Sir George Collier, 1st Baronet
Sir George Collier KCB Bt | |
---|---|
Birth name | George Ralph Collier |
Born | 1772 London, England |
Died | 24 March 1824 (aged 51) London, England |
Allegiance | United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland |
Service/ | Royal Navy |
Years of service | 1787–1824 |
Rank | Captain |
Commands held | HMS Victor HMS Leopard HMS Minerva HMS Surveillante HMS Leander HMS Creole |
Battles/wars | French Revolutionary Wars Napoleonic Wars War of 1812 |
Awards | Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath |
Sir George Ralph Collier, 1st Baronet, KCB (bapt. 4 June 1772[1] – 24 March 1824) was an officer of the Royal Navy during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, and the War of 1812. He had an eventful early life, being shipwrecked early in his career and later captured by the French. Nevertheless, he saw enough service to attract the attention of powerful patrons that secured his rise through the ranks. An officer of considerable ability, he won a noteworthy victory against a stronger French opponent, before embarking on a period of distinguished service off the Spanish and Portuguese coasts, working closely with the British generals fighting the Peninsular War, and markedly contributing to their success. His good service led to a prime posting in command of a squadron despatched to hunt down and neutralise the American super frigates during the War of 1812. He came close to capturing the USS Constitution, but lost her in circumstances that were unclear and would later return to haunt him. The years of peace that followed the end of the Napoleonic Wars saw him rewarded with a baronetcy, and he continued to serve in the navy where he was tasked with the suppression of the slave trade. The publishing of William James's account of the War of 1812, which lambasted him for incompetence and cowardice in his failure to catch the Constitution, broke his personal peace. Having failed to clear his name, and increasingly depressed by the accusations, Collier killed himself.
Family and early life
Collier was born in London in 1774, the second son of the chief clerk of the
Collier's next ship was Captain
French Revolutionary Wars
By now the
Battle with the Flèche
As was customary Collier received a promotion, to master and commander on 3 September 1799, and a command, the 18-gun
Collier therefore came away without his prize, but his exploit came to the attention of the
Napoleonic Wars
The Minerva was sent south to the Spanish and Portuguese coasts, where Collier found himself busy suppressing
It was while operating off the Iberian Peninsula that Collier devised a need for an improved type of ships' boat.[7] He developed a design based on elements of both a whaleboat and a jolly boat, and had one built for him at Plymouth Dockyard.[7] The boat proved extremely useful after tests aboard the Surveillante, especially at being able to land safely on a flat beach to give close support.[7] Collier further modified it by installing a howitzer in the bows, and soon boats of its type were being requested by other captains for their ships.[7] In 1813 Collier succeeded Sir Home Popham in commanding the north coast squadron, Spain. He and a small squadron supported General Arthur Wellesley and General Sir Thomas Graham in the capture of San Sebastián and the siege of Bayonne.[5]
War of 1812
On 15 March 1814 Collier received command of the 50-gun HMS Leander and was sent to North America to deal with the American super frigates that were causing losses to British merchant shipping. It was a highly sought after posting, and reflected the Admiralty's approval of his efforts off Spain.[6] Collier sought battle with the USS Constitution, but the American ship escaped from Boston and evaded him.[5] He gathered a squadron consisting of the Leander, the 60-gun HMS Newcastle and the 40-gun HMS Acasta, and set off in pursuit.[5] He almost caught up with the Constitution off St Jago, but weather prevented Leander from closing on her.[5] The Constitution was at the time sailing with two captured British prizes, the former HMS Levant and HMS Cyane.[8] Collier's three ships gave chase and were overhauling the Constitution, when, having allowed the Cyane to escape, the Levant broke away and Collier followed her.[8] In doing so he retook the Levant,[9] but allowed Constitution to escape.[8] Collier continued to cruise in the area, but before he had another opportunity to pursue the Constitution, news reached him that the Treaty of Ghent had been signed and that the war was over.[5]
Years of peace
Collier returned to Britain, and on 20 September 1814 he was created a baronet.[10][11] He was invested as a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath on 2 January 1815.[12][5] He was also appointed groom of the bedchamber to the Duke of Gloucester that day.[5]
West Africa Squadron
In 1818, he continued to see active service at sea, being appointed the first Commodore of the West Africa Squadron, with the 36-gun HMS Creole as his flagship. On 19 September 1818, the navy sent him to the Gulf of Guinea with the orders: "You are to use every means in your power to prevent a continuance of the traffic in slaves."[13] Unfortunately, however, the squadron initially had only six ships with which to patrol over 5,000 kilometres (3,000 mi) of coast. Collier served in this post from 1818 to 1821. His distinguished role in anti-slavery efforts led to his election as an honorary life member of the African Institution on 17 May 1820.
James's account and death
Collier's life was disturbed by the publication of William James's Naval History in 1823. James paid particular attention to the escape of the Constitution, and lamented Collier's failure to bring her to action and capture her.[5] James claimed Collier's incompetence had allowed the Constitution to escape from Boston, while his failure to bring her to action when his squadron later sighted her was attributed to what amounted to cowardice on his part.[5] James summed up the episode with
Most sincerely do we regret...that this last and most triumphant escape of the Constitution, the first frigate of the United States that had humbled the proud flag of Britain, had, not long ago, been brought under the scrutiny of a court-martial. The blame would then have fallen where it ought to have fallen...The more it is investigated, the more it will show itself to be, the most blundering piece of business recorded in these six volumes.[5]
Collier applied to the
Notes
- ^ London, England, Church of England Baptisms, Marriages and Burials, 1538–1812
- ^ a b c d e f g h Tracy. Who's who in Nelson's Navy. p. 87.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Tracy. Who's who in Nelson's Navy. p. 88.
- ^ "No. 16069". The London Gazette. 19 September 1807. p. 1243.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Tracy. Who's who in Nelson's Navy. p. 89.
- ^ a b Gardiner. Frigates of the Napoleonic Wars. pp. 170–1.
- ^ a b c d Gardiner. Frigates of the Napoleonic Wars. pp. 108–9.
- ^ a b c Toll. Six Frigates. pp. 150–1.
- ^ Captain Collier, Copy of a Letter sent to Sir Alexander Cochrane, signed onboard HMS Leander, published in the London Gazette, 9 May 1815", http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/17010/pages/871, Retrieved 2 November 2009
- ^ "No. 16919". The London Gazette. 23 July 1814. p. 1487.
- ^ a b Burke. A genealogical and heraldic history of the extinct and dormant baronetcies. p. 124.
- ^ "No. 16972". The London Gazette. 4 January 1815. p. 19.
- ISBN 978-0-7146-1894-4.
- ^ a b Burke. The Annual Register. pp. 37–9.
- ^ London, England, Church of England Deaths and Burials, 1813-2003
- ^ Burke. The Annual Register. p. 41.
References
- Tracy, Nicholas (2006). Who's who in Nelson's Navy: 200 Naval Heroes. London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 1-86176-244-5.
- Toll, Ian W. (2007). Six Frigates: How Piracy, War and British Supremacy at Sea gave Birth to the World's Most Powerful Navy. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-101456-2.
- Burke, Edmund (1825). The Annual Register, or, A view of the history, politics, and literature for the year 1824. Vol. 66. London: J. Dodsley.
- Gardiner, Robert (2006). Frigates of the Napoleonic Wars. London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 1-86176-292-5.
- Burke, Bernard (1844). A genealogical and heraldic history of the extinct and dormant baronetcies of England, Ireland and Scotland (2 ed.). J. R. Smith.