Smallmouth buffalo

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Smallmouth buffalo

Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Cypriniformes
Family: Catostomidae
Genus: Ictiobus
Species:
I. bubalus
Binomial name
Ictiobus bubalus
(Rafinesque, 1818)
The distribution of I. bubalus in the United States
Synonyms
  • Catostomus bubalus Rafinesque, 1818
FMIB 33324 Ictiobus Bubalus (Ravinesque)

The smallmouth buffalo (Ictiobus bubalus, from the Greek for "bull-fish" and "buffalo") is one of the longest-lived fishes, capable of living more than a century.

common carp (Cyprinus carpio), but an easy and notable difference is that all catostomids lack the characteristic barbels
of carp.

Physical characteristics

The coloration of smallmouth buffalo ranges from shades of gray to brown and coppery green dorsally and pale yellow to white ventrally. Fin colors match the portion of the body where they attach and are generally darker towards the tips. They are characteristically stocky, having a hump that rises up from the

caudal fin has even lobes, and the dorsal fin protrudes from the top of the hump to a blunt point, then shortens and runs the remaining length of the body to the base of the tail. Typical adults reach a length around 40–60 cm (16–24 in), with some specimens reaching as much as 30.1 kg (66.4 pounds) and 101.5 cm (40.0 in).[4]

Habitat

The smallmouth buffalo is a hardy fish that frequents clear, moderate to fast-moving streams, but has been occasionally known in some lakes and ponds. If prefers waters with dense aquatic vegetation and a silty bottom. It has a high tolerance for hard water and can survive in waters with pH ranges of 6.5–8.5.

Diet

The smallmouth buffalo's diet is primarily that of a

mollusk larvae, and small crustaceans
.

Life history

Spawning usually takes place in spring and summer, with more specific times depending on the location of the population. Migration is negligible. Spawning often occurs in shallower sections of streams where the egg can adhere to vegetation and gravel to keep from flowing away. Each female can lay tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of eggs at a time depending on her size, and no parental care is applied and the eggs hatch in one to two weeks. The young hide in aquatic vegetation to avoid predators. The lifespan of a smallmouth buffalo was historically not well known because of limited study on their otoliths and a reliance instead on other structures (e.g. scales, fin rays, gill plates) that are inadequate for age analysis.[7] However, a 2019 study took an initial look at their otoliths (earstones) from a commercially-harvested population in the middle Mississippi River drainage and found that even with harvest, about half of the sample was 20 years or older, with the oldest being 39 years of age.[3] A 2020 study on a single female specimen from Oklahoma found it was 62 years old.[4] In 2023, smallmouth buffalo otoliths were age validated, with longevity more than 60 years in Oklahoma.[5] In Arizona, smallmouth buffalo as old as 90–100 years of age were discovered.[2]
The onset of sexual maturity for smallmouth buffalo likely varies by latitude and population but is typically 4–5 years for males and around 6 years for females.

Relationship with humans

Although historically and derogatorily considered by many to be a rough fish, smallmouth buffalo are native to North American ecosystems, are the most common commercially sold freshwater fish in the United States, are sought after by traditional anglers on rod-and-line,[8][2] and they have rapidly become sportfish as modernized night bowfishing has become increasingly popular since 2010 - a sport that targets this species among others.[6][9][10] Management of this species is in urgent need of reassessment as essentially no agency is tracking the ecological impact of modernized bowfishing, and there are virtually no limits on harvest. The species is highly valued by some as a human food source and the fish meal is common in animal feed. They are relatively quick and easy to raise in commercial farm ponds. Anglers seeking to hook a smallmouth buffalo have found success with doughballs and corn on hooks.[2]

An 82 lb 3 oz (37.3 kg) fish taken from Athens Lake, Texas on May 6, 1993 by angler Randy Collins stands as the International Game Fish Association (IGFA) all-tackle world record for the species, while a 63 cm (2.07 ft) specimen caught on May 16, 2022 in

Livingston Lake, Texas by James Schmid is the current IGFA all-tackle length record.[11] The North Carolina state record for smallmouth buffalo is an 88 lb (40 kg) fish caught in Lake Wylie on November 14, 1993 by Tony Crawford,[12] who had previously set the state record with a 61.02 lb (27.68 kg) fish caught at the same lake on December 1, 1991, both through use of packbait.[12][13] Smallmouth buffalo are not native to North Carolina, but it is not known when they were introduced there.[13]

References

[14] [15] [16]

  1. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T191239A130113487.en
    . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  2. ^
    PMID 37864074
    .
  3. ^
    S2CID 199636657
    .
  4. ^ a b c Snow, Richard (2020). "Examination of the Current Oklahoma State Record Smallmouth Buffalo". Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science. 100: 16–21.
  5. ^
    ISSN 0275-5947
    .
  6. ^
    PMID 31149641
    .
  7. ISSN 1095-8649
    .
  8. ^ "Fishing for Buffalo". University of Minnesota Press. Retrieved 2020-06-14.
  9. ISSN 0022-8443
    .
  10. ISSN 0275-5947
    .
  11. ^ "Buffalo, smallmouth (Ictiobus bubalus)". International Game Fish Association. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
  12. ^ a b "N.C. Freshwater Fishing State Records". North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
  13. ^ a b Venters, Vic (March 1992). "Angler Targets Little Known Species: New Smallmouth Buffalo State Record Caught". Wildlife in North Carolina. N.C. Wildlife Resources Commission. p. 31. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
  14. ^ "Ohio Boating Accident Data Archive". Dnr.state.oh.us. Retrieved 2017-02-26.
  15. ^ "Smallmouth Buffalo (Ictiobus bubalus)". Tpwd.state.tx.us. Retrieved 2017-02-26.
  16. ^ "Smallmouth Buffalo (Ictiobus bubalus) - FactSheet". Nas.er.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2017-02-26.

External links

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