Connecticut

Connecticut
State
State of Connecticut
Flag Seal
Nicknames:  The Constitution State (official) The Nutmeg State The Provisions State The Land of Steady Habits
Mottoes:  Qui transtulit sustinet (Latin) He who transplanted still sustains[1]
Connecticut Senate
• Lower house	Connecticut House of Representatives
Judiciary	Connecticut Supreme Court
U.S. senators	Richard Blumenthal (D) Chris Murphy (D)
U.S. House delegation	5 Democrats (list)
Area
• Total	5,543 sq mi (14,356[3] km2)
• Land	4,849 sq mi (12,559 km2)
• Water	698 sq mi (1,809 km2)  12.6%
• Rank	48th
Dimensions
• Length	70 mi (113 km)
• Width	110 mi (177 km)
Elevation	500 ft (150 m)
Highest elevation (Massachusetts border on south slope of Mount Frissell[4][a])	2,379 ft (725 m)
Lowest elevation (Long Island Sound[4][a])	0 ft (0 m)
Population  (2020)
• Total	3,605,944[5]
• Rank	29th
• Density	745/sq mi (288/km2)
• Rank	4th
• Median household income	$79,900[6]
• Income rank	6th
Demonyms	Nutmegger[7] (colloquial) Connecticuter[8] Connecticutian[9]
Language
•  UTC– 04:00 (EDT)
USPS abbreviation	CT
ISO 3166 code	US-CT
Traditional abbreviation	Conn.
Latitude	40°58′ N to 42°03′ N
Longitude	71°47′ W to 73°44′ W
Website	portal.ct.gov

Connecticut (

Connecticut's first European settlers were Dutchmen who established a small, short-lived settlement called House of Hope in Hartford at the confluence of the Park and Connecticut Rivers. Half of Connecticut was initially claimed by the Dutch colony New Netherland, which included much of the land between the Connecticut and Delaware Rivers, although the first major settlements were established in the 1630s by the English. Thomas Hooker led a band of followers from the Massachusetts Bay Colony and founded the Connecticut Colony; other settlers from Massachusetts founded the Saybrook Colony and the New Haven Colony. The Connecticut and New Haven colonies established documents of Fundamental Orders, considered the first constitutions in America. In 1662, the three colonies were merged under a royal charter, making Connecticut a crown colony. Connecticut was one of the Thirteen Colonies which rejected British rule in the American Revolution. It was influential in the development of the federal government of the United States.

Connecticut is

First people

The name Connecticut is derived from the

The first European explorer in Connecticut was Dutchman Adriaen Block,^[26] who explored the region in 1614. Dutch fur traders then sailed up the Connecticut River, which they called Versche Rivier ("Fresh River"), and built a fort at Dutch Point in Hartford that they named "House of Hope" (Dutch: Huis van Hoop).^[27]

The Connecticut Colony was originally a number of separate, smaller settlements at Windsor, Wethersfield, Saybrook, Hartford, and New Haven. The first English settlers came in 1633 and settled at Windsor, and then at Wethersfield the following year.^[28] John Winthrop the Younger of Massachusetts received a commission to create Saybrook Colony at the mouth of the Connecticut River in 1635.^[29]

The main body of settlers came in one large group in 1636. They were

The settlements were established without official sanction of the English Crown, and each was an independent political entity.[34] In 1662, Winthrop traveled to England and obtained a charter from Charles II which united the settlements of Connecticut.^[35] Historically important colonial settlements included Windsor (1633), Wethersfield (1634), Saybrook (1635), Hartford (1636), New Haven (1638), Fairfield (1639), Guilford (1639), Milford (1639), Stratford (1639), Farmington (1640), Stamford (1641), and New London (1646).

The Pequot War marked the first major clash between colonists and Native Americans in New England. The Pequots reacted with increasing aggression to Colonial settlements in their territory—while simultaneously taking lands from the Narragansett and Mohegan tribes. Settlers responded to a murder in 1636 with a raid on a Pequot village on Block Island; the Pequots laid siege to Saybrook Colony's garrison that autumn, then raided Wethersfield in the spring of 1637. Colonists declared war on the Pequots, organized a band of militia and allies from the Mohegan and Narragansett tribes, and attacked a Pequot village on the Mystic River, with death toll estimates ranging between 300 and 700 Pequots. After suffering another major loss at a battle in Fairfield, the Pequots asked for a truce and peace terms.^[36]

The western boundaries of Connecticut have been subject to change over time. The Hartford Treaty with the Dutch was signed on September 19, 1650, but it was never ratified by the British. According to it, the western boundary of Connecticut ran north from Greenwich Bay for a distance of 20 miles (32 km),^[37][38] "provided the said line come not within 10 miles [16 km] of Hudson River".^[37][38] This agreement was observed by both sides until war erupted between England and The Netherlands in 1652. Conflict continued concerning colonial limits until the Duke of York captured New Netherland in 1664.^[37][38]

On the other hand, Connecticut's original Charter in 1662 granted it all the land to the "South Sea"—that is, to the Pacific Ocean.

