Smuggler's Gulch

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Coordinates: 32°32′41″N 117°05′18″W / 32.5447789°N 117.0883610°W / 32.5447789; -117.0883610
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Smuggler's Gulch
Cañón del Matadero
Mexico–United States barrier

The Smuggler's Gulch is part of a steep walled canyon about 2 miles (3.2 km) inland of the Pacific Ocean. The canyon crosses the Mexico–United States border, between Tijuana, Baja California, and San Diego, California, and Smuggler's Gulch is the part of the canyon on the US side of the border. It may also be called Cañón del Matadero[2] or Valle Montezuma[3] in Spanish, but these names apply more generally to the whole canyon. Smuggling activities within Smuggler's Gulch have occurred since the 19th century, giving this part of the canyon its name.

The gulch is vegetated with

Mexico–United States barrier
.

Flora and fauna

The flora of the gulch consists of coastal sage scrub.[4]: 85  In the early 20th century, golden-spined cereus (Bergerocactus emoryi), listed by the California Native Plant Society as a rare plant, existed within the gulch.[4]: 85 [5] In 2015, a small number of singlewhorl burrobrush (Ambrosia monogyra), also listed as a rare plant by the California Native Plant Society, were documented near the mouth of the gulch.[6]: 6 [7]

Near and in the gulch, a few

Cooper’s Hawk (Accipter cooperii), and the northern harrier (Circus hudsonius).[6]: 7  Over 350 avian species have been observed near and within the gulch.[8]

Geography

Satellite image of Smuggler's Gulch in November 2016

The gulch is the lower part of a steep walled canyon about 2 miles (3.2 km) inland and east of the Pacific Ocean in San Diego, California, and Tijuana, Baja California.[9][10][11]: Sedimentation And Erosion Study: 1, 3  The gulch is about 0.5 miles (0.80 km) wide.[12] It is about 3 miles (4.8 km) west of the San Ysidro Port of Entry;[13] the primary border crossing between San Diego and Tijuana, and the busiest border crossing in the world.[14]

In the mid-19th century, Smuggler's Gulch had

marshland and ponds of water.[4]: 70  A stream which originates from the gulch had drained into the Tijuana River;[4]: 82  the watershed of the gulch, a sub-watershed of the larger Tijuana River watershed, is about 6.7 square miles (17 km2) and is mostly in Mexico.[6]: 2–3  The stream only flows seasonally during the winter months.[11]: Sedimentation And Erosion Study: 6  When the base flow is absent, sewage from Mexico would follow the path of the creek were it not diverted for treatment.[11]: Sedimentation And Erosion Study: 6  An alluvial fan has formed at the northern mouth of the gulch due to colluvium deposits.[4]: 116, 118  A natural spring had existed within the gulch.[15]: 16  In the early 1990s, the stream was funneled into a 20-foot-wide (6.1 m) agricultural channel which flows into the Tijuana River.[6]: 2 [16] This channel is connected to the gulch via an earthen channel which ends at Monument Road.[17]
: 23 

History

Dating back thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans in the Americas, the Kumeyaay lived in the area in and around the gulch.[15]: 1 [18]: 11–14  Melijo, a Kumeyaay village, existed north of the gulch.[15]: 2 [19][20][21][a] In 1769, Junípero Serra described the village as a "gentile settlement, thickly populated".[4]: 44  Some of its inhabitants took part in the 1775 attack on Mission San Diego de Alcalá.[18]: 15 [20][23] Some time after the attack during the 18th Century, the people of the village were displaced.[24]

During the Mexican period, the gulch was part of Rancho Melijo.[18]: 15 [25] It was owned by Santiago Argüello, who used it to raise cattle and horses.[4]: 46  Following the Mexican–American War, monuments were placed along the Mexico–United States border; monument 256 was placed near the gulch.[19][26] The canyon began to be referred to as Smuggler's Gulch as far back as the 1880s due to smuggling of livestock from Mexico into the United States.[27] Other items smuggled through the gulch were cigars and lace undergarments.[27] In 1889, a schoolhouse was built near the mouth of the gulch and continued to operate until 1941; prior to its closing, it had been the southwest most school in the United States.[28]: 12  As of 2015, the former schoolhouse still exists as a private residence and had moved from its original location onto private property.[28]: 12 

