Sound symbolism
In
Linguistic sound may be perceived as similar to not only sounds, but also to other sensory properties, such as size, vision, touch, or smell, or abstract domains, such as emotion or value judgment. Such correspondence between linguistic sound and meaning may significantly affect the form of spoken languages.
History
Plato and the Cratylus Dialogue
In Cratylus, Plato has Socrates commenting on the origins and correctness of various names and words. When Hermogenes asks if he can provide another hypothesis on how signs come into being (his own is simply 'convention'), Socrates initially suggests that they fit their referents in virtue of the sounds they are made of:
Now the letter rho, as I was saying, appeared to the imposer of names an excellent instrument for the expression of motion; and he frequently uses the letter for this purpose: for example, in the actual words rein and roe he represents motion by rho; also in the words tromos (trembling), trachus (rugged); and again, in words such as krouein (strike), thrauein (crush), ereikein (bruise), thruptein (break), kermatixein (crumble), rumbein (whirl): of all these sorts of movements he generally finds an expression in the letter R, because, as I imagine, he had observed that the tongue was most agitated and least at rest in the pronunciation of this letter, which he therefore used in order to express motion
— Cratylus.[1]
However, faced by an overwhelming number of counterexamples given by Hermogenes, Socrates has to admit that "my first notions of original names are truly wild and ridiculous".
Upanishads
The Upanishads and Vyākaraṇa contain a lot of material about sound symbolism, for instance:
The mute consonants represent the earth, the sibilants the sky, the vowels heaven. The mute consonants represent fire, the sibilants air, the vowels the sun… The mute consonants represent the eye, the sibilants the ear, the vowels the mind.
—Aitareya Aranyaka III.2.6.2.[2]
The concept of
Shingon Buddhism
Early Western phonosemantics
The idea of phonosemantics was sporadically discussed during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. In 1690, Locke wrote against the idea in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. His argument was that if there were any connection between sounds and ideas, then we would all be speaking the same language, but this is an over-generalisation. Leibniz's book New Essays on Human Understanding published in 1765 contains a point by point critique of Locke's essay. Leibniz picks up on the generalization used by Locke and adopts a less rigid approach: clearly there is no perfect correspondence between words and things, but neither is the relationship completely arbitrary, although he seems vague about what that relationship might be.[3]
Modern linguistics
Modern linguistics has been seen as opposing sound symbolism, beginning with
Types
Onomatopoeia
Onomatopoeia refers to words that imitate sounds. Some examples in English are bow-wow or meow, each representing the sound of a dog or a cat.
Ideophone
An
Phonaesthemes
A
Sound symbolism in basic vocabulary
Blasi et al. (2016),
Concept | Sound |
---|---|
Breast | Nasal sounds (e. g. /m/) |
Knee | Rounded vowels (e. g. /o/) |
Tongue | Lateral consonants (e. g. /l/) |
Magnitude symbolism
High front vowels, such as /i/, are known to be perceptually associated to small size, whereas low and/or back vowels, such as /u/ or /a/, are usually associated with big size. This phenomenon is known as magnitude symbolism.
Sapir (1929)[8] showed that, when asked which of the two tables, named mil and mal, is bigger than the other, many people choose mal to be bigger than mil. This phenomenon is not only observable in pseudowords, but present throughout English vocabulary as well.[9]
Deictic symbolism
In many languages, the proximal demonstrative pronoun ('this') tends to have high front vowels (such as /i/), whereas the distal demonstrative pronoun ('that') tends to have low and/or back vowels (such as /u/). [10] Examples include: English this and that, French ceci and cela, and Indonesian ini and itu.
Pronominal symbolism
suggests that this may be related to the infant's tendency of using the nasal sound to seek the attention of the caretaker.Bouba-Kiki effect
Köhler (1929, 1947, 1970) [13] introduced what is known as the Takete-Maluma phenomenon. When presented two shapes, one being curvy and another being spiky, and asked which one is called Takete and which one is called Maluma, participants are more likely to associate the name Takete to the spiky shape and the name Maluma to the curvy shape.
Following Ramachandran and Hubbard (2001), [14] this phenomenon is now more commonly known as the Bouba/kiki effect, and has been demonstrated to be valid across different cultures and languages.[15][16]
Tactile sound symbolism
The
Use in commerce
Sound symbolism is used in commerce for the names of products and even companies themselves.[20] For example, a car company may be interested in how to name their car to make it sound faster or stronger. Furthermore, sound symbolism can be used to create a meaningful relationship between a company's brand name and the brand mark itself. Sound symbolism can relate to the color, shade, shape, and size of the brand mark.[21]
See also
- Cratylism
- Ideasthesia
- Ideophone
- Imitation of natural sounds in various cultures
- Onomatopoeia
- Phono-semantic matching
- Phonestheme
- Phonaesthetics
- Sign (linguistics)
- Zaum
References
- ^ (This is an open source translation available at Internet Classics Archive
- The Upanishads, translated by Max Müller, 1879.
- ^ adapted from a literature review by Margaret Magnus
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- ^ Ramachandran, V.S.; Hubbard, E.M. (1 December 2001). "Synaesthesia -- A window into perception, thought and language". Journal of Consciousness Studies. 8 (12): 3–34.
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