History of Kent, Ohio: Difference between revisions
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In the 1820s and early 1830s, plans were drawn up for the [[Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal]], which would connect [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]] and [[Cleveland, Ohio]] via [[Akron, Ohio]]. Franklin Mills was selected as part of the route and due to the rocky gorge of the Cuyahoga River, construction of a lock and dam was necessitated. When construction began on the [[Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal]] in the 1830s, land speculation was rampant in many areas of [[Greater Cleveland|northeast Ohio]] along the canal, including Franklin Mills. As a result of this, [[Kent Industrial District|an industrial and business region]] was established along the river in what is now downtown Kent. Factories and mills were either planned or constructed along the Cuyahoga River, some of which either were never built or ultimately failed, due mostly to effects of the [[Panic of 1837]].<ref>{{cite book |title= History of Kent|last= Grismer|first= Karl H.|year= 1932 |edition= 2001 Revision|publisher= Record Publishing (1932), Kent Historical Society (2001)|location= Kent, Ohio|pages= 19–25}}</ref> Much of the canal bed is still visible in downtown Kent, including the historic lock and arch dam (first built in 1836), which is the only known arch dam attached to a canal lock in the United States<ref name=restoration>{{Cite web |url= http://www.kentohio.org/reports/dam.asp|title= Cuyahoga River Restoration Project |accessdate=10 January 2009|work= City of Kent, Ohio website|publisher= City of Kent, Ohio}}</ref> and is listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]]. In addition, an [[Navigable aqueduct|aqueduct]] of the canal is still visible in southern Kent where it crossed Plum Creek. The era of the canal would be relatively short-lived, lasting into the 1860s. By 1870 the canal was completely shut down. |
In the 1820s and early 1830s, plans were drawn up for the [[Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal]], which would connect [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]] and [[Cleveland, Ohio]] via [[Akron, Ohio]]. Franklin Mills was selected as part of the route and due to the rocky gorge of the Cuyahoga River, construction of a lock and dam was necessitated. When construction began on the [[Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal]] in the 1830s, land speculation was rampant in many areas of [[Greater Cleveland|northeast Ohio]] along the canal, including Franklin Mills. As a result of this, [[Kent Industrial District|an industrial and business region]] was established along the river in what is now downtown Kent. Factories and mills were either planned or constructed along the Cuyahoga River, some of which either were never built or ultimately failed, due mostly to effects of the [[Panic of 1837]].<ref>{{cite book |title= History of Kent|last= Grismer|first= Karl H.|year= 1932 |edition= 2001 Revision|publisher= Record Publishing (1932), Kent Historical Society (2001)|location= Kent, Ohio|pages= 19–25}}</ref> Much of the canal bed is still visible in downtown Kent, including the historic lock and arch dam (first built in 1836), which is the only known arch dam attached to a canal lock in the United States<ref name=restoration>{{Cite web |url= http://www.kentohio.org/reports/dam.asp|title= Cuyahoga River Restoration Project |accessdate=10 January 2009|work= City of Kent, Ohio website|publisher= City of Kent, Ohio}}</ref> and is listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]]. In addition, an [[Navigable aqueduct|aqueduct]] of the canal is still visible in southern Kent where it crossed Plum Creek. The era of the canal would be relatively short-lived, lasting into the 1860s. By 1870 the canal was completely shut down. |