Yale College was established in 1701, providing Connecticut with an important institution to educate clergy and civil leaders.[41] The Congregational church dominated religious life in the colony and, by extension, town affairs in many parts.^[42]

With more than 600 miles (970 km) of coastline including along its navigable rivers,^[43] Connecticut developed during its colonial years the antecedents of a maritime tradition that would later produce booms in shipbuilding, marine transport, naval support, seafood production, and leisure boating.

Historical records list the Tryall as the first vessel built in Connecticut Colony, in 1649 at a site on the Connecticut River in present-day Wethersfield.^[44] In the two decades leading up to 1776 and the American Revolution, Connecticut boatyards launched about 100 sloops, schooners and brigs according to a database of U.S. customs records maintained online by the Mystic Seaport Museum, the largest being the 180-ton Patient Mary launched in New Haven in 1763.^[45] Connecticut's first lighthouse was constructed in 1760 at the mouth of the Thames River with the New London Harbor Lighthouse.^[46]

American Revolution

The state was also the launching site for a number of raids against Long Island orchestrated by Samuel Holden Parsons and Benjamin Tallmadge,^[54] and provided soldiers and material for the war effort, especially to Washington's army outside New York City. General William Tryon raided the Connecticut coast in July 1779, focusing on New Haven, Norwalk, and Fairfield.^[55] New London and Groton Heights were raided in September 1781 by Benedict Arnold, who had turned traitor to the British.^[56]

At the outset of the American Revolution, the Continental Congress assigned Nathaniel Shaw Jr. of New London as its naval agent in charge of recruiting privateers to seize British vessels as opportunities presented, with nearly 50 operating out of the Thames River which eventually drew the reprisal from the British force led by Arnold.^[57]

Early statehood

Early national period and industrial revolution

Connecticut ratified the U.S. Constitution on January 9, 1788, becoming the fifth state.^[58]

The state prospered during the era following the American Revolution, as mills and textile factories were built and seaports flourished from trade^[59] and fisheries. After Congress established in 1790 the predecessor to the U.S. Revenue Cutter Service that would evolve into the U.S. Coast Guard, President Washington assigned Jonathan Maltbie as one of seven masters to enforce customs regulations, with Maltbie monitoring the southern New England coast with a 48-foot cutter sloop named Argus.^[60]

In 1786, Connecticut ceded territory to the U.S. government that became part of the Northwest Territory. The state retained land extending across the northern part of present-day Ohio called the Connecticut Western Reserve.^[61] The Western Reserve section was settled largely by people from Connecticut, and they brought Connecticut place names to Ohio.

Connecticut made agreements with Pennsylvania and New York which extinguished the land claims within those states' boundaries and created the

For the first time in 1800, Connecticut shipwrights launched more than 100 vessels in a single year. Over the following decade to the doorstep of renewed hostilities with Britain that sparked the War of 1812, Connecticut boatyards constructed close to 1,000 vessels, the most productive stretch of any decade in the 19th century.[45]

During the war, the British launched raids in Stonington and Essex and blockaded vessels in the Thames River. Derby native Isaac Hull became Connecticut's best-known naval figure to win renown during the conflict, as captain of the USS Constitution.

The British blockade during the War of 1812 hurt exports and bolstered the influence of Federalists who opposed the war.^[62] The cessation of imports from Britain stimulated the construction of factories to manufacture textiles and machinery. Connecticut came to be recognized as a major center for manufacturing, due in part to the inventions of Eli Whitney and other early innovators of the Industrial Revolution.^[63]

The war led to the development of fast

The state was known for its political conservatism, typified by its Federalist party and the Yale College of Timothy Dwight. The foremost intellectuals were Dwight and Noah Webster,^[65] who compiled his great dictionary in New Haven. Religious tensions polarized the state, as the Congregational Church struggled to maintain traditional viewpoints, in alliance with the Federalists. The failure of the Hartford Convention in 1814 hurt the Federalist cause, with the Democratic-Republican Party gaining control in 1817.^[66]

Connecticut had been governed under the "Fundamental Orders" since 1639, but the state adopted a new constitution in 1818.^[67]

Civil War era

Connecticut manufacturers played a major role in supplying the Union forces with weapons and supplies during the

A surge of national unity in 1861 brought thousands flocking to the colors from every town and city. However, as the war became a crusade to end slavery, many Democrats (especially Irish Catholics) pulled back. The Democrats took a pro-slavery position and included many Copperheads willing to let the South secede. The intensely fought 1863 election for governor was narrowly won by the Republicans.^[72][73]

Second industrial revolution

Connecticut's extensive industry, dense population, flat terrain, and wealth encouraged the construction of railroads starting in 1839. By 1840, 102 miles (164 km) of line were in operation, growing to 402 miles (647 km) in 1850 and 601 miles (967 km) in 1860.^[74]

The New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad, called the New Haven or "The Consolidated", became the dominant Connecticut railroad company after 1872. J. P. Morgan began financing the major New England railroads in the 1890s, dividing territory so that they would not compete. The New Haven purchased 50 smaller companies, including steamship lines, and built a network of light rails (electrified trolleys) that provided inter-urban transportation for all of southern New England. By 1912, the New Haven operated over 2,000 miles (3,200 km) of track with 120,000 employees.^[75]

As steam-powered passenger ships proliferated after the Civil War,

In 1875, the first telephone exchange in the world was established in New Haven.[76]

20th century

World War I

When World War I broke out in 1914, Connecticut became a major supplier of weaponry to the U.S. military; by 1918, 80% of the state's industries were producing goods for the war effort.^[77] Remington Arms in Bridgeport produced half the small-arms cartridges used by the U.S. Army,^[78] with other major suppliers including Winchester in New Haven and Colt in Hartford.^[79]

Connecticut was also an important U.S. Navy supplier, with Electric Boat receiving orders for 85 submarines,^[80] Lake Torpedo Boat building more than 20 subs,^[81] and the Groton Iron Works building freighters.^[82] On June 21, 1916, the Navy made Groton the site for its East Coast submarine base and school.

