Sexual minority

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

A sexual minority is a group whose

practices differ from the majority of the surrounding society. Primarily used to refer to lesbian, gay, bisexual, or non-heterosexual individuals,[1][2] it can also refer to transgender,[3] non-binary (including third gender[4]) or intersex
individuals.

Variants include GSM ("Gender and Sexual Minorities"),

Gender and Sexual Diversity).[8] They have been considered in academia,[a] but it is SGM ("Sexual and Gender Minority") that has gained the most advancement in the United States since 2014.[9] In 2015, the NIH announced the formation of the Sexual and Gender Minority Research Office[10] and numerous professional[11][12] and academic[13][14]
institutions have adopted this term.

Sexual and gender minority is an umbrella term that encompasses populations included in the acronym "LGBTI" (

gender variant), or those who have a specific medical condition affecting reproductive development (e.g., individuals with differences or disorders of sex development, who sometimes identify as intersex).[15]

Origins

The term sexual minority most likely was coined in the late 1960s under the influence of

ethnic minority.[17][18]

Scientists such as

anatomical sex as themselves.[19]

Associated health and social issues

Stress

Social issues may lead to possible health and psychological issues, especially in youth. It has been found that sexual minorities face increased stress due to stigmas. This stigma-related stress creates elevated coping regulation and social and cognitive processes leading to risk for psychopathology.[20] Examples of stigma-related stress that sexual minorities encounter throughout their lives are homophobia, rejection, and discrimination which leads them to having to conceal their identities. Research has shown that about 80% of these individuals reported to have been harassed.[21] These types of negative experiences increase the chance of them developing major depression and generalized anxiety disorder, including an increased chance of drugs and alcohol consumption.

Risky behavior

The

Centers for Disease Control (CDC) published its 2015 study of large cohorts of ninth to twelfth grade students across the U.S. 100 health behaviors were shown to put LGBT students at risk for health consequences. Sexual minority students engage in more risky behaviors when compared with nonsexual minority students. Some students "had no sexual contact [and] were excluded from analyses on sexual behaviors [including] female students who had sexual contact with only females [and] were excluded from analyses on condom use and birth control use..." Also excluded were "male students who had sexual contact with only males [and] were excluded from analyses on birth control use."[2] One small study conducted by American psychologist, Mark L. Hatzenbuehler showed that LGBT adolescents were victimized more often, had higher rates of psychopathology, left home more frequently, used highly addictive substances more frequently, and were more likely to have more multiple sex partners than heterosexual adolescents.[20]

Development

Based on studies of adolescents, it is concluded that sexual minorities are similar to heterosexual adolescents in developmental needs and concerns. However, research has suggested that sexual minority youth (more specifically LGBT youth) are more susceptible to psychological and health issues than heterosexual youth.[22]

Epidemiology

Sexual minorities tend to use

alternative and complementary medicine as alternative methods of addressing their health needs more often than heterosexuals.[23] Sexual minority women have a higher incidence of asthma, obesity, arthritis and cardiovascular disease than other groups.[24]

Adolescent sexual minorities report a higher incidence of the following when compared to heterosexual students:

When compared to the general population, sexual minorities have a higher risk for self-injury.[25] The treatment of aging sexual minorities seems to be influenced more by ageism. Support for aging sexual minorities appears to be common.[26]

Discrimination

When gay, lesbian, and bisexual adults reported being discriminated against, 42 percent credited it to their sexual orientation. This discrimination was positively associated with both harmful effects on quality of life and indicators of psychiatric morbidity.[27] Furthermore, those who were bisexuals and homosexuals compared to heterosexuals, tended to report to have one of the five psychiatric disorders examined.[27] It was evident that the discrimination these homosexual individuals experienced had a negative impact leading to psychological changes.

In the media

Sexual minorities are generally portrayed in the mass media as being ignored, trivialized, or condemned. The term symbolic annihilation accounts for their lack of characterization due to not fitting into the white, heterosexual, vanilla type lifestyle. It has been suggested that online media has developed into a space in which sexual minorities may use "social artillery". This description centers on how social networking and connections to oppose instances of homophobia.[28] Still, some individuals have made their way into the media through television and music. TV shows such as The Ellen DeGeneres Show and Modern Family star individuals who are open about their non-heterosexual lifestyles. In music, people like Sam Smith and Sia have created songs that express their emotions and sexuality with a number of followers. While sexual minorities do have a place in the media, it is often critiqued that they are still limited in their representations. In shows, if a character is gay, they are often a shallow character that is only present for comic relief or as a plot twist. Compared to a heteronormative counterpart, the sexual minority is often a mere side-kick. However, since the integration of actors, musicians, and characters of sexual minorities, the idea of non-normativity has become more normalized in society.[29]

Cultural issues

Current and past research has been "skewed toward SM men—and is disproportionately focused on HIV and other sexually transmitted infections." From 1989 to 2011, numerous grants for research were sponsored and funded by the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) but funded research for sexual minorities and health made up 0.1% of all funded studies. Most research has been directed toward gay and bisexual men. Women sexual minority studies accounted for 13.5%.[30]

Sexual minorities in South Africa have sexual-orientation-related health inequities when compared to other countries. One of the higher incidents of sexual violence directed toward women of a sexual minority occurs in South Africa. Women of color who are living in low-income, urban areas notably are targeted. The perpetrators of sexual violence believe that they are "correcting the women" and that their actions will cure them of their homosexuality.[30]

Controversy

Some referred to as "sexual minorities" include

non-monogamous relationships, and those who have partners significantly older or younger than themselves.[36]
It may also refer to people who are in a interracial relationship.