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In the era leading up to the [[American Civil War]], Franklin Mills was an active stop on the [[Underground Railroad]], giving fugitive slaves shelter on their escape to Canada. Notable stops in Franklin Mills included the Cuyahoga House at the northwest corner of Cuyahoga Street and North Mantua Street (torn down in 1907), the Woodard Tavern<ref>Grismer, pp. 34-35</ref> at the southwest corner of Fairchild Avenue and North Mantua Street,<ref>Grismer, p. 16</ref> and the Woodard house along Fairchild Avenue, which still stands today.<ref>{{Cite news |author= Smith, Diane|url= http://www.recordpub.com/news/article/109958|title= Area's abolitionist roots unveiled |newspaper= [[Record-Courier (Ohio)|Record-Courier]]|publisher= Dix Publishing|date= 12 October 2002 |accessdate= 22 January 2010 |quote= In Kent, the Joshua Woodard house on Fairchild Avenue is the only building on the Underground Railroad that is still standing.}}</ref> During this period, in 1835, noted American abolitionist [[John Brown (abolitionist)|John Brown]] moved to the village, operating a tannery along the Cuyahoga River with Zenas Kent, leaving in 1839. Today, a park is on the site of the tannery, which was torn down in 1976 as part of an environmental reclamation project of the areas around the [[Cuyahoga River]].<ref>{{Cite web |
In the era leading up to the [[American Civil War]], Franklin Mills was an active stop on the [[Underground Railroad]], giving fugitive slaves shelter on their escape to Canada. Notable stops in Franklin Mills included the Cuyahoga House at the northwest corner of Cuyahoga Street and North Mantua Street (torn down in 1907), the Woodard Tavern<ref>Grismer, pp. 34-35</ref> at the southwest corner of Fairchild Avenue and North Mantua Street,<ref>Grismer, p. 16</ref> and the Woodard house along Fairchild Avenue, which still stands today.<ref>{{Cite news |author= Smith, Diane|url= http://www.recordpub.com/news/article/109958|title= Area's abolitionist roots unveiled |newspaper= [[Record-Courier (Ohio)|Record-Courier]]|publisher= Dix Publishing|date= 12 October 2002 |accessdate= 22 January 2010 |quote= In Kent, the Joshua Woodard house on Fairchild Avenue is the only building on the Underground Railroad that is still standing.}}</ref> During this period, in 1835, noted American abolitionist [[John Brown (abolitionist)|John Brown]] moved to the village, operating a tannery along the Cuyahoga River with Zenas Kent, leaving in 1839. Today, a park is on the site of the tannery, which was torn down in 1976 as part of an environmental reclamation project of the areas around the [[Cuyahoga River]].<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://www.kentenvironment.org/KECSpecialHFestEd2006FINAL.pdf|title= KEC Connects with the Cuyahoga River|accessdate= 10 January 2009|date= July 2006|work= Kent Environmental Council newsletter|format= PDF|publisher= Kent Environmental Council|deadurl= yes|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090326141805/http://www.kentenvironment.org/KECSpecialHFestEd2006FINAL.pdf|archivedate= 26 March 2009|df= }}</ref> On June 26, 2004, an historical marker was dedicated in downtown Kent commemorating the city's role in the Underground Railroad.<ref>{{Cite news |author= Smith, Diane|url= http://www.recordpub.com/news/article/90479|title= Kent's historic ties honored |newspaper= [[Record-Courier (Ohio)|Record-Courier]]|publisher= Dix Publishing|date= 12 October 2002 |accessdate= 22 January 2010}}</ref> |
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===Railroad era=== |
===Railroad era=== |
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===Kent State shootings=== |
===Kent State shootings=== |
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{{main article|Kent State shootings}} |
{{main article|Kent State shootings}} |
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In May 1970, protests began on the campus of Kent State University over the United States' [[Cambodian Campaign|invasion of Cambodia]] in the [[Vietnam War]]. Although demonstrations began peacefully on campus May 1, that evening a demonstration near the center of town was broken up by police after some participants broke storefront windows. Convinced that members of the [[Students for a Democratic Society (1960 organization)|Students for a Democratic Society]] and other outside groups were planning a major disruption, mayor [[LeRoy Satrom]] declared a [[state of emergency]] and requested help from Ohio governor [[Jim Rhodes|James Rhodes]], who dispatched an officer from the [[Ohio Army National Guard]]. Later that night as Kent police closed down the bars, several demonstrators—a mixture of locals, students, and others—blocked traffic along North Water Street, started a bonfire, and broke windows of 15 downtown businesses with an estimated $10,000 of damage before being pushed towards campus. The next day Mayor Satrom issued a dusk-to-dawn curfew. That night, an estimated 1,000 demonstrators witnessed the destruction of the [[Army Reserve Officers' Training Corps|Army ROTC]] building, which had been set on fire by some unidentified individuals.