The state enthusiastically supported the American war effort in 1917 and 1918 with large purchases of war bonds, a further expansion of industry, and an emphasis on increasing food production on the farms. Thousands of state, local, and volunteer groups mobilized for the war effort and were coordinated by the Connecticut State Council of Defense.^[83] Manufacturers wrestled with manpower shortages; Waterbury's American Brass and Manufacturing Company was running at half capacity, so the federal government agreed to furlough soldiers to work there.^[84]

Interwar period

In 1919, J. Henry Roraback started the

On September 21, 1938, the most destructive storm in New England history struck eastern Connecticut, killing hundreds of people.[87] The eye of the "Long Island Express" passed just west of New Haven and devastated the Connecticut shoreline between Old Saybrook and Stonington from the full force of wind and waves, even though they had partial protection by Long Island. The hurricane caused extensive damage to infrastructure, homes, and businesses. In New London, a 500-foot (150 m) sailing ship was driven into a warehouse complex, causing a major fire. Heavy rainfall caused the Connecticut River to flood downtown Hartford and East Hartford. An estimated 50,000 trees fell onto roadways.^[88]

World War II

The advent of

On May 13, 1940, Igor Sikorsky made an untethered flight of the first practical helicopter.^[95] The helicopter saw limited use in World War II, but future military production made Sikorsky Aircraft's Stratford plant Connecticut's largest single manufacturing site by the start of the 21st century.^[96]

Post-World War II economic expansion

Connecticut lost some wartime factories following the end of hostilities, but the state shared in a general post-war expansion that included the construction of highways^[97] and resulting in middle-class growth in suburban areas.

Late 20th century

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2021)

Connecticut's dependence on the defense industry posed an economic challenge at the end of the Cold War. The resulting budget crisis helped elect Lowell Weicker as governor on a third-party ticket in 1990. Weicker's remedy was a state income tax which proved effective in balancing the budget, but only for the short-term. He did not run for a second term, in part because of this politically unpopular move.^[102]

In 1992, initial construction was completed on

Connecticut was hit by three major storms in just over 14 months in 2011 and 2012, with all three causing extensive property damage and electric outages. Hurricane Irene struck Connecticut August 28, and damage totaled $235 million.^[108] Two months later, the "Halloween nor'easter" dropped extensive snow onto trees, resulting in snapped branches and trunks that damaged power lines; some areas were without electricity for 11 days.^[109] Hurricane Sandy hit New Jersey and passed over Connecticut with hurricane-force winds and tides up to 12 feet above normal. Many coastal buildings were damaged or destroyed.^[110] Sandy's winds drove storm surges into streets and cut power to 98% of homes and businesses, with more than $360 million in damage.^[111]

On December 14, 2012,

In the summer and fall of 2016, Connecticut experienced a drought in many parts of the state, causing some water-use bans. As of November 15, 2016 (2016-11-15), 45% of the state was listed at Severe Drought by the U.S. Drought Monitor, including almost all of Hartford and Litchfield counties. All the rest of the state was in Moderate Drought or Severe Drought, including Middlesex, Fairfield, New London, New Haven, Windham, and Tolland counties. This affected the agricultural economy in the state.^{[114][115][116]}

Geography

Connecticut is bordered on the south by

The highest peak in Connecticut is Bear Mountain in Salisbury in the northwest corner of the state. The highest point is just east of where Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New York meet (42°3′ N, 73°29′ W), on the southern slope of Mount Frissell, whose peak lies nearby in Massachusetts.^[118] At the opposite extreme, many of the coastal towns have areas that are less than 20 feet (6.1 m) above sea level.

Connecticut has a long maritime history and a reputation based on that history—yet the state has no direct oceanfront (technically speaking). The coast of Connecticut sits on Long Island Sound, which is an estuary. The state's access to the open Atlantic Ocean is both to the west (toward New York City) and to the east (toward the "race" near Rhode Island). Due to this unique geography, Long Island Sound and the Connecticut shoreline are relatively protected from high waves from storms.^[119]

The

Connecticut's rural areas and small towns in the northeast and northwest corners of the state contrast sharply with its industrial cities such as Stamford, Bridgeport, and New Haven, located along the coastal highways from the New York border to New London, then northward up the Connecticut River to Hartford. Many towns in northeastern and northwestern Connecticut center around a green. Near the green typically stand historical visual symbols of New England towns, such as a white church, a colonial meeting house, a colonial tavern or inn, several colonial houses, and so on, establishing a scenic historical appearance maintained for both historic preservation and tourism. Many of the areas in southern and coastal Connecticut have been built up and rebuilt over the years, and look less visually like traditional New England.