In the early 20th Century, prior to the American entry into

neo-Nazis led by Tom Metzger.[33][34]

Due to the sewage flowing through Smuggler's Gulch, Border Field State Park was quarantined.[13] Beginning in the latter half of the 1980s, work began to collect sewage flows within the gulch but was insufficient to capture all of it, with over 100,000 US gallons (380 kL) continuing into the estuary every day in 1987.[25] In the 1990s, the City of San Diego purchased land at the mouth of the gulch and utilized it as a toxic waste dump, importing contaminated soils from Sorrento Valley.[25] By the mid-1990s, millions of gallons of sewage were flowing through the gulch, leading to additional attempts to mitigate the issue by construction of additional pumps and pipes to the then-newly constructed International Boundary Wastewater Treatment Plant;[25] however, when it rains these pumps are insufficient to collect the polluted waters from Tijuana, which then flow into the Tijuana River and thence into the Pacific Ocean.[35] As a result, the ocean adjacent to Imperial Beach is frequently closed to swimming because of bacterial contamination in the water.[36]

Barrier construction

Cañón del Matadero south of the Mexico–United States border, as seen from the southeast, in 2008

Construction of a border fence by the

Mexico–United States barrier, asking the United States federal government to make additional environmental concessions in regards to border barrier construction;[44] this action was criticized in The American Spectator.[45] Beginning in 2005, environmental laws were waived, as authorized by the Real ID Act, in order for the Mexico–United States barrier to be built in the gulch and in nearby Goat Canyon.[27][44] These proposed actions were criticized by various people and organizations, including the Sierra Club.[9][46][47] In 2005, 127,000 illegal aliens were apprehended in the area of Smuggler's Gulch, overcoming the existing fencing.[38] In August 2008, barrier construction in the gulch began;[40] work was contracted to Kiewit Corporation.[48]

Mexico–United States barrier in Smuggler's Gulch, as seen from the northwest, in 2009

In July 2009, work was completed on the project in the gulch;[49] it cost $58 million and utilized 72,000 dump truck loads to fill the 230-foot-high (70 m) gulch.[10] The amount of dirt moved was about 2,100,000 cubic feet (59,000 m3);[25] the dirt came from nearby mesas within Border Field State Park.[28]: 15 [d] The 3.5-mile-long (5.6 km) road, lighting, and triple barrier, topped the fill within Smuggler's Gulch.[51] The filling of the gulch was one of the most expensive sections of the Mexico–United States barrier.[52]

In 2010, irrigation was installed on the fill to encourage growth of vegetation to reduce erosion, which would assist in stabilizing the earthen fill.

United States Customs and Border Protection (CBP) in order to rehabilitate areas affected by the installation of the border barrier across the gulch;[54]: 29  this has stabilized the fill, which has seen reduction of height change from 0.5 centimetres (3⁄16 in) per year, to 0.1 centimetres (1⁄32 in) per year, all but eliminating sedimentation.[55] After the barrier was completed in the gulch the area has been described as "nearly impenetrable";[56] however, even with these alterations to the terrain, it has not stopped all smuggling.[57] As recently as June 2019, a small number of people have continued to evade CBP agents within the gulch.[58] Due to the decrease in people crossing the border in the gulch, sensitive areas in the Tijuana River Estuary are no longer trampled upon.[47]