<ref name=memories165>Hildebrand, William H.; Keller, Dean H.; Herington, Anita D. pp. 165-166</ref> Protesters assaulted Kent firefighters and cut the fire hoses,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://speccoll.library.kent.edu/4may70/box107/107f24p4.html |title= ROTC building arson May 2, 1970: Witness statements taken August 6, 1970, Page 4 |date= 6 August 1970|work=Students for a Democratic Society (S.D.S.), Records, 1965-74 |publisher= [[Kent State University]] Department of Special Collections and Archives|accessdate=21 January 2010}}</ref> preventing them from putting out the blaze, which was finally cleared by the arrival of the Ohio National Guard later that night.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://speccoll.library.kent.edu/4may70/box107/107f24p5.html |title= ROTC building arson May 2, 1970: Witness statements taken August 6, 1970, Page 5 |date= 6 August 1970|work= Students for a Democratic Society (S.D.S.), Records, 1965-74 |publisher= [[Kent State University]] Department of Special Collections and Archives|accessdate=21 January 2010}}</ref> |
In May 1970, protests began on the campus of Kent State University over the United States' [[Cambodian Campaign|invasion of Cambodia]] in the [[Vietnam War]]. Although demonstrations began peacefully on campus May 1, that evening a demonstration near the center of town was broken up by police after some participants broke storefront windows. Convinced that members of the [[Students for a Democratic Society (1960 organization)|Students for a Democratic Society]] and other outside groups were planning a major disruption, mayor [[LeRoy Satrom]] declared a [[state of emergency]] and requested help from Ohio governor [[Jim Rhodes|James Rhodes]], who dispatched an officer from the [[Ohio Army National Guard]]. Later that night as Kent police closed down the bars, several demonstrators—a mixture of locals, students, and others—blocked traffic along North Water Street, started a bonfire, and broke windows of 15 downtown businesses with an estimated $10,000 of damage before being pushed towards campus. The next day Mayor Satrom issued a dusk-to-dawn curfew. That night, an estimated 1,000 demonstrators witnessed the destruction of the [[Army Reserve Officers' Training Corps|Army ROTC]] building, which had been set on fire by some unidentified individuals.<ref name=memories165>Hildebrand, William H.; Keller, Dean H.; Herington, Anita D. pp. 165-166</ref> Protesters assaulted Kent firefighters and cut the fire hoses,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://speccoll.library.kent.edu/4may70/box107/107f24p4.html |title= ROTC building arson May 2, 1970: Witness statements taken August 6, 1970, Page 4 |date= 6 August 1970 |work= Students for a Democratic Society (S.D.S.), Records, 1965-74 |publisher= [[Kent State University]] Department of Special Collections and Archives |accessdate= 21 January 2010 |deadurl= yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100619050618/http://speccoll.library.kent.edu/4may70/box107/107f24p4.html |archivedate= 19 June 2010 |df= }}</ref> preventing them from putting out the blaze, which was finally cleared by the arrival of the Ohio National Guard later that night.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://speccoll.library.kent.edu/4may70/box107/107f24p5.html |title= ROTC building arson May 2, 1970: Witness statements taken August 6, 1970, Page 5 |date= 6 August 1970 |work= Students for a Democratic Society (S.D.S.), Records, 1965-74 |publisher= [[Kent State University]] Department of Special Collections and Archives |accessdate= 21 January 2010 |deadurl= yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100619054728/http://speccoll.library.kent.edu/4may70/box107/107f24p5.html |archivedate= 19 June 2010 |df= }}</ref> |
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[[File:KentStateCommons.JPG|250px|left|thumb|The Commons, Victory Bell, and Taylor Hall, site of the [[Kent State shootings]] in 1970.]]On the evening of May 3 a demonstration took place on campus but was dispersed using [[tear gas]]. Demonstrators reassembled at the intersection of East Main and Lincoln Streets and blocked traffic and later became hostile. The crowd was dispersed around 11 PM again using tear gas with several guardsmen and demonstrators sustaining injuries. The events culminated on May 4 with the [[Kent State shootings]], where four students were killed and nine were wounded.