The northern boundary of the state with Massachusetts is marked by the Southwick Jog or Granby Notch, an approximately 2.5 miles (4.0 km) square detour into Connecticut. The origin of this anomaly is clearly established in a long line of disputes and temporary agreements which were finally concluded in 1804, when southern Southwick's residents sought to leave Massachusetts, and the town was split in half.^[120][121]

The southwestern border of Connecticut where it abuts New York State is marked by a panhandle in Fairfield County and the Western Connecticut Planning Region, containing the towns of Greenwich, Stamford, New Canaan, Darien, and parts of Norwalk and Wilton. This irregularity in the boundary is the result of territorial disputes in the late 17th century, culminating with New York giving up its claim to the area, whose residents considered themselves part of Connecticut, in exchange for an equivalent area extending northwards from Ridgefield to the Massachusetts border, as well as undisputed claim to Rye, New York.^[122]

Areas maintained by the

Connecticut lies at the rough transition zone between the southern end of the humid continental climate, and the northern portion of the humid subtropical climate. Northern Connecticut generally experiences a climate with cold winters with moderate snowfall and hot, humid summers. Far southern and coastal Connecticut has a climate with cool winters with a mix of rain and infrequent snow, and the long hot and humid summers typical of the middle and lower East Coast.

Precipitation

Connecticut sees a fairly even precipitation pattern with rainfall/snowfall spread throughout the 12 months.

Winters (December through mid-March) are generally cold from south to north in Connecticut. The coldest month (January) has average high temperatures ranging from 38 °F (3 °C) in the coastal lowlands to 33 °F (1 °C) in the inland and northern portions on the state. The lowest temperature recorded in Connecticut is −32 °F (−36 °C) which has been observed twice: in Falls Village on February 16, 1943, and in Coventry on January 22, 1961.^[126] The average yearly snowfall ranges from about 60 inches (1,500 mm) in the higher elevations of the northern portion of the state to only 20–25 inches (510–640 mm) along the southeast coast of Connecticut (Branford to Groton). Generally, any locale north or west of Interstate 84 receives the most snow, during a storm, and throughout the season. Most of Connecticut has less than 60 days of snow cover. Snow usually falls from late November to late March in the northern part of the state, and from early December to mid-March in the southern and coastal parts of the state.

During winter every few years, Connecticut can occasionally get heavy snowstorms, called nor'easters, which may produce as much as two feet of snow on rare occasions.^[124][130] Ice storms also occur on occasion, such as the Southern New England ice storm of 1973 and the December 2008 Northeastern United States ice storm. These storms can cause widespread power outages and damage.

Flora

Forests consist of a mix of

]

Largest cities and towns

Largest cities or towns in Connecticut [134]
	Rank	Name	Region	Pop.
Bridgeport Stamford	1	Bridgeport	Greater Bridgeport	148,654	New Haven Hartford
	2	Stamford	Western	135,470
	3	New Haven	South Central	134,023
	4	Hartford	Capitol	121,054
	5	Waterbury	Naugatuck Valley	114,403
	6	Norwalk	Western	91,184
	7	Danbury	Western	86,518
	8	New Britain	Capitol	74,135
	9	West Hartford	Capitol	64,083
	10	Greenwich	Western	63,518

Demographics

Historical population

Census	Pop.	Note	%±
1790	237,946		—
1800	251,002		5.5%
1810	261,942		4.4%
1820	275,248		5.1%
1830	297,675		8.1%
1840	309,978		4.1%
1850	370,792		19.6%
1860	460,147		24.1%
1870	537,454		16.8%
1880	622,700		15.9%
1890	746,258		19.8%
1900	908,420		21.7%
1910	1,114,756		22.7%
1920	1,380,631		23.9%
1930	1,606,903		16.4%
1940	1,709,242		6.4%
1950	2,007,280		17.4%
1960	2,535,234		26.3%
1970	3,031,709		19.6%
1980	3,107,576		2.5%
1990	3,287,116		5.8%
2000	3,405,565		3.6%
2010	3,574,097		4.9%
2020	3,605,944		0.9%
2023 (est.)	3,617,176		0.3%
Sources:[135][136]

As of the

In 1790, 97% of the population in Connecticut was classified as "rural". The first census in which less than half the population was classified as rural was 1890. In the 2000 census, only 12.3% was considered rural. Most of western and southern Connecticut (particularly the Gold Coast) is strongly associated with New York City; this area is the most affluent and populous region of the state and has high property costs and high incomes. The center of population of Connecticut is located in the town of Cheshire.^[138]

According to

In common with the majority of the United States, non-Hispanic whites have remained the dominant racial and ethnic group in Connecticut. From being 98% of the population in 1940, however, they have declined to 63% of the population as of the 2020 census.^[137][146] These statistics have represented fewer Americans identifying as non-Hispanic white, which has given rise to the Hispanic and Latino American population and Asian American population overall.^[147][148] As of 2011^[update], 46.1% of Connecticut's population younger than age 1 were minorities.^[149] As of 2004, 11.4% of the population (400,000) was foreign-born. In 1870, native-born Americans had accounted for 75% of the state's population, but that had dropped to 35% by 1918. Also as of 2000, 81.69% of Connecticut residents age 5 and older spoke English at home and 8.42% spoke Spanish, followed by Italian at 1.59%, French at 1.31%, and Polish at 1.20%.^[150]

The largest ancestry groups since 2010 were:

The top countries of origin for Connecticut's immigrants in 2018 were India, Jamaica, the Dominican Republic, Poland and Ecuador.^[152]

Birth data

Note: Births in table do not add up because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number.

