Sarcocornia
Sarcocornia is a formerly recognized genus of flowering plants in the amaranth family, Amaranthaceae. Species are known commonly as samphires, glassworts, or saltworts.[1] Molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that when separated from Salicornia, the genus is paraphyletic, since Salicornia is embedded within it, and Sarcocornia has now been merged into a more broadly circumscribed Salicornia. When separated from Salicornia, the genus has a cosmopolitan distribution,[2] and is most diverse in the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa.[3]
Description
Species formerly placed in Sarcocornia are
The terminal or lateral
The perianth is persistent in fruit. The fruit wall (pericarp) is membranous. The vertical seed is ellipsoid, with light brown, membranous, hairy seed coat, the hairs can be strongly curved, hooked, or conic, straight or slightly curved. The seed contains no perisperm (feeding tissue).[1]
The basic chromosome number is x=9. The species are diploid (18 chromosomes), tetraploid (36), hexaploid (54), or octoploid (72).[4]
Taxonomy
The genus Sarcocornia was first described in 1978 by
Sarcocornia/Salicornia began to evolve during the middle Miocene from ancestors in Eurasia, developing four phylogenetic lineages: the first was the Eurasian Sarcocornia clade, further diversifying into the American Sarcocornia clade, then the Salicornia clade, and the South African/Australian Sarcocornia clade. When Salicornia is separated from Sarcocornia to comprise all the annual, more frost tolerant species, the genus Sarcocornia is paraphyletic, since Salicornia evolved within Sarcocornia.[4] The prostrate, mat-forming growth seems to have evolved several times independently. It is probably advantageous in habitats with prolonged flooding, high tidal movement and frost.[4]
A molecular phylogenetic study in 2017 confirmed the paraphyly of Sarcocornia, and merged the genus into Salicornia.[8]
Selected former species
Accepted names in Salicornia are taken from Plants of the World Online.[9]
- Sarcocornia alpini (Lag.) Rivas-Martınez = Salicornia alpini
- Sarcocornia ambigua (Michx.) M.A.Alonso & M.B.Crespo = Salicornia ambigua
- Sarcocornia andina (Phil.) Freitag, M.A.Alonso & M.B.Crespo = Salicornia andina
- Sarcocornia blackiana (Ulbr.) A.J.Scott = Salicornia blackiana
- Sarcocornia capensis (Moss) A.J.Scott = Salicornia capensis
- Sarcocornia carinata (Fuente, Rufo & Sánchez Mata) Fuente, Rufo & Sánchez Mata = Salicornia alpini subsp. carinata
- Sarcocornia decumbens (Tölken) A.J.Scott = Salicornia decumbens
- Sarcocornia decussata S.Steffen, Mucina & G.Kadereit = Salicornia decussata
- Sarcocornia dunensis (Moss) S.Steffen, Mucina & G.Kadereit = Salicornia dunensis
- Sarcocornia freitagii S. Steffen, Mucina & G.Kadereit = Salicornia helmutii
- Sarcocornia fruticosa (L.) A.J.Scott = Salicornia fruticosa
- Sarcocornia globosa P.G. Wilson = Salicornia globosa
- Sarcocornia hispanica Fuente, Rufo & Sánchez-Mata = Salicornia hispanica
- Sarcocornia lagascae Fuente, Rufo & Sánchez Mata = Salicornia lagascae
- Sarcocornia littorea (Moss) A.J.Scott = Salicornia littorea
- Sarcocornia magellanica (Phil.) M.A.Alonso & M.B.Crespo = Salicornia magellanica
- Sarcocornia mossambicensis Brenan = Salicornia mossambicensis
- Sarcocornia mossiana (Tölken) A.J.Scott = Salicornia mossiana
- Sarcocornia natalensis (Bunge ex Ung.-Sternb.) A.J.Scott = Salicornia natalensis
- Sarcocornia neei (Lag.) M.A.Alonso & M.B.Crespo = Salicornia neei
- Sarcocornia obclavata Yaprak = Salicornia obclavata
- Sarcocornia pacifica (Standl.) A.J.Scott = Salicornia pacifica
- Sarcocornia perennis (Miller) A.J.Scott = Salicornia perennis
- Sarcocornia pillansii (Moss) A.J.Scott = Salicornia pillansii
- Sarcocornia pruinosa Fuente, Rufo & Sánchez-Mata = Salicornia pruinosa
- Sarcocornia pulvinata (R.E.Fr.) A.J.Scott = Salicornia pulvinata
- Sarcocornia quinqueflora (Bunge ex Ung.-Sternb.) A.J. Scott = Salicornia quinqueflora
- Sarcocornia tegetaria S.Steffen, Mucina & G.Kadereit = Salicornia tegetaria
- Sarcocornia terminalis (Tölken) A.J.Scott = Salicornia terminalis
- Sarcocornia utahensis (Tidestr.) A.J.Scott = Salicornia utahensis
- Sarcocornia xerophila (Tölken) A.J.Scott = Salicornia xerophila
-
Salicornia fruticosa (syn. Sarcocornia fruticosa)
-
Salicornia perennis (syn. Sarcocornia perennis)
-
Salicornia neei (syn. Sarcocornia neei)
-
Salicornia quinqueflora (syn. Sarcocornia quinqueflora)
References
- ^ ISBN 978-0-19-517389-5.
- ^ Sarcocornia. PlantNET. National Herbarium of New South Wales, Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney.
- S2CID 85950463.
- ^ PMID 25617410.
- S2CID 86522475.
- .
- ^ "Sarcocornia". Tropicos. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 12 August 2016.
- doi:10.12705/661.6.
- ^ "Search for Sarcocornia". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2022-04-09.
External links
- Media related to Sarcocornia at Wikimedia Commons
- Data related to Sarcocornia at Wikispecies
- Sarcocornia. Red List of South African Plants. South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI).