Saunders Island, South Sandwich Islands
Geography | |
---|---|
Coordinates | 57°48′S 26°29′W / 57.80°S 26.49°W[1] |
Archipelago | South Sandwich Islands |
Highest elevation | 990 m (3250 ft) |
Highest point | Mount Michael |
Administration | |
United Kingdom | |
Demographics | |
Population | Uninhabited |
Saunders Island is a crescent-shaped island 8.5 by 5 kilometres (5.3 mi × 3.1 mi) long, lying between
The island is used as a breeding ground by many bird species, including penguins, but is barren of vegetation apart from lichens and some moss-covered patches. Most of the island is covered in ice.
Geography and geology
Regional
Saunders Island was discovered in 1775 by
East of the South Sandwich Islands, the Atlantic Ocean
Local
Saunders Island has dimensions of about 8.5 by 5 kilometres (5.3 mi × 3.1 mi) with a crescent-like shape. On the eastern side of the island, 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) wide Cordelia Bay opens to the northeast between Nattriss Point[a],[13][14] a rocky headland,[12] to the east and Sombre Point to the north, with the Brothers Rocks 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) due north of Cordelia Bay[13][14] and reefs especially on its northern side.[15] The southern part of the crescent west of Nattriss Point is formed by the inactive craters of the Ashen Hills which form a distinct topographic elevation;[16] the northern part of the crescent is blunter,[17] forming the highly conspicuous Yellowstone Crags,[18] Blackstone Plain and Harper Point, the northernmost point of Saunders Island. Between these lies the ice-covered bulk of the island with the 990 metres (3,250 ft) high Mount Michael volcano. To its west lies the small Carey Point peninsula and the larger Ollivant Point peninsula to the northwest.[14] The coasts are formed by cliffs, including ice cliffs, with inset bays and bouldery or sandy beaches.[17]
About 80% of the island is covered by ice.
Cordelia Bay is about 30–50 metres (98–164 ft)
The island lies on the southern and southwestern side of a larger shallow shelf. It extends to the north to form Saunders Bank, while there are traces of past
Saunders Island has yielded
Eruption history
Older, more eroded rocks crop out at Carey Point and Nattriss Point.
Hot ground is found at both the summit crater and the southeastern crater. An ice tunnel in the caldera was filled with steam haze in 2001.[35] Gas is visibly emitted from the southeastern crater,[21] which was reported to be ice-free in 2013.[26] Renewed activity in the southeastern crater in 2006 generated a steam plume and the crater grew in size.[43] Steaming ground was seen close to the coast in 2020.[44] Activity is difficult to observe due to the weather conditions, hence it is assumed that eruptions are ongoing whenever there is evidence for activity within a ten-month timespan.[1]
Mount Michael is active, with
Ecosystem
The South Sandwich Islands have a
Various bird species nest on Saunders Island, with the Ashen Hills and coastal areas of the extreme north and west of the island featuring large bird colonies.
A marine protected area was established around the South Sandwich Islands in 2012, with further areas added in 2019.[11] Marine debris has been reported from the beaches of Saunders Island. It consists mostly of driftwood but there is also man-made debris.[56]
See also
- List of Antarctic and sub-Antarctic islands
Notes
- ^ Named after the shipping officer of the Discovery Committee, E.A. Nattriss. It was first charted by Bellingshausen in 1819 and re-charted by the Discovery Expedition in 1930.[12]
References
- ^ a b c d e GVP 2023, General Information.
- ^ Hart & Convey 2018, p. 20.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Gray, Burton-Johnson & Fretwell 2019, p. 61.
- ^ a b c d Patrick et al. 2005, p. 416.
- ^ Patrick et al. 2005, p. 417.
- ^ a b Lachlan-Cope, Smellie & Ladkin 2001, p. 106.
- ^ a b c Leat et al. 2016, p. 293.
- ^ Hart & Convey 2018, p. 21.
- ^ Rogers, Yesson & Gravestock 2015, p. 40.
- ^ Rogers, Yesson & Gravestock 2015, p. 153.
- ^ a b c d Liu et al. 2020, p. 3.
- ^ a b USGS.
- ^ a b c Leat et al. 2013, p. 64.
- ^ a b c d Lachlan-Cope, Smellie & Ladkin 2001, p. 107.
- ^ Holdgate & Baker 1979, p. 42.
- ^ Liu et al. 2020, p. 5.
- ^ a b c Holdgate & Baker 1979, p. 39.
- ^ a b c d Holdgate & Baker 1979, p. 41.
- ^ Convey et al. 2000, p. 1281.
- ^ a b c d e f Lachlan-Cope, Smellie & Ladkin 2001, p. 108.
- ^ a b c d e f Liu et al. 2020, p. 11.
- ^ Patrick et al. 2005, p. 421.
- ^ Liu et al. 2020, p. 4.
- ^ a b Leat et al. 2013, p. 73.
- ^ Convey, Barnes & Morton 2002, p. 613.
- ^ a b Patrick & Smellie 2013, p. 485.
- ^ Kemp 1932, p. 174.
- ^ a b Liu et al. 2020, p. 13.
- ^ a b Leat et al. 2016, p. 299.
- ^ Leat et al. 2016, p. 301.
- ^ Leat et al. 2013, p. 74.