• Since 2016, data for births of White Hispanic origin are not collected, but included in one Hispanic group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

Religion

A Pew survey of Connecticut residents' religious self-identification showed the following distribution of affiliations in 2014:

The Jewish population is concentrated in the towns near Long Island Sound between Greenwich and New Haven, in Greater New Haven and in Greater Hartford, especially the suburb of West Hartford. According to the Association of Religion Data Archives, the largest Christian denominations, by number of adherents, in 2010 were: the Catholic Church, with 1,252,936; the United Church of Christ, with 96,506; and non-denominational Evangelical Protestants, with 72,863.^[165]

Recent immigration has brought other non-Christian religions to the state, but the numbers of adherents of other religions are still low. Connecticut is also home to New England's largest Protestant church:

By the Public Religion Research Institute's study in 2020, 71% of the population identified as Christian.^[166] In contrast to the 2014 study by the Pew Research Center, the irreligious declined from 28% of the population to 21% at the 2020 Public Religion Research Institute's study.

Economy

Connecticut's economic output in 2019 as measured by gross domestic product was $289 billion, up from $277.9 billion in 2018.^[167]

Connecticut's per capita personal income in 2019 was estimated at $79,087, the highest of any state.^[168] There is, however, a great disparity in incomes throughout the state; after New York, Connecticut had the second largest gap nationwide between the average incomes of the top 1% and the average incomes of the bottom 99%.^[169] According to a 2018 study by Phoenix Marketing International, Connecticut had the third-largest number of millionaires per capita in the United States, with a ratio of 7.75%.^[170] New Canaan is the wealthiest town in Connecticut, with a per capita income of $85,459. Hartford is the poorest municipality in Connecticut, with a per capita income of $13,428 in 2000.^[171]

As of December 2019, Connecticut's seasonally adjusted unemployment rate was 3.8%, with U.S. unemployment at 3.5% that month. Dating back to 1982, Connecticut recorded its lowest unemployment in 2000 between August and October, at 2.2%. The highest unemployment rate during that period occurred in November and December 2010 at 9.3%,^[172] but economists expected record new levels of layoffs as a result of business closures in the spring of 2020 due to the coronavirus pandemic.^[173]

Taxation

Tax is collected by the Connecticut Department of Revenue Services^[174] and by local municipalities.^[175]

As of 2012, Connecticut residents had the second highest rate in the nation of combined state and local taxes after New York, at 12.6% of income compared to the national average of 9.9% as reported by the Tax Foundation.^[176]

Before 1991, Connecticut had an investment-only income tax system. Income from employment was untaxed, but income from investments was taxed at 13%, the highest rate in the U.S., with no deductions allowed for costs of producing the investment income, such as interest on borrowing.

In 1991, under Governor

As of 2019[update], the income tax rates on Connecticut individuals were divided into seven tax brackets of 3% (on income up to $10,000); 5% ($10,000–$50,000); 5.5% ($50,000–$100,000); 6% ($100,000–$200,000); 6.5% ($200,000–$250,000); 6.9% ($250,000–$500,000); and 6.99% above $500,000, with additional amounts owed depending on the bracket.^[178]

All wages of Connecticut residents are subject to the state's income tax, even if earned outside the state. However, in those cases, Connecticut income tax must be withheld only to the extent the Connecticut tax exceeds the amount withheld by the other jurisdiction.^[179] Since New York has higher income tax rates than Connecticut,^[180] this effectively means that Connecticut residents who work in New York have no Connecticut income tax withheld. Connecticut permits a credit for taxes paid to other jurisdictions, but since residents who work in other states are still subject to Connecticut income taxation, they may owe taxes if the jurisdictional credit does not fully offset the Connecticut tax amount.^[179]

Connecticut levies a 6.35% state sales tax on the retail sale, lease, or rental of most goods.^[181] Some items and services in general are not subject to sales and use taxes unless specifically enumerated as taxable by statute. A provision excluding clothing under $50 from sales tax was repealed as of July 1, 2011^[update].^[181] There are no additional sales taxes imposed by local jurisdictions. In 2001, Connecticut instituted what became an annual sales tax "holiday" each August lasting one week, when retailers do not have to remit sales tax on certain items and quantities of clothing that has varied from year to year.^[182]

State law authorizes municipalities to tax property, including real estate, vehicles and other personal property, with state statute providing varying exemptions, credits and abatements. All assessments are at 70% of fair market value.^[175] The maximum property tax credit is $200 per return^[183] and any excess may not be refunded or carried forward.^[184] According to the Tax Foundation, on a per capita basis in the 2017 fiscal year Connecticut residents paid the 3rd highest average property taxes in the nation after New Hampshire and New Jersey.^[185]