Usually, the term sexual minority is applied only to groups who practice consensual sex: For example, it would be unusual to refer to

kink[35]
or same-sex activity into, heterosexual sex life usually would not be described as a sexual minority.

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ See also: Variants of the term "LGBT".

References

  1. OL 8151801M
    . SUMMARY. This chapter explores the cultural, religious, and sociological underpinnings of homophobia and intolerance toward homosexuals.
  2. ^ a b c Kann, Laura; O'Malley Olsen, Emily; McManus, Tim; Harris, William A.; et al. (August 11, 2016). "Sexual Identity, Sex of Sexual Contacts, and Health-Related Behaviors Among Students in Grades 9–12 — United States and Selected Sites, 2015; Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from the original on August 26, 2019. Retrieved March 20, 2017.
  3. ^ "Definition of Terms - "Sexual Minority"". Gender Equity Resource Center. Archived from the original on 29 July 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
  4. ^ Sharma, Gopal (7 January 2015). "Nepal to issue passports with third gender for sexual minorities". Reuters. Archived from the original on 8 June 2019. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
  5. ^ Galloway, Tammy (March 17, 2023). "Gender & Sexual Minorities (GSM): Definition and Stigmas". Study.com. Archived from the original on March 18, 2023. Retrieved March 17, 2023.
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  8. ^ Organisation proposes replacing the 'limiting' term LGBT with 'more inclusive' GSD Archived 2018-06-16 at the Wayback Machine, February 25, 2013
  9. ^ "Sexual & Gender Minority Youth in Los Angeles Foster Care, Bianca D.M. Wilson, Khush Cooper, Angeliki Kastanis, Sheila Nezhad, The Williams Institute, 2014 | The Center for HIV Law and Policy". www.hivlawandpolicy.org. Archived from the original on 2015-03-24. Retrieved 2019-03-04.
  10. ^ "Sexual & Gender Minority Research Office | DPCPSI". dpcpsi.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 2020-11-12. Retrieved 2019-03-04.
  11. ^ "Anxiety and Depression in Sexual and Gender Minority Individuals". adaa.org. Archived from the original on 2018-12-16. Retrieved 2019-03-04.
  12. ^ "Advancing Excellence in Sexual and Gender Minority Health | Fenway Health: Health Care Is A Right, Not A Privilege". fenwayhealth.org. 8 November 2018. Archived from the original on 2019-03-06. Retrieved 2019-03-04.
  13. ^ "Sexual and Gender Minorities in Western Kenya". Williams Institute. 2019-01-30. Archived from the original on 2019-03-06. Retrieved 2019-03-04.
  14. ^ "Resources". ISGMH. 2016-11-08. Archived from the original on 2017-02-20. Retrieved 2019-03-04.
  15. ^ https://www.edi.nih.gov/sites/default/files/EDI_Public_files/sgm-strategic-plan.pdf Archived 2021-03-18 at the Wayback Machine [bare URL PDF]
  16. ^ Lattimer, Julia. "GSM acronym better than LGBT alphabet soup". Collegiate Times. Archived from the original on 11 July 2018. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
  17. ^ DeGagne, Alexa (6 October 2011). "Queering the language of 'sexual minorities' in Canada". University of Alberta. Archived from the original on 12 June 2015. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
  18. ISBN 9780714507910. Archived
    from the original on 23 March 2023. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
  19. ^ a b Savin-Williams, Ritch C. "A critique of research on sexual-minority youths." Journal of adolescence 24.1 (2001): 5-13.
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    PMID 19702379
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  26. PMID 27167408. Archived from the original
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  27. ^
    PMID 11684618
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  28. S2CID 37527336
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  29. ^ "GLOing Depictions of Sexual Minorities: The Evolution of Gay- and Lesbian-Oriented Digital Media | Technoculture". tcjournal.org. Archived from the original on 2016-12-20. Retrieved 2016-12-05.
  30. ^
    PMID 27066890
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  32. ^ "Understanding the Asexual Community". HUMAN RIGHTS CAMPAIGN. March 17, 2023. Archived from the original on March 14, 2023. Retrieved March 17, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  33. ^ Liao, SH (2023). "Fictosexual Manifesto: Their Position, Political Possibility, and Critical Resistance". NTU-OTASTUDY GROUP. Archived from the original on 2023-03-12. Retrieved 2023-03-16.
  34. ^ "Polyamory Terms". Loving More Nonprofit. 2012-01-21. Archived from the original on 2023-03-18. Retrieved 2023-03-18.
  35. ^ a b Nichols, Margaret, and M. I. C. H. A. E. L. Shernoff. "Therapy with sexual minorities." Principles and practice of sex therapy 4 (2000): 353-367.
  36. Homophile and hebiphile. I engage is sic
    recreational sex exclusively with teenagers.

External links
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