day and Vickie Bodden, revealed their intention to file a lawsuit challenging the Cayman Islands' statutory same-sex marriage ban, after their application to marry was rejected by the civil registry.[10] The couple formally filed suit with the Grand Court on 20 June 2018, arguing that the section of the Marriage Law which defines marriage as between "one man and one woman" was incompatible with various rights guaranteed under the Constitution.[11][12]
Oral arguments in the case were heard by the court, specifically Chief Justice Anthony Smellie, in February 2019.[13][14] During the arguments, government lawyers admitted that there was a persuasive case under the Constitution for same-sex couples to have a right to a civil union or domestic partnership scheme, though they argued that the creation of such a scheme should be left to legislators.[15] On 29 March 2019, the court handed down its ruling in favour of the plaintiffs, finding that the ban on same-sex marriage was a clear violation of freedoms guaranteed in the Cayman Constitution, including the right to a private family life.[16] Justice Smellie used his judicial powers to rewrite the marriage law, ordering that the clause specifying that marriage be reserved for heterosexual couples be altered to state, "'Marriage' means the union between two people as one another's spouses."[17]
The ruling went into effect immediately and did not require ratification by the
A domestic partnership bill was introduced to the Legislative Assembly on 26 June 2020. The legislation would allow same-sex and opposite-sex couples to register a domestic partnership, and enjoy several of the rights and benefits of marriage. Governor Martyn Roper called it "a welcome step on the path to ensuring that the rights of everyone in the territory are upheld and that Cayman law is compliant with the recent ruling of the Cayman Islands Court of Appeal".[29][30] The bill was rejected by a 8–9 vote on 29 July. MLA Kenneth Bryan who had previously expressed support for the bill eventually voted against it, causing it to fail.[31] Premier McLaughlin repeatedly indicated during the bill's debate that failure to pass it would likely result in the Government of the United Kingdom stepping in and imposing domestic partnerships or same-sex marriage on the Cayman Islands.[32]
Party | Votes for | Votes against | Abstained or Absent (Did not vote) |
---|---|---|---|
People's Progressive Movement | 5
|
1
| |
Cayman Democratic Party | - | 2
|
|
Independents | 3
|
6
|
- |
Total | 8 | 9 | 2 |
Reacting to the partnership bill's defeat, the Cayman News Service newspaper wrote that "it is extremely likely that Governor Martyn Roper or the Foreign and Commonwealth Office will intervene directly and either impose this legislation or even re-impose the chief justice's original ruling legalising same-sex marriage."[31] On 30 July, Shadow Minister for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs Stephen Doughty wrote to UK Overseas Territories Minister Baroness Sugg urging Her Majesty's Government to step in.[33] On 5 August, Baroness Sugg approved the use of the Governor's reserved powers under section 81 of the Constitution of the Cayman Islands to enact a law recognising same-sex civil partnerships.[34] On 10 August, Governor Martyn Roper published a new version of the domestic partnership bill, along with consequential amendments to eleven other laws, that he would enact into law following a 21-day public consultation period.[35] Following the consultation, the title was changed from "domestic partnership" to "civil partnership".
On 4 September 2020, Governor Roper assented to the Civil Partnership Law, 2020 and 11 consequential pieces of legislation which came into effect on the same day.
In December 2020, the marriage of Paul Pearson and Randall Pinder, who were married in Ireland, was recognised by the Immigration Appeals Tribunal as equivalent to a civil partnership. The tribunal ruled that the Cayman Islands is required to recognise same-sex marriages legally performed in other jurisdictions. It also ordered that Pinder be granted permanent residency.[39][40] The ruling stated that:
Recognising opposite-sex foreign marriages and failing to recognise same-sex foreign marriages would be affording different and unjustifiable treatment to different persons on the grounds of sexual orientation.