As of January 1, 2020^[update], gasoline taxes and fees in Connecticut were 40.13 cents per gallon, 11th highest in the United States which had a nationwide average of 36.13 cents a gallon excluding federal taxes. Diesel taxes and fees as of January 2020 in Connecticut were 46.50 cents per gallon, ninth highest nationally with the U.S. average at 37.91 cents.^[186]

Real estate

In 2019, sales of single-family homes in Connecticut totaled 33,146 units, a 2.1 percent decline from the 2018 transaction total. The median home sold in 2019 recorded a transaction amount of $260,000, up 0.4 percent from 2018.^[187]

Connecticut had the seventh highest rate of home foreclosure activity in the country in 2019 at 0.53 percent of the total housing stock.^[188]

Industries

Finance, insurance and real estate was Connecticut's largest industry in 2018 as ranked by gross domestic product, generating $75.7 billion in GDP that year.

The combined educational, health and social services sector was the largest single industry as ranked by employment, with a combined workforce of 342,600 people at the end of 2019,[194] ranking fourth the year before in GDP at $28.3 billion.

The broad business and professional services sector had the second highest GDP total in Connecticut in 2018 at an estimated $33.7 billion.^[189]

Manufacturing was the third biggest industry in 2018 with GDP of $30.8 billion,

Connecticut historically was a center of gun manufacturing, and four gun-manufacturing firms continued to operate in the state as of December 2012[update], employing 2,000 people: Colt, Stag, Ruger, and Mossberg.^[199] Marlin, owned by Remington, closed in April 2011.^[200]

Other large components of the Connecticut economy in 2018 included wholesale trade ($18.1 billion in GDP); information services ($13.8 billion); retail ($13.7 billion); arts, entertainment and food services ($9.1 billion); and construction ($8.3 billion).^[189]

Tourists spent $9.3 billion in Connecticut in 2017 according to estimates as part of a series of studies commissioned by the state of Connecticut.^[201] Foxwoods Resort Casino and Mohegan Sun are the two biggest tourist draws and number among the state's largest employers;^[202] both are located on Native American reservations in the southeastern Connecticut.

Connecticut's agricultural production totaled $580 million in 2017, with just over half of that revenue the result of

Connecticut's economy uses less energy to produce each dollar of GDP than all other states except California, Massachusetts, and New York. It uses less energy on a per-capita basis than all but six other states. It has no fossil-fuel resources, but does have renewable resources. Average retail electricity prices are the highest among the 48 contiguous states. While most of the state's energy consumption is generated using fossil fuels, nuclear power delivered over 40% of state's electricity generation in 2019. Refuse-derived fuels and other biomass provided the largest share of renewable electricity at about a 3% share. Solar and wind generation have grown in recent years. More than three-quarters of solar generation came from distributed small-scale installations such as rooftop solar in 2019, and there is planning underway to significantly increase renewable generation with the state's offshore wind resource.^[204]

Transport

Roads

The

Between New Haven and New York City, I-95 is one of the most congested highways in the United States. Although I-95 has been widened in several spots, some areas are only three lanes and this strains traffic capacity, resulting in frequent and lengthy rush hour delays. Frequently, the congestion spills over to clog the parallel Merritt Parkway and even US 1. The state has encouraged traffic reduction schemes, including rail use and ride-sharing.^[206]

Connecticut also has a very active bicycling community, with one of the highest rates of bicycle ownership and use in the United States, particularly in New Haven. According to the U.S. Census 2006 American Community Survey, New Haven has the highest percentage of commuters who bicycle to work of any major metropolitan center on the East Coast.^[207]

Rail

Rail is a popular travel mode between New Haven and New York City's

Connecticut's largest airport is

Law and government

Main articles:

Administrative divisions of Connecticut

Part of a series on the
Law of Connecticut
Sources of law Constitution of Connecticut Connecticut General Statutes
Legal history Alexander v. Yale American Electric Power Co. v. Connecticut Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission Blue Laws (Connecticut) Boddie v. Connecticut Cantwell v. Connecticut Connecticut Indian Land Claims Settlement Connecticut v. Doehr Geer v. Connecticut Griswold v. Connecticut History of the Connecticut Constitution Fundamental Orders of Connecticut Loewe v. Lawlor Mohegan Indians v. Connecticut New Haven Black Panther trials New York v. Connecticut Palko v. Connecticut Trial of Thomas Hogg United States v. The Amistad
Judiciary Connecticut Supreme Court Connecticut Superior Court Connecticut Appellate Court Connecticut Probate Courts United States District Court for the District of Connecticut
WikiProject Connecticut
v t e

Hartford has been the sole capital of Connecticut since 1875. Before then, New Haven and Hartford alternated as dual capitals.^[58]

Constitutional history

Connecticut is known as the "Constitution State". The origin of this nickname is uncertain, but it likely comes from Connecticut's pivotal role in the federal constitutional convention of 1787, during which Roger Sherman and Oliver Ellsworth helped to orchestrate what became known as the Connecticut Compromise, or the Great Compromise. This plan combined the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan to form a bicameral legislature, a form copied by almost every state constitution since the adoption of the federal constitution. Variations of the bicameral legislature had been proposed by Virginia and New Jersey, but Connecticut's plan was the one that was in effect until the early 20th century, when Senators ceased to be selected by their state legislatures and were instead directly elected. Otherwise, it is still the design of Congress.