At the base of the filled portion of the gulch, underneath the border barrier, are two 10-by-10-foot (3 m × 3 m) culverts to allow water flow.[3] Following the construction of the border barrier in the gulch, a water channel was created to allow water from the gulch to flow into the Tijuana River; this channel is dredged and excavated yearly to remove trash, debris, and sands, which clog the channel.[59] These items that are removed, originating from Tijuana, are waste from various sources, including hospitals and home construction.[60] A sediment basin was built in the gulch in 2006;[54]: 8 [61] when the basins are emptied about 15,000 cubic yards (11,000 m3) of trash and sediment are removed.[54]: 8  Removed sediment is deposited in a former quarry located in the Tijuana River Valley.[62]

As of October 2015, the gulch south of Monument Road and north of the Mexico–United States barrier is owned by the County of San Diego.[17]: 23, 25  The gulch between the Mexico–United States barrier, and the Mexico–United States border, are federal lands.[63]

In the Summer of 2022, a 42 inches (110 cm) sewer line in the Mexican side of the canyon broke, causing the sewage it was caring to flow through the canyon into the Tijuana River; it was repaired in December 2023.[64] Due to the flow of sewage into the Tijuana River beaches in South San Diego County were considered unsafe for human usage due to high bacteria levels.[65] The County of San Diego declared a state of emergency due to the increase of sewage flowing from Mexico into the Tijuana River, however the State of California did not declare a state of emergency at the state level.[66]

Notes

  1. ^

    Site CA-SDI-10669 was first recorded by Florence Shipek in 1976 as a possible location of the ethnographically-recorded Kumeyaay village of Mellejo. Since that time, an assortment of surface and subsurface discoveries has been attributed to CA-SDI-10669, resulting in the documentation of an extensive shell and lithic scatter by Seth Rosenberg in 2008.

    — Master Storm Water System Maintenance Program – Tijuana River Valley Channel Maintenance Project Individual Historical Assessment[22]

    Unfortunately, the predominance of mottled deposits including modern trash intermixed with elements of the prehistoric occupation of the area indicated that this portion of Site CA-SDI-10669 did not retain integrity.

    — Master Storm Water System Maintenance Program – Tijuana River Valley Channel Maintenance Project Individual Historical Assessment[22]
  2. ^ In 2005, it continued to be the only border fence in Smuggler's Gulch.[38]
  3. ^ Due to the maintenance and safety issues, switchback alternatives to barrier construction were not seriously considered.[43]
  4. ^ The dirt came from Border Highlands and Spooner's Mesa.[50]

References

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  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i San Francisco Estuary Institute-Aquatic Science Center; Safran, Samuel; Baumgarten, Sean; Beller, Erin; Crooks, Jeff; Grossinger, Robin; Lorda, Julio; Longcore, Travis; Bram, Danielle; Dark, Shawna; Stein, Eric; McIntosh, Tyler (January 2017). Tijuana River Valley Historical Ecology Investigation (PDF) (Report). The California State Coastal Conservancy. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 June 2019. Retrieved 22 June 2019 – via Southern California Coastal Water Research Project.
  5. ^ "Bergerocactus emoryi". Inventory of Rare and Endangered Plants of California. California Native Plant Society. 3 January 2017. Archived from the original on 22 June 2019. Retrieved 22 June 2019.
  6. ^ a b c d Joshi, Vipul (1 June 2015). Individual Biological Assessment Report: Tijuana River Pilot Channel and Smuggler's Gulch Channel (PDF) (Report). City of San Diego. Tijuana River Pilot Channel & Smuggler's Gulch FY 15/16. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 March 2017. Retrieved 25 June 2019.
  7. ^ "Ambrosia monogyra". Inventory of Rare and Endangered Plants of California. California Native Plant Society. 12 June 2013. Archived from the original on 26 June 2019. Retrieved 25 June 2019.
  8. ^ York, Katherine (2 February 2015). "Border Infrastructure: Photographing the US-Mexico Border". Blog. Oxford Law. Retrieved 3 August 2019. The Gulch is a steep canyon formed by two mesas, which includes California's last salt marsh, and is home to over 350 bird species (Sierra Club, 2008).
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External links

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