Shrine of Miosach

Edit links
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Shrine of Miosach
The frontpiece, added in 1532 AD
MaterialYew-wood, bronze, silver, enamel
Sizeheight 26.6cm, width 23.2cm, depth 6.3cm.[1]
Createdlate 11th and early 16th centuries
DiscoveredClonmany, County Donegal, Ireland
Present locationNational Museum of Ireland, Dublin
Reverse view

The Shrine of Miosach (also known as The Misach,

Colm Cille (521-59 AD).[4]

The shrine was heavily re-worked and added to in the 16th century; in 1534 the goldsmith Brian O'Morrison added a front cover and side plates adorned with semi-precious stones, and

patron saints of Ireland: St. Bridget, St. Patrick and Colm Cille.[1]
O'Morrison fixed his additions to the wooden core with nails.

As with the cumdach holding the Cathach of St. Columba, in the Middle Ages it was carried into battle like a standard.[5] It is held by the National Museum of Ireland, Dublin, in its archaeology building on Kildare Street.

Description

During the 11th and 12th centuries, Irish metalworkers of the first rank tended to focus on highly prized

crosiers and reliquary crosses,[6] which form the majority of surviving artworks from this period.[7] Bronze was used as the core metal and was often ornamented with reliefs, jewels, gold and silver leaf, filigree and inscriptions.[8] The influence of Viking art, especially the Ringerike style, becomes apparent in work produced from 1072 AD, as the influence of the Norse settlements on the coastal towns spread inwards across the island.[8] In contrast, Irish metalwork from this period, when the craft was seen as at the forefront of visual art, shows few influences from contemporary developments in English or mainland European regions, even though Irish and English ecclesiasticals were in close contact.[9]

Detail of the upper center of the front cover, with crucifixion and two Madonna and Child images (in the smaller panels on either side of the cross)

The Shrine of Miosach consists of a rectangular, 11th-century wooden box which was decorated in the 16th century by extensive and ornate metal plates and mountings, fixed to the wooden core with nails.

zoomorphic illustrations,[10]
whose designs show the influence of the Ringerike style.

On commission from a member of the then dominant

Colm Cille in four large panels. Located in the upper centre of the front cover, in the space between the plates, is a relief of the crucified Christ. The front is further decorated by eight large cabochon quartz (rock crystal) gemstones.[13] These semi-precious crystals were in vogue at the time, and probably replaced similar glass stones. Originally the stones may have acted as lapidaries, that is they were chosen and placed based on their symbolic meaning which may have tied in with the text held in the interior chamber.[19]

Right-hand side

Moss notes that, as with other 16th-century refurbishments of 10th- and 11th-century objects such as the Domnach Airgid and the casing for the Cathach psalter, the goldsmiths were mindful to incorporate elements of the original object, "suggesting a concern with maintaining the antique character of the pieces".[20] This can be seen in how the front cover in many 16th-century reworkings, including this work, resemble 10th- and 11th-century illuminated manuscripts and high crosses, in that they are characterised by a surface divided into quadrants separated by raised bands, which the later artists usually made from bronze or silver.[6]

The overall workmanship is, according to Moss, of a "formal and rigid style".[21] Petrie had a similar view, and considered the other surviving cumdach, the Domnach Airgid, to be of a "purer style of art, and [of] more perfect execution" than the original metalwork on the Miosach shrine.[22] According to the art historian Paul Mullarkey, the metalwork on some of the sides is of variable quality. He writes that some of the 16th-century craftsmen were "somewhat clumsy in [their] layout and execution of the zoomorphic[s], and this shows that not all commissions were of high quality."[13]

Provenance

Left-hand side

The shrine is first mentioned in Irish annals dating from 1165.[23] According to records from an enquiry into the object in 1609, it was then in the townland of Fahan, near the Donegal parish of Clonmany, having been recently obtained from bishop Thomas Barnard of Derry.[16][22] It was acquired by William Barnard, Bishop of Derry, or his son Thomas Barnard, Bishop of Killaloe and Kilfenora, in the mid-18th century.[24] When described by Petrie c. 1850–1853, it had been in the collection of St. Columba's College in Dublin since 1843, following its gifting by Edwin Wyndham-Quin, Lord of Dunraven that year.[11][25]

The earliest, modern and full description and account was made by William Betham (not the bishop) in his 1826 book Irish Antiquarian Researches,[11] although Charles Vallancey had covered the shrine in his nine-volume Collectanea De Rebus Hibernicis (1770 until his death in 1804);[22][26] some of Betham's theories were later refuted. Notably, Petrie dismissed Betham's idea that the word "Miosach" is derived from a Hebrew root as "totally absurd and groundless".[11] Similarly the scholar and collector William Stokes found Betham's analysis lacking in knowledge and wildly inaccurate (for example Betham interpreted that the "M" in the M.CCCCC.XXXIIII inscription signified "DOMINI").[27] Stokes wrote it was fortunate that the shrine was offered for sale in London soon after Betham's description, as otherwise "its history would be, in consequence of Sir William Betham's ignorant notice of it, wholly lost."[27]

Writing in 1868, Stokes noted that rather than referring to a family name, the word "Miosach" may refer to a calendar.[27]

The Shrine of Miosach had been on loan to the archaeology department of the National Museum of Ireland since 1984, until it was purchased from St Columba's College in 2000 for £1.6 million.[23]

Condition

The shrine underwent a heavy restoration in the late 19th century. A number of elements were lost during this process, including the primary inscription, which is thought to have been on the reverse.[10]

References

Citations

  1. ^ a b c "Enshrining The Book". Trinity College Dublin, 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2021
  2. ^ Petrie (1850–53), pp. 464–467
  3. ^ "Shrine of the Miosach: An Early Irish Book Shrine". Irish Archaeology, 28 May 2014. Retrieved 27 June 2021
  4. ^ a b O Floinn (2002), p. 269
  5. ^ Lucas (1986), 27
  6. ^ a b c d Crawford (1923), p. 75
  7. ^ Stalley (1977), p. 187
  8. ^ a b Stalley (1977), p. 188
  9. ^ Stalley (1977), pp. 188, 190
  10. ^ a b c d Mullarkey (2014), p. 302
  11. ^ a b c d Petrie (1850–53), p. 464
  12. ^ Moss (2014), p. 284
  13. ^ a b c Mullarkey (2014), p. 303
  14. ^ "Shrine of O'Donnell, Cathach or Battler: early 20th century (original dated 1084)". Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 27 June 2021
  15. ^ Moss (2014), p. 485
  16. ^ a b Petrie (1850–53), p. 465
  17. ^ Moss (2014), p. 476
  18. ^ Fitzpatrick (2004), p. 3
  19. ^ Moss (2014), p. 113
  20. ^ Moss (2014), p. 108
  21. ^ Moss (2014), p. 44
  22. ^ a b c Stokes (1868), p. 291
  23. ^
    Irish Times
    , 19 December 2001. Retrieved 27 June 2021
  24. ^ Petrie (1850–53), p. 466
  25. ^ "Shrine of the Times". Sunday Mirror, 31 March 2002. Retrieved June 27, 2021
  26. ^ "General Charles Vallancey's "Collectanea de rebus Hibernicis" (Dublin, 1786-1804), bound in nine volumes, with manuscript annotations, 19th c.". National Library of Ireland. Retrieved 27 June 2021
  27. ^ a b c Stokes (1868), p. 292

Sources

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shrine_of_Miosach&oldid=1229561494"