Secondary calculus and cohomological physics
In
Secondary calculus
Secondary calculus acts on the space of solutions of a system of partial differential equations (usually non-linear equations). When the number of independent variables is zero, i.e. the equations are algebraic ones, secondary calculus reduces to classical differential calculus.
All objects in secondary calculus are
Cohomological physics
Cohomological physics was born with
Classical analogues
All the constructions in classical differential calculus have an analog in secondary calculus. For instance, higher symmetries of a system of partial differential equations are the analog of vector fields on differentiable manifolds. The Euler operator, which associates to each variational problem the corresponding Euler–Lagrange equation, is the analog of the classical differential associating to a function on a variety its differential. The Euler operator is a secondary differential operator of first order, even if, according to its expression in local coordinates, it looks like one of infinite order. More generally, the analog of differential forms in secondary calculus are the elements of the first term of the so-called C-spectral sequence, and so on.
The simplest diffieties are infinite prolongations of partial differential equations, which are subvarieties of infinite jet spaces. The latter are infinite dimensional varieties that can not be studied by means of standard functional analysis. On the contrary, the most natural language in which to study these objects is differential calculus over commutative algebras. Therefore, the latter must be regarded as a fundamental tool of secondary calculus. On the other hand, differential calculus over commutative algebras gives the possibility to develop algebraic geometry as if it were differential geometry.
Theoretical physics
Recent developments of
It is relevant that secondary calculus and cohomological physics, which developed for twenty years independently from each other, arrived at the same results. Their confluence took place at the international conference Secondary Calculus and Cohomological Physics (Moscow, August 24–30, 1997).
Prospects
A large number of modern mathematical theories harmoniously converges in the framework of secondary calculus, for instance: commutative algebra and algebraic geometry, homological algebra and differential topology, Lie group and Lie algebra theory, differential geometry, etc.
See also
- Differential calculus over commutative algebras – part of commutative algebra
- Spectrum of a ring – Set of a ring's prime ideals
References
- I. S. Krasil'shchik, Calculus over Commutative Algebras: a concise user's guide, Acta Appl. Math. 49 (1997) 235—248; DIPS-01/98
- I. S. Krasil'shchik, A. M. Verbovetsky, Homological Methods in Equations of Mathematical Physics, Open Ed. and Sciences, Opava (Czech Rep.), 1998; DIPS-07/98.
- I. S. Krasil'shchik, A. M. Vinogradov (eds.), Symmetries and conservation laws for differential equations of mathematical physics, Translations of Math. Monographs 182, Amer. Math. Soc., 1999.
- J. Nestruev, Smooth Manifolds and Observables, Graduate Texts in Mathematics 220, Springer, 2002, .
- A. M. Vinogradov, The C-spectral sequence, Lagrangian formalism, and conservation laws I. The linear theory, J. Math. Anal. Appl. 100 (1984) 1—40; Diffiety Inst. Library.
- A. M. Vinogradov, The C-spectral sequence, Lagrangian formalism, and conservation laws II. The nonlinear theory, J. Math. Anal. Appl. 100 (1984) 41—129; Diffiety Inst. Library.
- A. M. Vinogradov, From symmetries of partial differential equations towards secondary (`quantized') calculus, J. Geom. Phys. 14 (1994) 146—194; Diffiety Inst. Library.
- A. M. Vinogradov, Introduction to Secondary Calculus, Proc. Conf. Secondary Calculus and Cohomology Physics (M. Henneaux, I. S. Krasil'shchik, and A. M. Vinogradov, eds.), Contemporary Mathematics, Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, Rhode Island, 1998; DIPS-05/98.
- A. M. Vinogradov, Cohomological Analysis of Partial Differential Equations and Secondary Calculus, Translations of Math. Monographs 204, Amer. Math. Soc., 2001.