Los Angeles

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Los Angeles
Venice Beach
Los Angeles is located in North America
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Location within North America
Coordinates: 34°03′N 118°15′W / 34.050°N 118.250°W / 34.050; -118.250
PDT
)
ZIP Codes
List
  • 90001–90084, 90086–90089, 90091, 90093–90097, 90099, 90101–90103, 90174, 90185, 90189, 90291–90293, 91040–91043, 91303–91308, 91311, 91316, 91324–91328, 91330, 91331, 91335, 91340, 91342–91349, 91352–91353, 91356–91357, 91364–91367, 91401–91499, 91504–91505, 91601–91609[12]
747/818
FIPS code06-44000
GNIS feature IDs1662328, 2410877
Websitelacity.gov

Los Angeles (

megacities. With a population of roughly 3.9 million residents within the city limits as of 2020,[7] Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic and cultural diversity, being the home of the Hollywood film industry, and its sprawling metropolitan area. The majority of the city proper lies in a basin in Southern California adjacent to the Pacific Ocean in the west and extending partly through the Santa Monica Mountains and north into the San Fernando Valley, with the city bordering the San Gabriel Valley to its east. It covers about 469 square miles (1,210 km2),[6] and is the county seat of Los Angeles County, which is the most populous county in the United States with an estimated 9.86 million residents as of 2022.[15]

The area that became Los Angeles was originally inhabited by the indigenous Tongva people and later claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542. The city was founded on September 4, 1781, under Spanish governor Felipe de Neve, on the village of Yaanga.[16] It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence. In 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, and thus became part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4, 1850, five months before California achieved statehood. The discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city.[17] The city was further expanded with the completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, which delivers water from Eastern California.

Los Angeles has a diverse economy with a broad range of industries. It has the

Tokyo. Los Angeles hosted the 1932 and 1984 Summer Olympics and will host the 2028 Summer Olympics. More recently, statewide droughts in California have strained both the city's and Los Angeles County's water security.[21][22]

Pronunciation of the name

Olvera Street in Downtown Los Angeles

The local English pronunciation of the name of the city has varied over time. A 1953 article in the

respelling under its masthead for several years.[27] This did not find favor.[28]

Since the 1930s, /lɔːs ˈændʒələs/ has been most common.[29] In 1934, the United States Board on Geographic Names decreed that this pronunciation be used.[27] This was also endorsed in 1952 by a "jury" appointed by Mayor Fletcher Bowron to devise an official pronunciation.[23][27]

History

Main article: History of Los Angeles
For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Los Angeles.

Pre-colonial history

The Los Angeles coastal area was settled by the

Tongva (Gabrieleño) and Chumash tribes. Los Angeles was founded on the village of iyáanga' or Yaanga (written "Yang-na" by the Spanish), meaning "poison oak place".[30][31][16]

Maritime explorer

Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2, 1769.[33]

Spanish rule

A statue of Felipe de Neve, who led the Los Angeles Pobladores in 1781, in the Los Angeles Plaza
.

In 1771, Franciscan

Roman Catholic archdiocese in the United States. Two-thirds of the Mexican or (New Spain) settlers were mestizo or mulatto, a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry.[38] The settlement remained a small ranch town for decades, but by 1820, the population had increased to about 650 residents.[39] Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the historic district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street, the oldest part of Los Angeles.[40]

Mexican rule

New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, and the pueblo now existed within the new Mexican Republic. During Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles, Alta California's regional capital.[41] By this time, the new republic introduced more secularization acts within the Los Angeles region.[42] In 1846, during the wider Mexican-American war, marines from the United States occupied the pueblo. This resulted in the siege of Los Angeles where 150 Mexican militias fought the occupiers which eventually surrendered.[43]

1847 to present

See also: Victorian Downtown Los Angeles and Los Angeles in the 1920s
Hill Street looking north from 6th Street. Viewable are Central Park (today's Pershing Square
) on the lower left, Hotel Portsmouth on the lower right, and Hill Street tunnel at the end of the street, circa 1913
General George Patton during a welcome home parade in Los Angeles following the allied victory in World War II
, June 9, 1945

