Amaranthaceae

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Amaranthaceae
Amaranthus retroflexus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Caryophyllales
Family: Amaranthaceae
Juss.
Type genus
Amaranthus
Subfamilies
Synonyms[1]

Chenopodiaceae Vent.

Amaranthaceae (

Amaranthus. It includes the former goosefoot family Chenopodiaceae and contains about 165 genera and 2,040 species,[2][3] making it the most species-rich lineage within its parent order, Caryophyllales
.

Description

Vegetative characters

Camphorosmoideae

Most species in the Amaranthaceae are

succulent. Many species have stems with thickened nodes. The wood of the perennial stem has a typical "anomalous" secondary growth; only in subfamily Polycnemoideae is secondary growth normal.[3]

The leaves are simple and mostly alternate, sometimes opposite. They never possess stipules. They are flat or terete, and their shape is extremely variable, with entire or toothed margins. In some species, the leaves are reduced to minute scales. In most cases, neither basal nor terminal aggregations of leaves occur.[3]

Flower of Nitrophila occidentalis, Polycnemoideae
Pollen grains of Halothamnus glaucus

Inflorescence and flowers

Flower of silver cockscomb, Celosia argentea, in Tirunelveli, India

The

ovary with one (rarely two) basal ovule.[3]
Idioblasts are found in the tissues.

Fruits and seeds

The

perisperm) or annular (rarely straight).[3]

Chromosome number

The basic chromosome number is (rarely 6) mostly 8–9 (rarely 17).[3]

Phytochemistry

Widespread in the Amaranthaceae is the occurrence of betalain pigments. The former Chenopodiaceae often contain isoflavonoids.[3]

In phytochemical research, several

carbohydrates have been found in these plants.[4]

Photosynthesis pathway

Although most of the family use the more common

eudicots (which collectively includes about 1,600 C4 species).[5] Within the family, several types of C4 photosynthesis occur, and about 17 different types of leaf anatomy are realized. Therefore, this photosynthesis pathway seems to have developed about 15 times independently during the evolution of the family. About two-thirds of the C4 species belong to the former Chenopodiaceae. The first occurrence of C4 photosynthesis dates from the early Miocene, about 24 million years ago, but in some groups, this pathway evolved much later, about 6 (or less) million years ago.[5]

The multiple origin of C4 photosynthesis in the Amaranthaceae is regarded as an evolutionary response to inexorably decreasing atmospheric CO2 levels, coupled with a more recent permanent shortage in water supply as well as high temperatures. Species that use water more efficiently had a selective advantage and were able to spread out into arid habitats.[5]

Distribution

Amaranthaceae is a widespread and

cosmopolitan family from the tropics to cool temperate regions. The Amaranthaceae (sensu stricto) are predominantly tropical, whereas the former Chenopodiaceae have their centers of diversity in dry temperate and warm temperate areas.[4] Many of the species are halophytes, tolerating salty
soils, or grow in dry steppes or semi-deserts.

Economic importance

Some species, such as

pseudocereals
.

soda ash, such as members of the genus Salicornia (see glasswort
).

A number of species are popular garden

Kali tragus and Bassia scoparia. Many species are known to cause pollen allergies.[6]

Systematics

Cladogram of Amaranthaceae s.l., modified and simplified, based on phylogenetic research of Müller & Borsch 2005, Kadereit et al. 2006, Sanchez del-Pino et al. 2009
Achyranthes splendens, Amaranthoideae
Gomphrena arborescens, Gomphrenoideae
Sugar beet, Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris 'altissima', Betoideae
Grayia spinosa, Chenopodioideae
Salicornia perennis, Salicornioideae
Kali turgidum
(Syn. Salsola kali subsp. kali), Salsoloideae
Suaeda nigra, Suaedoideae

In the

phylogenetic analyses.[8]

The family Amaranthaceae was first published in 1789 by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu in Genera Plantarum, p. 87–88. The first publication of family Chenopodiaceae was in 1799 by Étienne Pierre Ventenat in Tableau du Regne Vegetal, 2, p. 253. The older name has priority and is now the valid scientific name of the extended Amaranthaceae (s.l. = sensu lato).