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://speccoll.library.kent.edu/4may70/exhibit/chronology/index.html|title= Chronology, May 1–4, 1970|work= May 4 Collection|publisher= Kent State University Department of Special Collections and Archives|accessdate=21 January 2010}}</ref> The shootings caused an immediate closure of the campus—which lasted until June 15<ref>{{cite web |url= http://speccoll.library.kent.edu/4may70/legalchronology.html|title= Legal Chronology May 5, 1970 - January 4, 1979|work= May 4 Collection|publisher= Kent State University Department of Special Collections and Archives|accessdate=21 January 2010|quote=June 15, 1970 (Monday): A court injunction that closed the campus May 4 is lifted in order for summer classes to begin.}}</ref>—as well as the Kent City Schools, who sent students home early. All vehicles entering the Kent city limits were searched by armed guardsmen, who patrolled both the city and campus until May 8.<ref name=memories181>Hildebrand, William H.; Keller, Dean H.; Herington, Anita D. pp. 181-183</ref> The shootings received national and international press coverage and helped spark the nationwide [[Student Strike of 1970]]. They also put a large strain on relations between [[Town and gown|the city and the university]]. Kent would again be in the national spotlight in 1977 when a [[Tent city#Kent State University|tent city]] was built on campus to protest construction of the University's gym annex near the site of the shootings.<ref name=memories185>Hildebrand, William H.; Keller, Dean H.; Herington, Anita D. pp. 185-186</ref> |
[[File:KentStateCommons.JPG|250px|left|thumb|The Commons, Victory Bell, and Taylor Hall, site of the [[Kent State shootings]] in 1970.]]On the evening of May 3 a demonstration took place on campus but was dispersed using [[tear gas]]. Demonstrators reassembled at the intersection of East Main and Lincoln Streets and blocked traffic and later became hostile. The crowd was dispersed around 11 PM again using tear gas with several guardsmen and demonstrators sustaining injuries. The events culminated on May 4 with the [[Kent State shootings]], where four students were killed and nine were wounded.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://speccoll.library.kent.edu/4may70/exhibit/chronology/index.html|title= Chronology, May 1–4, 1970|work= May 4 Collection|publisher= Kent State University Department of Special Collections and Archives|accessdate=21 January 2010}}</ref> The shootings caused an immediate closure of the campus—which lasted until June 15<ref>{{cite web |url= http://speccoll.library.kent.edu/4may70/legalchronology.html|title= Legal Chronology May 5, 1970 - January 4, 1979|work= May 4 Collection|publisher= Kent State University Department of Special Collections and Archives|accessdate=21 January 2010|quote=June 15, 1970 (Monday): A court injunction that closed the campus May 4 is lifted in order for summer classes to begin.}}</ref>—as well as the Kent City Schools, who sent students home early. All vehicles entering the Kent city limits were searched by armed guardsmen, who patrolled both the city and campus until May 8.<ref name=memories181>Hildebrand, William H.; Keller, Dean H.; Herington, Anita D. pp. 181-183</ref> The shootings received national and international press coverage and helped spark the nationwide [[Student Strike of 1970]]. They also put a large strain on relations between [[Town and gown|the city and the university]]. Kent would again be in the national spotlight in 1977 when a [[Tent city#Kent State University|tent city]] was built on campus to protest construction of the University's gym annex near the site of the shootings.<ref name=memories185>Hildebrand, William H.; Keller, Dean H.; Herington, Anita D. pp. 185-186</ref> |
Revision as of 18:48, 4 November 2017
The area now occupied by the city of
Twin settlements developed along the river, known locally as the "upper" and "lower" villages and collectively as Franklin Mills, though the upper village was also known for a time as Carthage. In the late 1830s and early 1840s, construction of the Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal helped fuel construction of a central business area opposite the twin villages though most of the anticipated growth from the canal was never realized. Later, the village would develop as a railroad center mostly through the efforts of Marvin Kent who not only was able to get his railroad routed through the village, but was also successful in having Franklin Mills named the home of the railroads maintenance shops and yards. This ultimately led to the village being renamed Kent in 1864, an act made official in 1867 the same year Kent was formally incorporated. Other industries would follow into the 20th century.