Mexican rule ended during the Mexican–American War: Americans took control from the Californios after a series of battles, culminating with the signing of the Treaty of Cahuenga on January 13, 1847.[44]

Southern Pacific line from New Orleans to Los Angeles in 1876 and the Santa Fe Railroad in 1885.[45] Petroleum was discovered in the city and surrounding area in 1892, and by 1923, the discoveries had helped California become the country's largest oil producer, accounting for about one-quarter of the world's petroleum output.[46]

By 1900, the population had grown to more than 102,000,[47] putting pressure on the city's water supply.[48] The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, under the supervision of William Mulholland, ensured the continued growth of the city.[49] Because of clauses in the city's charter that prevented the City of Los Angeles from selling or providing water from the aqueduct to any area outside its borders, many adjacent cities and communities felt compelled to join Los Angeles.[50][51][52]

Los Angeles created the first municipal

tanneries. Los Angeles City Council also designated seven industrial zones within the city. However, between 1908 and 1915, the Los Angeles City Council created various exceptions to the broad proscriptions that applied to these three residential zones, and as a consequence, some industrial uses emerged within them. There are two differences between the 1908 Residence District Ordinance and later zoning laws in the United States. First, the 1908 laws did not establish a comprehensive zoning map as the 1916 New York City Zoning Ordinance did. Second, the residential zones did not distinguish types of housing; they treated apartments, hotels, and detached-single-family housing equally.[53]

In 1910, Hollywood merged into Los Angeles, with 10 movie companies already operating in the city at the time. By 1921, more than 80 percent of the world's film industry was concentrated in L.A.[54] The money generated by the industry kept the city insulated from much of the economic loss suffered by the rest of the country during the Great Depression.[55] By 1930, the population surpassed one million.[56] In 1932, the city hosted the Summer Olympics.

During

Victory Ships on Terminal Island, and the Los Angeles area was the headquarters of six of the country's major aircraft manufacturers (Douglas Aircraft Company, Hughes Aircraft, Lockheed, North American Aviation, Northrop Corporation, and Vultee). During the war, more aircraft were produced in one year than in all the pre-war years since the Wright brothers flew the first airplane in 1903, combined. Manufacturing in Los Angeles skyrocketed, and as William S. Knudsen, of the National Defense Advisory Commission put it, "We won because we smothered the enemy in an avalanche of production, the like of which he had never seen, nor dreamed possible."[57]

After the end of World War II Los Angeles grew more rapidly than ever, sprawling into the San Fernando Valley.[58] The expansion of the Interstate Highway System during the 1950s and 1960s helped propel suburban growth and signaled the demise of the city's electrified rail system, once the world's largest.
As a consequence of World War II, suburban growth, and population density, many amusement parks were built and operated in this area.[59] An example is Beverly Park, which was located at the corner of Beverly Boulevard and La Cienega before being closed and substituted by the Beverly Center.[60]

Racial tensions led to the Watts riots in 1965, resulting in 34 deaths and over 1,000 injuries.[61]

In 1969, California became the birthplace of the Internet, as the first

Stanford Research Institute in Menlo Park.[62]

In 1973,

Hillside Stranglers murder cases in 1977–1978.[63]

In early 1984, the city surpassed Chicago in population, thus becoming the second largest city in the United States.