Some publications still continued to use the family name Chenopodiaceae.

monophyletic
groups and could be treated as two separate families.

Amaranthaceae Juss. (s.l.) includes the former families Achyranthaceae Raf., Atriplicaceae Durande, Betaceae Burnett, Blitaceae T.Post & Kuntze, Celosiaceae Martynov, Chenopodiaceae Vent. nom. cons., Corispermaceae Link, Deeringiaceae J.Agardh, Dysphaniaceae (Pax) Pax nom. cons., Gomphrenaceae Raf., Polycnemaceae Menge, Salicorniaceae Martynov, Salsolaceae Menge, and Spinaciaceae Menge.

The systematics of Amaranthaceae are the subject of intensive recent research. Molecular genetic studies revealed the traditional classification, based on morphological and anatomical characters, often did not reflect the phylogenetic relationships.

The former Amaranthaceae (in their narrow circumscription) are classified into two subfamilies,

polyphyletic, so taxonomic changes are needed.[15]

Current studies classified the species of former Chenopodiaceae to eight distinct subfamilies (the research is not yet completed):

Camphorosmoideae,[14] Chenopodioideae,[13] Corispermoideae,[17] Salicornioideae,[11] Salsoloideae,[9] and Suaedoideae.[18] In this preliminary classification, the Amaranthaceae s.l. are divided into 10 subfamilies with approximately 180 genera and 2,500 species.[4]

Genera

183 genera are accepted.[19] A short synoptic list of genera is given here. For further and more detailed information, see the subfamily pages.

Subfamily Genera
Amaranthoideae
Saltia, Sericocoma, Sericocomopsis, Sericorema, Sericostachys, Siamosia, Stilbanthus, Trichuriella, Volkensinia, Wadithamnus
Gomphrenoideae Alternanthera, Froelichia, Froelichiella, Gomphrena, Guilleminea, Hebanthe, Hebanthodes, Iresine, Pedersenia, Pfaffia, Pseudoplantago, Quaternella, Tidestromia, Xerosiphon
Betoideae Acroglochin, Aphanisma, Beta, Hablitzia, Oreobliton, Patellifolia
Camphorosmoideae
 Bassia, Camphorosma, Chenolea, Didymanthus, Dissocarpus, Enchylaena, Eokochia, Eremophea, Eriochiton, Grubovia, Maireana, Malacocera, Neobassia, Neokochia, Osteocarpum, Roycea, Sclerolaena, Spirobassia, Threlkeldia
Chenopodioideae
Exomis, Extriplex, Grayia, Halimione, Holmbergia, Krascheninnikovia, Lipandra, × Lipastrum, Manochlamys, Microgynoecium, Micromonolepis, Neomonolepis, Oxybasis, Proatriplex, Spinacia, Stutzia, Suckleya, Teloxys
Corispermoideae Agriophyllum, Anthochlamys, Corispermum
Polycnemoideae Hemichroa, Nitrophila, Polycnemum, Surreya
Salicornioideae
Arthroceras (split from Arthrocnemum),[20] Halocnemum, Halopeplis, Halostachys, Heterostachys, Kalidium, Mangleticornia, Microcnemum, Salicornia, Tecticornia
Salsoloideae Agathophora, Akhania, Anabasis, Arthrophytum, Caroxylon, Climacoptera, Cornulaca, Cyathobasis, Fadenia, Girgensohnia, Halanthium, Halarchon, Halimocnemis, Halocharis, Halogeton, Halothamnus, Haloxylon, Hammada, Horaninovia, Iljinia, Kaviria, Lagenantha, Nanophyton, Noaea, Nucularia, Ofaiston, Oreosalsola, Petrosimonia, Piptoptera, Pyankovia, Rhaphidophyton, Salsola, Sevada, Soda, Sympegma, Traganopsis, Traganum, Turania, Xylosalsola
Suaedoideae Bienertia, Suaeda

References

  1. ^ "Tropics: Amaranthaceae Juss. – synonyms". 2018. Retrieved 2018-06-16.
  2. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1
    .
  3. ^ a b c d e f g The family Amaranthaceae at APWebsite.
  4. ^ a b c d e Kai Müller, Thomas Borsch (2005): Phylogenetics of Amaranthaceae using matK/trnK sequence data – evidence from parsimony, likelihood and Bayesian approaches. - Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 92, p. 66-102.
  5. ^ a b c Gudrun Kadereit, Thomas Borsch, Kurt Weising, Helmut Freitag (2003): Phylogeny of Amaranthaceae and Chenopodiaceae and the evolution of C4 photosynthesis. - International Journal of Plant Sciences, Volume 164 (6), p.959–986.
  6. ^ List of allergic plants in family Chenopodiaceae at pollenlibrary.com
  7. doi:10.1111/boj.12385. Open access icon
  8. ^ Judd et al. (2008). Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach, Third Edition. Sinauer Associates, Inc. Sunderland, MA
  9. ^ a b Hossein Akhani, Gerald Edwards, Eric H. Roalson (2007): Diversification Of The Old World Salsoleae s.l. (Chenopodiaceae): Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis Of Nuclear And Chloroplast Data Sets And A Revised Classification. - International Journal of Plant Sciences, 168(6), p.931–956.
  10. ^ a b G. Kadereit, S. Hohmann, J.W. Kadereit (2006): A synopsis of Chenopodiaceae subfam. Betoideae and notes on the taxonomy of Beta. - Willdenowia 36, p.9-19.
  11. ^ a b Gudrun Kadereit, Ladislav Mucina, Helmut Freitag (2006): Phylogeny of Salicornioideae (Chenopodiaceae): diversification, biogeography, and evolutionary trends in leaf and flower morphology. - Taxon 55(3), p. 617–642.
  12. ^ Maxim V. Kapralov, Hossein Akhani, Elena V. Voznesenskaya, Gerald Edwards, Vincent Franceschi, Eric H. Roalson (2006): Phylogenetic Relationships in the Salicornioideae / Suaedoideae / Salsoloideae s.l. (Chenopodiaceae) Clade and a Clarification of the Phylogenetic Position of Bienertia and Alexandra Using Multiple DNA Sequence Datasets. - Systematic Botany.
  13. ^ a b Gudrun Kadereit, Evgeny V. Mavrodiev, Elizabeth H. Zacharias, Alexander P. Sukhorukov (2010): Molecular phylogeny of Atripliceae (Chenopodioideae, Chenopodiaceae): Implications for systematics, biogeography, flower and fruit evolution, and the origin of C4 Photosynthesis. - American Journal of Botany 97(10), p. 1664-1687.
  14. ^ a b Gudrun Kadereit, Helmut Freitag (2011): Molecular phylogeny of Camphorosmeae (Camphorosmoideae, Chenopodiaceae): Implications for biogeography, evolution of C4-photosynthesis and taxonomy. - Taxon 60(1), p. 51-78
  15. ^ Ivonne Sánchez del-Pino, Thomas Borsch, Timothy J. Motle (2009): trnL-F and rpl16 Sequence Data and Dense Taxon Sampling Reveal Monophyly of Unilocular Anthered Gomphrenoideae (Amaranthaceae) and an Improved Picture of Their Internal Relationships. - Systematic Botany, Volume 34 (1), p. 57-67.
    doi:10.1600/036364409787602401
  16. ^ Rüdiger Masson & Gudrun Kadereit (2013): Phylogeny of Polycnemoideae (Amaranthaceae): Implications for biogeography, character evolution and taxonomy. Taxon 62 (1): 100-111. [1]
  17. ^ Alexander P. Sukhorukov (2007): Fruit anatomy and its taxonomic significance in Corispermum (Corispermoideae, Chenopodiaceae). – Willdenowia 37,
    doi:10.3372/wi.37.37103
  18. ^ Peter Schütze, Helmut Freitag, Kurt Weising (2003): An integrated molecular and morphological study of the subfamily Suaedoideae Ulbr. (Chenopodiaceae). - Plant Systematics and Evolution, Volume 239, p. 257-286. abstract:
    doi:10.1007/s00606-003-0013-2
  19. ^ Amaranthaceae Juss. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
  20. ^
    doi:10.12705/661.6
    .

External links
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amaranthaceae&oldid=1217935791"