- ^ GVP 2023, Synonyms & Subfeatures.
- ^ Leat et al. 2013, p. 63.
- ^ a b Leat et al. 2013, p. 66.
- ^ a b c d Lachlan-Cope, Smellie & Ladkin 2001, p. 109.
- ^ Beniest & Schellart 2020, p. 9.
- ^ Baker 1978, p. 12.
- ^ Pearce et al. 1995, p. 1076.
- ^ Baker 1978, Table III.
- ^ Convey et al. 2000, p. 1287.
- ^ Yamin & Anselmi 2020, p. 17.
- ^ Baker 1978, p. 7.
- ^ Patrick & Smellie 2013, p. 486.
- ^ Liu et al. 2020, p. 12.
- ^ Gray, Burton-Johnson & Fretwell 2019, p. 62.
- ^ Gray, Burton-Johnson & Fretwell 2019, p. 68.
- ^ Lachlan-Cope, Smellie & Ladkin 2001, p. 105.
- ^ Liu et al. 2020, p. 20.
- ^ Thorpe & Murphy 2022, p. 6.
- ^ a b Holdgate 1963, p. 404.
- ^ Convey et al. 2000, p. 1289.
- ^ Convey, Morton & Poncet 1999, p. 117.
- ^ Hart & Convey 2018, p. 27.
- ^ Holdgate & Baker 1979, p. 45.
- ^ Hart & Convey 2018, p. 26.
- ^ Convey, Barnes & Morton 2002, p. 614.
Sources
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- Convey, P.; Morton, A.; Poncet, J. (April 1999). "Survey of marine birds and mammals of the South Sandwich Islands". Polar Record. 35 (193): 107–124. S2CID 128837047.
- Convey, P.; Lewis Smith, R. I.; Hodgson, D. A.; Peat, H. J. (November 2000). "The flora of the South Sandwich Islands, with particular reference to the influence of geothermal heating". Journal of Biogeography. 27 (6): 1279–1295. S2CID 86399142.
- Convey, P.; Barnes, D.; Morton, A. (1 August 2002). "Debris accumulation on oceanic island shores of the Scotia Arc, Antarctica". Polar Biology. 25 (8): 612–617. S2CID 1931615.
- Gray, D.M.; Burton-Johnson, A.; Fretwell, P.T. (July 2019). "Evidence for a lava lake on Mt. Michael volcano, Saunders Island (South Sandwich Islands) from Landsat, Sentinel-2 and ASTER satellite imagery". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 379: 60–71. S2CID 165148998.
- "Saunders Island". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 14 September 2023.
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- Holdgate, M.W.; Baker, P.E. (1979). "The South Sandwich Islands: I. General description" (PDF). British Antarctic Survey Scientific Reports. 91. Cambridge: British Antarctic Survey: 76.
- Kemp, Stanley (March 1932). "The Voyage of the R. R. S. Discovery II: Surveys and Soundings". The Geographical Journal. 79 (3): 168–181. JSTOR 1785191.
- Lachlan-Cope, T.; Smellie, J.L.; Ladkin, R. (December 2001). "Discovery of a recurrent lava lake on Saunders Island (South Sandwich Islands) using AVHRR imagery". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 112 (1–4): 105–116. .
- Leat, Philip T.; Day, Simon J.; Tate, Alex J.; Martin, Tara J.; Owen, Matthew J.; Tappin, David R. (September 2013). "Volcanic evolution of the South Sandwich volcanic arc, South Atlantic, from multibeam bathymetry". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 265: 60–77. .
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- Liu, Emma J.; Wood, Kieran; Aiuppa, Alessandro; Giudice, Gaetano; Bitetto, Marcello; Fischer, Tobias P.; McCormick Kilbride, Brendan T.; Plank, Terry; Hart, Tom (11 December 2020). "Volcanic activity and gas emissions along the South Sandwich Arc". Bulletin of Volcanology. 83 (1): 3. S2CID 228086712.
- Patrick, Matthew R.; Smellie, John L.; Harris, Andrew J. L.; Wright, Robert; Dean, Ken; Izbekov, Pavel; Garbeil, Harold; Pilger, Eric (1 June 2005). "First recorded eruption of Mount Belinda volcano (Montagu Island), South Sandwich Islands". Bulletin of Volcanology. 67 (5): 415–422. S2CID 54187857.
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- Yamin, M.G.; Anselmi, G. (2020). Geología de las placas Scotia y Sandwich. Revisión y mapa geológico (Report). Serie Contribuciones Técnicas - Geología N° 8 (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Instituto de Geología y Recursos Minerales, Servicio Geológico Minero Argentino. p. 29.
External links
- Downie, Anna-Leena; Vieira, Rui P.; Hogg, Oliver T.; Darby, Chris (2021). "Distribution of Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems at the South Sandwich Islands: Results From the Blue Belt Discovery Expedition 99 Deep-Water Camera Surveys". Frontiers in Marine Science. 8. ISSN 2296-7745.
- Hogg, Oliver T.; Downie, Anna-Leena; Vieira, Rui P.; Darby, Chris (2021). "Macrobenthic Assessment of the South Sandwich Islands Reveals a Biogeographically Distinct Polar Archipelago". Frontiers in Marine Science. 8. ISSN 2296-7745.