In 1984, the city hosted the Summer Olympic Games for the second time. Despite being boycotted by 14 Communist countries, the 1984 Olympics became more financially successful than any previous,[64] and the second Olympics to turn a profit; the other, according to an analysis of contemporary newspaper reports, was the 1932 Summer Olympics, also held in Los Angeles.[65]

Racial tensions erupted on April 29, 1992, with the acquittal by a

large-scale riots.[66][67]

In 1994, the magnitude 6.7

Northridge earthquake shook the city, causing $12.5 billion in damage and 72 deaths.[68] The century ended with the Rampart scandal, one of the most extensive documented cases of police misconduct in American history.[69]

In 2002, Mayor James Hahn led the campaign against secession, resulting in voters defeating efforts by the San Fernando Valley and Hollywood to secede from the city.[70]

In 2022, Karen Bass became the city's first female mayor, making Los Angeles the largest US city to have ever had a woman as mayor. [71]

Los Angeles will host the 2028 Summer Olympics and Paralympic Games, making Los Angeles the third city to host the Olympics three times.[72][73]

Geography

See also: Los Angeles Basin and San Fernando Valley

Topography

Aerial satellite image of Los Angeles in March 2019

The city of Los Angeles covers a total area of 502.7 square miles (1,302 km2), comprising 468.7 square miles (1,214 km2) of land and 34.0 square miles (88 km2) of water.[74] The city extends for 44 miles (71 km) north-south and for 29 miles (47 km) east-west. The perimeter of the city is 342 miles (550 km).

Los Angeles is both flat and hilly. The highest point in the city proper is

Boyle Heights, the Crenshaw district around the Baldwin Hills, and the San Pedro
district.

Surrounding the city are much higher mountains. Immediately to the north lie the San Gabriel Mountains, which is a popular recreation area for Angelenos. Its high point is Mount San Antonio, locally known as Mount Baldy, which reaches 10,064 feet (3,068 m). Further afield, the highest point in southern California is San Gorgonio Mountain, 81 miles (130 km) east of downtown Los Angeles,[77] with a height of 11,503 feet (3,506 m).

The

drainage channel. It was straightened and lined in 51 miles (82 km) of concrete by the Army Corps of Engineers to act as a flood control channel.[78] The river begins in the Canoga Park district of the city, flows east from the San Fernando Valley along the north edge of the Santa Monica Mountains, and turns south through the city center, flowing to its mouth in the Port of Long Beach at the Pacific Ocean. The smaller Ballona Creek flows into the Santa Monica Bay at Playa del Rey
.

Vegetation

See also: California coastal sage and chaparral
The city's oldest palm tree, dating to the late 19th century, with the LA Coliseum
in the background

Los Angeles is rich in native plant species partly because of its diversity of habitats, including beaches,

Date Palms, and California Fan Palms
are common in the Los Angeles area, although only the last is native to California, though still not native to the City of Los Angeles.

Geology

Los Angeles is subject to earthquakes because of its location on the

UCERF California earthquake forecast, which models earthquake occurrence in California. Parts of the city are also vulnerable to tsunamis; harbor areas were damaged by waves from Aleutian Islands earthquake in 1946, Valdivia earthquake in 1960, Alaska earthquake in 1964, Chile earthquake in 2010 and Japan earthquake in 2011.[85]

Cityscape

Main article: List of districts and neighborhoods in Los Angeles
The skyline of Downtown Los Angeles

The city is divided into many different districts and neighborhoods,[86][87] some of which were incorporated cities that have merged with Los Angeles.[88] These neighborhoods were developed piecemeal, and are well-defined enough that the city has signage which marks nearly all of them.[89]

Overview

A clear evening view of Mount Lee and the Hollywood Sign as seen from the Griffith Observatory
lawn

The city's street patterns generally follow a grid plan, with uniform block lengths and occasional roads that cut across blocks. However, this is complicated by rugged terrain, which has necessitated having different grids for each of the valleys that Los Angeles covers. Major streets are designed to move large volumes of traffic through many parts of the city, many of which are extremely long; Sepulveda Boulevard is 43 miles (69 km) long, while Foothill Boulevard is over 60 miles (97 km) long, reaching as far east as San Bernardino. Drivers in Los Angeles suffer from one of the worst rush hour periods in the world, according to an annual traffic index by navigation system maker, TomTom. LA drivers spend an additional 92 hours in traffic each year. During the peak rush hour, there is 80% congestion, according to the index.[90]