In 1910 Kent was selected as the site of one of two normal schools in northern Ohio, which would become Kent State University. The school grew quickly, becoming a full-fledged university by 1935. Following World War II even more growth coupled with suburbanization led to growth in Kent, ultimately transforming the city into the College town it is today.
Early history
The region was previously inhabited by various tribes of
Settlement
European settlement of the area began in the late 1790s and early 19th century. As part of the Connecticut Western Reserve, the area was divided into survey townships in 1798 and almost all of what is now Kent was originally part of Town 3 Range 9, which would eventually be known as Franklin Township.[5][6] Aaron Olmsted, a wealthy Connecticut merchant, had purchased the 16,000-acre (6,500 ha) township for $2,000 (approximately $36,000 present-day) and named it for his son Aaron Franklin.[7] Franklin Township was surveyed in 1803, and settled in November 1805 by John Haymaker, his wife Sally, and children Jacob, Eve, and Catherine. They initially lived in the former hut of the surveying team before settling on the banks of the Cuyahoga River in early 1806 and building a gristmill in 1807.[8] That same year, Portage County was formed and Franklin Township was made part of the new county. Olmstead had hoped to have Franklin become the county seat of the new county and had land set aside in what is now northern Kent for the county government buildings. He died before he could donate the land and his heirs used it for other purposes. Neighboring Ravenna ended up becoming the county seat instead.[9]
Initial growth in the area was slow, but eventually two small villages would develop due to the potential power generated by the Cuyahoga River that could be used in gristmills and manufacturing. Originally, there were two waterfalls in what is today downtown Kent, one of seventeen feet and another of twenty-five feet.[10] The first village, known as Franklin Mills or locally as the "Lower Village," developed mostly around the original Haymaker property. In 1811 Jacob Reed purchased the Haymaker mill and the settlement was known briefly as Reedsburg until Reed sold the mill in 1817 and the name of Franklin Mills was restored.[9] In 1818 Joshua Woodard arrived in the area and began constructing buildings just north of the village forming the "Upper Village" that would come to be known as Carthage.[11] The two villages would become rivals for a time due to their close proximity to one another and the competing taverns which operated in them: the Woodard Tavern in Carthage and the Lincoln Tavern in Franklin Mills. By the time the Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal opened in 1840 and the construction of what is today downtown Kent was completed, the rivalry had effectively ended as did the distinction between the two villages.[12] Today, the site of Carthage is a residential and commercial area on Kent's near west side and is found in the name of the side street Carthage Avenue in the same area.[13]
Canal era
In the 1820s and early 1830s, plans were drawn up for the
In the era leading up to the American Civil War, Franklin Mills was an active stop on the Underground Railroad, giving fugitive slaves shelter on their escape to Canada. Notable stops in Franklin Mills included the Cuyahoga House at the northwest corner of Cuyahoga Street and North Mantua Street (torn down in 1907), the Woodard Tavern[16] at the southwest corner of Fairchild Avenue and North Mantua Street,[17] and the Woodard house along Fairchild Avenue, which still stands today.[18] During this period, in 1835, noted American abolitionist John Brown moved to the village, operating a tannery along the Cuyahoga River with Zenas Kent, leaving in 1839. Today, a park is on the site of the tannery, which was torn down in 1976 as part of an environmental reclamation project of the areas around the Cuyahoga River.[19] On June 26, 2004, an historical marker was dedicated in downtown Kent commemorating the city's role in the Underground Railroad.[20]
Railroad era
In 1863, a local businessman by the name of Marvin Kent was influential in bringing the Atlantic and Great Western Railroad through the village. The railroad reinvented the village as an important stop on the east-west line between St. Louis and New York City as it was also home to the railroad's maintenance yards and shops. To honor Marvin Kent the village was renamed Kent in 1864, although this change was not official until the village was incorporated on May 6, 1867.[21] Originally, before naming the city after Marvin Kent, city leaders including Marvin Kent were also considering the name Rockton, a name which Marvin Kent actually preferred,[22] (hence the name of the Masonic Lodge as Rockton Lodge) after Standing Rock.[23]