Following passage, a conservative Christian group filed a lawsuit against the civil partnership law, arguing that Governor Roper was not permitted to use his constitutional powers to implement the law. On 28 March 2022, Grand Court Judge Richard Williams ruled that Roper did not act unlawfully and his actions were within his scope of responsibility considering the government's breach of the European Convention on Human Rights; "By this mechanism, the Constitution strikes a constitutional balance. In the circumstances where the Court of Appeal has so forcefully set out its expectations, it is understandable and reasonable for the Governor to have felt it necessary to enact the CPA [Civil Partnership Act] due to the long ongoing breach of the international obligation of the UK which otherwise would not have been adequately addressed by Parliament".[41]
Appeal to the Privy Council
In January 2020, lawyers for Chantelle Day and Vickie Bodden announced they had begun the process of appealing the Court of Appeal's ruling to the Privy Council. The Privy Council, with five members, Lord Reed, Lord Hodge, Lady Arden, Lord Sales and Dame Victoria Sharp, heard oral arguments in the case on 23 and 24 February 2021.[42][43] On 14 March 2022, the Privy Council dismissed the appeal and ruled that the Constitution does not demand the recognition of same-sex marriage.[44] Activists expressed disappointment with the decision. The president of Colours Cayman, Billie Bryan, said, "The Privy Council has done nothing more, by its decision, than reassert the oppressive political environment of yesteryear."[45]
Governor Roper said in a statement, "I must pay tribute to Chantelle and Vickie for their courage and determination in standing up for their rights over the last five years. They have inspired many through their actions. Same-sex marriage is legal throughout the United Kingdom and in several UK Overseas Territories. Going forward, it is a policy matter for the elected government as to whether it now wishes to introduce same-sex marriage in Cayman. That would provide equality between heterosexual and same-sex couples."[46] Premier Wayne Panton said the ruling does not prevent the government from legalising same-sex marriage in the future, "Many of the younger generations of Caymanians have different views on the issue of marriage and this may become an issue of social justice in time to come." Panton also called for tolerance, "The issue of same-sex marriage is an emotive one in our Islands, with strong views held by those in support of and those against same-sex marriages. As we process the Privy Council's ruling, we must remember to conduct ourselves with respect and civility… No matter your view on the issue of same-sex marriage, I ask that you discuss your views respectfully and with due consideration to the feelings and emotions of others."[47]
Statistics
26 couples registered a civil partnership in the Cayman Islands in the first six months.[48] By the end of 2021, 47 couples had entered into a civil partnership.[46]
See also
- LGBT rights in the Cayman Islands
- Recognition of same-sex unions in the Americas
- Same-sex marriage in the United Kingdom
- Recognition of same-sex unions in the British Overseas Territories
- Same-sex union court cases
References
- ^ Gay Life in Cayman Islands
- ^ a b "The Cayman Islands Constitution Order 2009, Section 14, 'Marriage'" (PDF). Cayman Constitution. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
- ^ Cayman Islands reaffirms ban on gay marriage in wake of European court verdict (Gay Star News)
- ^ a b European Court ruling paves way for gay marriage case in the Cayman Islands
- ^ Cayman Islands immigration tribunal finds in gay couple's favour
- ^ Gay couple wins work permit appeal
- ^ Activists raise more concerns over discrimination
- ^ UPDATED: Bid for referendum on gay marriage fails Cayman Compass, 6 October 2016
- ^ Same-sex couples urged to test Cayman marriage law
- ^ "Women plan legal action after marriage rejection". Cayman News Service. 18 April 2018.
- ^ "Court gives green light to same-sex marriage case". Cayman Compass. 25 July 2018.
- ^ "Couple files legal challenge to gay marriage ban". Cayman Compass. 20 June 2018.
- ^ "Gay marriage trial set for early next year". Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands: Cayman News Service. 5 October 2018. Archived from the original on 6 October 2018. Retrieved 6 October 2018.
- ^ "Arguments conclude in landmark same-sex marriage case". cayman27.ky. 12 February 2019.
- ^ James Whittaker (11 February 2019). "Government lawyer acknowledges case for same-sex civil unions". Cayman Compass.
- ^ Whittaker, James (29 March 2019). "BREAKING: Chief Justice rules same-sex marriage is legal". Cayman Compass. Retrieved 29 March 2019.
- ^ a b "UPDATED: Same-sex marriage legalised in Cayman". Cayman Compass. 29 March 2019.
- ^ "Government to appeal same-sex marriage ruling". Cayman Compass. 3 April 2019.
- ^ "Cayman Islands Government Appealing Same-Sex Marriage Ruling". Caribbean360. 3 April 2019.
- ^ "Same-sex marriage: What your representative said on the issue". Cayman Compass. 7 April 2019.
- ^ "Appeal court grants stay in gay marriage case". Cayman News Service. 10 April 2019. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
- ^ Ragoonath, Reshma (10 April 2019). "BREAKING NEWS: Appeal Court blocks same-sex wedding, Gov't stay granted". Cayman27. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
- ^ "Round 2 in same-sex marriage fight". Cayman Compass. 19 August 2019.