Los Angeles is often characterized by the presence of

Warner Center, Century City, Koreatown, Miracle Mile, Hollywood, and Westwood, skyscrapers and high-rise buildings are not common in Los Angeles. The few skyscrapers built outside of those areas often stand out above the rest of the surrounding landscape. Most construction is done in separate units, rather than wall-to-wall. That being said Downtown Los Angeles itself has many buildings over 30 stories, with fourteen over 50 stories, and two over 70 stories, the tallest of which is the Wilshire Grand Center. Also Los Angeles is increasingly becoming a city of apartments rather than single-family dwellings, especially in the dense inner city and Westside neighborhoods.[citation needed
]

Climate

Main article: Climate of Los Angeles
Los Angeles (Downtown)
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
3.3
 
 
68
49
 
 
3.6
 
 
68
50
 
 
2.2
 
 
70
52
 
 
0.7
 
 
72
55
 
 
0.3
 
 
74
58
 
 
0.1
 
 
77
61
 
 
0
 
 
82
65
 
 
0
 
 
84
65
 
 
0.1
 
 
83
64
 
 
0.6
 
 
79
60
 
 
0.8
 
 
73
53
 
 
2.5
 
 
67
48
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches
Source:NOAA[91]
Metric conversion
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
84
 
 
20
9
 
 
92
 
 
20
10
 
 
57
 
 
21
11
 
 
18
 
 
22
13
 
 
8.1
 
 
23
15
 
 
2.3
 
 
25
16
 
 
0.5
 
 
28
18
 
 
0
 
 
29
19
 
 
3.3
 
 
28
18
 
 
15
 
 
26
16
 
 
20
 
 
23
12
 
 
63
 
 
20
9
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm

Los Angeles has a two-season Mediterranean climate of dry summer and very mild winter (Köppen Csb on the coast and most of downtown, Csa near the metropolitan region to the west), but it receives less annual precipitation than most other Mediterranean climates, so it is near the boundary of a semi-arid climate (BSh), though narrowly missing it.[92] Daytime temperatures are generally temperate all year round. In winter, they average around 68 °F (20 °C) giving it a tropical feel although it is a few degrees too cool to be a true tropical climate on average due to cool night temperatures.[93][94] Los Angeles has plenty of sunshine throughout the year, with an average of only 35 days with measurable precipitation annually.[95]

Temperatures in the coastal basin exceed 90 °F (32 °C) on a dozen or so days in the year, from one day a month in April, May, June and November to three days a month in July, August, October and to five days in September.[95] Temperatures in the San Fernando and San Gabriel Valleys are considerably warmer. Temperatures are subject to substantial daily swings; in inland areas the difference between the average daily low and the average daily high is over 30 °F (17 °C).[96] The average annual temperature of the sea is 63 °F (17 °C), from 58 °F (14 °C) in January to 68 °F (20 °C) in August.[97] Hours of sunshine total more than 3,000 per year, from an average of 7 hours of sunshine per day in December to an average of 12 in July.[98]

The Los Angeles area is also subject to phenomena typical of a microclimate, causing extreme variations in temperature in close physical proximity to each other. For example, the average July maximum temperature at the Santa Monica Pier is 70 °F (21 °C) whereas it is 95 °F (35 °C) in Canoga Park, 15 miles (24 km) away.[99] The city, like much of the Southern Californian coast, is subject to a late spring/early summer weather phenomenon called "June Gloom". This involves overcast or foggy skies in the morning that yield to sun by early afternoon.[100]

More recently, statewide

orographic uplift. Summer days are usually rainless. Rarely, an incursion of moist air from the south or east can bring brief thunderstorms in late summer, especially to the mountains. The coast gets slightly less rainfall, while the inland and mountain areas get considerably more. Years of average rainfall are rare. The usual pattern is a year-to-year variability, with a short string of dry years of 5–10 in (130–250 mm) rainfall, followed by one or two wet years with more than 20 in (510 mm).[96] Wet years are usually associated with warm water El Niño conditions in the Pacific, dry years with cooler water La Niña episodes. A series of rainy days can bring floods to the lowlands and mudslides to the hills, especially after wildfires
have denuded the slopes.