The nickname also might refer to the Fundamental Orders of 1638–39. These Fundamental Orders represent the framework for the first formal Connecticut state government written by a representative body in Connecticut. The State of Connecticut government has operated under the direction of four separate documents in the course of the state's constitutional history. After the Fundamental Orders, Connecticut was granted governmental authority by King Charles II of England through the Connecticut Charter of 1662.

Separate branches of government did not exist during this period, and the General Assembly acted as the supreme authority. A constitution similar to the modern

Executive

The governor heads the executive branch. As of 2020^[update],

There are several executive departments: Administrative Services, Agriculture, Banking, Children and Families, Consumer Protection, Correction, Economic and Community Development, Developmental Services, Construction Services, Education, Emergency Management and Public Protection, Energy & Environmental Protection, Higher Education, Insurance, Labor, Mental Health and Addiction Services, Military, Motor Vehicles, Public Health, Public Utility Regulatory Authority, Public Works, Revenue Services, Social Services, Transportation, and Veterans Affairs. In addition to these departments, there are other independent bureaus, offices and commissions.^[218]

In addition to the governor and lieutenant governor, there are four other executive officers named in the state constitution that are elected directly by voters: secretary of the state, treasurer, comptroller, and attorney general. All executive officers are elected to four-year terms.^[58]

Legislative

Connecticut's legislative branch is known as the

As of 2021[update], Connecticut's

Locally elected representatives also develop local ordinances to govern cities and towns.^[222] The town ordinances often include noise control and zoning guidelines.^[223] However, the State of Connecticut also provides statewide ordinances for noise control as well.^[224]

Judicial

The highest

In 1818, the court became a separate entity, independent of the legislative and executive branches.[225] The Connecticut Appellate Court is a lesser statewide court, and the Superior Courts are lower courts that resemble county courts of other states.

Local government

Connecticut does not have

Further information:

blue state. The last Republican presidential candidate to win Connecticut's votes in the Electoral College was George H. W. Bush in 1988.^[232]

Registered voters

Connecticut residents who register to vote may declare an affiliation to a political party, may become unaffiliated at will, and may change affiliations subject to certain waiting periods. As of 2022[update], around 58% of registered voters are enrolled in a political party. The

electoral fusion, where the same candidate can run on the ballot of more than one political party; this is often used by the Connecticut Working Families Party to cross-endorse Democratic candidates.^[234]

Party registration as of October 31, 2023 [235]
Party		Total voters	Percentage
	Unaffiliated	1,035,711	42.0%
	Democratic	888,707	36.1%
	Republican	500,485	20.3%
	Minor parties	39,656	1.6%
Total		2,464,919	100%

Voting

In July 2009, the Connecticut legislature overrode a veto by Governor

SustiNet, the first significant public-option health care reform legislation in the nation.^[236]

In April 2012, both houses of the Connecticut state legislature passed a bill (20 to 16 and 86 to 62) that abolished capital punishment for all future crimes, while 11 inmates who were waiting on the death row at the time could still be executed.^[237]

Education

Main article: Education in Connecticut

Further information: List of school districts in Connecticut

Connecticut ranked third in the nation for educational performance, according to Education Week's Quality Counts 2018 report. It earned an overall score of 83.5 out of 100 points. On average, the country received a score of 75.2.^[238] Connecticut posted a B-plus in the Chance-for-Success category, ranking fourth on factors that contribute to a person's success both within and outside the K-12 education system. Connecticut received a mark of B-plus and finished fourth for School Finance. It ranked 12th with a grade of C on the K-12 Achievement Index.^[238]

K–12

See also: Connecticut State Board of Education

Public schools

Governor of Connecticut

.

Private schools

private schools. Private schools may file for approval by the state Department of Education, but are not required to. Per state law, private schools must file yearly attendance reports with the state.^[239]

Notable private schools include Choate Rosemary Hall, The Hotchkiss School, Loomis Chaffee School, and Taft School.

Colleges and universities

See also: List of colleges and universities in Connecticut

Connecticut was home to the nation's first law school, Litchfield Law School, which operated from 1773 to 1833 in Litchfield. Well known universities in the state include Yale University, Wesleyan University, Trinity College, Sacred Heart University, Fairfield University, Quinnipiac University, and the University of Connecticut. The Connecticut State University System includes 4 state universities, and the state also has 12 community colleges. The United States Coast Guard Academy is located in New London.

Sports

There are two Connecticut teams in the American Hockey League. The Bridgeport Islanders is a farm team for the New York Islanders which competes at the Total Mortgage Arena in Bridgeport. The Hartford Wolf Pack is an affiliate of the New York Rangers; they play in the XL Center in Hartford.

The

WNBA currently play at the Mohegan Sun Arena in Uncasville. In soccer, Hartford Athletic began play in the USL Championship

in 2019.

The state hosts several major sporting events. Since 1952, a PGA Tour golf tournament has been played in the Hartford area. It was originally called the "Insurance City Open" and later the "Greater Hartford Open" and is now known as the Travelers Championship.