- ^ "Appeal to stop gay marriage opens in Cayman Islands". Reuters. 28 August 2019.
- ^ "Cayman Islands appeal court grants stay in same-sex marriage case". Caribbean News Now. 15 April 2019.
- ^ "Same-sex marriage ruling overturned". Cayman Compass. 7 November 2019. Retrieved 15 November 2019.
- ^ "Same-sex marriage: Couple considers Privy Council appeal". Cayman Compass. 13 November 2019. Retrieved 15 November 2019.
- ^ "Same-sex marriage fight to go to Privy Council". Cayman Compass. 22 January 2020.
- ^ Young, Kayla (26 June 2020). "Same-sex union bill submitted to legislature". Cayman Compass. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
- ^ "Domestic Partnership Bill, 2020" (PDF).
- ^ a b "Domestic Partnership Bill heading for defeat". Cayman News Service. 29 July 2020.
- ^ a b "Domestic Partnership Bill defeated by one vote". Cayman Compass. 29 July 2020.
- ^ "UK shadow minister weighs in on same-sex bill". Cayman Compass. 30 July 2020.
- ^ "Baroness Sugg Letter" (PDF). Cayman Compass. 5 August 2020. Retrieved 5 September 2020.
- ^ Ragoonath, Reshma (10 August 2020). "Governor moves ahead with amended Domestic Partnership Bill". Cayman Compass. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
- ^ "Governor approves same-sex partnerships law". Cayman Compass. 4 September 2020. Retrieved 5 September 2020.
- ^ "Premier: "I am utterly humiliated"... Cayman's long road to equality". Loop Cayman. 5 September 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
- ^ Ragoonath, Reshma (30 October 2020). "First same-sex couples celebrate civil unions". Cayman Compass.
- ^ Whittaker, James (23 December 2020). "Same-sex couple wins immigration rights battle". Cayman Compass.
- ^ Lavers, Michael (30 December 2020). "Cayman Islands recognizes same-sex couple's overseas marriage". Washington Blade.
- ^ "Court upholds Roper's use of power on civil unions". Cayman News Service. 29 March 2022.
- ^ Ragoonath, Reshma (12 January 2021). "Privy Council sets date for same-sex marriage appeal". Cayman Compass.
- ^ Harris, Andrel (23 February 2021). "Privy Council hears Cayman's same-sex marriage case". Cayman Compass.
- ^ "Privy Council: Cayman Constitution does not provide right for same-sex marriage". Cayman Compass. 14 March 2022. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
- ^ "British court rules against gay marriage in Bermuda, Cayman Islands". The Hill. 14 March 2022.
- ^ a b "Roper: CIG can choose to implement gay marriage". Cayman News Service. 15 March 2022.
- ^ "Panton evades same-sex marriage question". Cayman News Service. 16 March 2022.
- ^ Ragoonath, Reshma (20 February 2021). "26 couples register civil partnerships". Cayman Compass.
External links
- "Civil Partnership Law, 2020" (PDF). Cayman Islands Legislation Gazette. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
- "Adoption of Children (Amendment) Law, 2020" (PDF). Cayman Islands Legislation Gazette. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
- "Evidence (Amendment) Law, 2020" (PDF). Cayman Islands Legislation Gazette. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
- "Health Insurance (Amendment) Law, 2020" (PDF). Cayman Islands Legislation Gazette. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
- "Immigration (Transition) (Amendment) (No.2) Law, 2020" (PDF). Cayman Islands Legislation Gazette. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
- "Mental Health (Amendment) Law, 2020" (PDF). Cayman Islands Legislation Gazette. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
- "National Pensions (Amendment) (No. 2) Law, 2020" (PDF). Cayman Islands Legislation Gazette. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
- "Penal Code (Amendment) Law, 2020" (PDF). Cayman Islands Legislation Gazette. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
- "Protection from Domestic Violence (Amendment) Law, 2020" (PDF). Cayman Islands Legislation Gazette. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
- "Public Service Pensions (Amendment) Law, 2020" (PDF). Cayman Islands Legislation Gazette. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
- "Succession (Amendment) Law, 2020" (PDF). Cayman Islands Legislation Gazette. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
- "Wills (Amendment) Law, 2020" (PDF). Cayman Islands Legislation Gazette. Retrieved 12 September 2020.