Thompson International Speedway, Stafford Motor Speedway, and Waterford Speedbowl are oval tracks holding weekly races for NASCAR Modifieds and other classes, including the NASCAR Whelen Modified Tour. The state also hosts several major mixed martial arts events for Bellator MMA and the Ultimate Fighting Championship

.

Professional sports teams

The

Brooklyn, New York, and then disbanded one season later. In 1926, Hartford also had a franchise in the National Football League known as the Hartford Blues.^[240] From 2000 until 2006 the city was home to the Hartford FoxForce of World TeamTennis.^[241]

Team	Sport	League
Bridgeport Islanders	Ice hockey	American Hockey League
Hartford Wolf Pack	Ice hockey	American Hockey League
Hartford Yard Goats	Baseball	Double-A Northeast
Norwich Sea Unicorns	Baseball	Futures Collegiate Baseball League
New Britain Bees	Baseball	Futures Collegiate Baseball League
Connecticut Sun	Basketball	Women's National Basketball Association
Hartford Athletic	Soccer	USL Championship
AC Connecticut	Soccer	USL League Two

College sports

NFL's New York Giants

in 1973–74.

The

Football Bowl Subdivision

since 2002, and has played in four bowl games.

New Haven biennially hosts "The Game" between the Yale Bulldogs and the Harvard Crimson, the country's second-oldest college football rivalry. Yale alumnus Walter Camp is deemed the "Father of American Football", and he helped develop modern football while living in New Haven.^[245] Other Connecticut universities which feature Division I sports teams are Quinnipiac University, Fairfield University, Central Connecticut State University and Sacred Heart University.

Etymology and symbols

State symbols of Connecticut

List of state symbols
Flag of Connecticut
Seal of Connecticut
Coat of arms of Connecticut
Motto	Qui transtulit sustinet Latin "He Who Transplanted Still Sustains"
Slogan	Full of Surprises
Song	"Yankee Doodle" "The Nutmeg"
Living insignia
white oak
Inanimate insignia
Dance	Square dance
Fossil	Dinosaur tracks
Mineral	Garnet
Shell	Eastern oyster
Ship	USS Nautilus (SSN-571), Freedom Schooner Amistad
Tartan	Connecticut State Tartan
State route marker
State quarter
Released in 1999
Lists of United States state symbols

The name "Connecticut" originated with the Mohegan word quonehtacut, meaning "place of long tidal river".^[58] Connecticut's official nickname is "The Constitution State", adopted in 1959 and based on its colonial constitution of 1638–1639 which was the first in America and, arguably, the world.^[1] Connecticut is also unofficially known as "The Nutmeg State",^[1] whose origin is unknown. It may have come from its sailors returning from voyages with nutmeg, which was a very valuable spice in the 18th and 19th centuries. It may have originated in the early machined sheet tin nutmeg grinders sold by early Connecticut peddlers. It is also facetiously said to come from Yankee peddlers from Connecticut who would sell small carved knobs of wood shaped to look like nutmeg to unsuspecting customers.^[246] George Washington gave Connecticut the title of "The Provisions State"^[1] because of the material aid that the state rendered to the American Revolutionary War effort. Connecticut is also known as "The Land of Steady Habits".^[1]

According to Webster's New International Dictionary (1993), a person who is a native or resident of Connecticut is a "Connecticuter". There are numerous other terms coined in print but not in use, such as "Connecticotian" (Cotton Mather in 1702) and "Connecticutensian" (Samuel Peters in 1781). Linguist Allen Walker Read suggests the more playful term "Connecticutie".^[247] "Nutmegger" is sometimes used,^[246] as is "Yankee".

The official state song is "

postal abbreviation

is CT.

Commemorative stamps issued by the United States Postal Service with Connecticut themes include Nathan Hale, Eugene O'Neill, Josiah Willard Gibbs, Noah Webster, Eli Whitney, the whaling ship the Charles W. Morgan, which is docked at Mystic Seaport, and a decoy of a broadbill duck.

• 
  The Charter Oak
• 
  The USS Nautilus (SSN-571)

Connecticut state insignia and historical figures
^{Source Sites, Seals & Symbols except where noted.}

State aircraft	Vought F4U Corsair
State hero	Nathan Hale
State heroine	Prudence Crandall
State composer	Charles Edward Ives
State statues in Statuary Hall	Roger Sherman and Jonathan Trumbull
State poet laureate	Margaret Gibson[248]
Connecticut State Troubadour	Nekita Waller[249]
State composer laureate	Jacob Druckman

Notable people

For a more comprehensive list, see List of people from Connecticut.

See also

• Index of Connecticut-related articles
• Outline of Connecticut
• List of states and territories of the United States
• USS Connecticut, 7 ships

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b} Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988
2. ^ Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin are not distinguished between total and partial ancestry.

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External links

• Official website
• CTVisit.com—Official tourism website
• Connecticut QuickFacts—U.S. Census Bureau
• Connecticut at
  Curlie

Library of Congress

• Connecticut: State Resource Guide

Preceded by Georgia

Constitution on January 9, 1788 (5th)

Succeeded by Massachusetts

41°36′N 72°42′W / 41.6°N 72.7°W / 41.6; -72.7