Both freezing temperatures and snowfall are extremely rare in the city basin and along the coast, with the last occurrence of a 32 °F (0 °C) reading at the downtown station being January 29, 1979;[96] freezing temperatures occur nearly every year in valley locations while the mountains within city limits typically receive snowfall every winter. The greatest snowfall recorded in downtown Los Angeles was 2.0 inches (5 cm) on January 15, 1932.[96][103] While the most recent snowfall occurred in February 2019, the first snowfall since 1962,[104][105] with snow falling in areas adjacent to Los Angeles as recently as January 2021.[106] At the official downtown station, the highest recorded temperature is 113 °F (45 °C) on September 27, 2010,[96][107] while the lowest is 28 °F (−2 °C),[96] on January 4, 1949.[96] Within the City of Los Angeles, the highest temperature ever officially recorded is 121 °F (49 °C), on September 6, 2020, at the weather station at Pierce College in the San Fernando Valley neighborhood of Woodland Hills.[108] During autumn and winter, Santa Ana winds sometimes bring much warmer and drier conditions to Los Angeles, and raise wildfire risk.

Climate data for Los Angeles (USC, Downtown), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1877–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 95
(35) 		95
(35) 		99
(37) 		106
(41) 		103
(39) 		112
(44) 		109
(43) 		106
(41) 		113
(45) 		108
(42) 		100
(38) 		92
(33) 		113
(45)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 83.0
(28.3) 		82.8
(28.2) 		85.8
(29.9) 		90.1
(32.3) 		88.9
(31.6) 		89.1
(31.7) 		93.5
(34.2) 		95.2
(35.1) 		99.4
(37.4) 		95.7
(35.4) 		88.9
(31.6) 		81.0
(27.2) 		101.5
(38.6)
Average high °F (°C) 68.0
(20.0) 		68.0
(20.0) 		69.9
(21.1) 		72.4
(22.4) 		73.7
(23.2) 		77.2
(25.1) 		82.0
(27.8) 		84.0
(28.9) 		83.0
(28.3) 		78.6
(25.9) 		72.9
(22.7) 		67.4
(19.7) 		74.8
(23.8)
Daily mean °F (°C) 58.4
(14.7) 		59.0
(15.0) 		61.1
(16.2) 		63.6
(17.6) 		65.9
(18.8) 		69.3
(20.7) 		73.3
(22.9) 		74.7
(23.7) 		73.6
(23.1) 		69.3
(20.7) 		63.0
(17.2) 		57.8
(14.3) 		65.8
(18.8)
Average low °F (°C) 48.9
(9.4) 		50.0
(10.0) 		52.4
(11.3) 		54.8
(12.7) 		58.1
(14.5) 		61.4
(16.3) 		64.7
(18.2) 		65.4
(18.6) 		64.2
(17.9) 		59.9
(15.5) 		53.1
(11.7) 		48.2
(9.0) 		56.8
(13.8)
Mean minimum °F (°C) 41.4
(5.2) 		42.9
(6.1) 		45.4
(7.4) 		48.9
(9.4) 		53.5
(11.9) 		57.4
(14.1) 		61.1
(16.2) 		61.7
(16.5) 		59.1
(15.1) 		53.7
(12.1) 		45.4
(7.4) 		40.5
(4.7) 		39.2
(4.0)
Record low °F (°C) 28
(−2) 		28
(−2) 		31
(−1) 		36
(2) 		40
(4) 		46
(8) 		49
(9) 		49
(9) 		44
(7) 		40
(4) 		34
(1) 		30
(−1) 		28
(−2)
Average rainfall inches (mm) 3.29
(84) 		3.64
(92) 		2.23
(57) 		0.69
(18) 		0.32
(8.1) 		0.09
(2.3) 		0.02
(0.51) 		0.00
(0.00) 		0.13
(3.3) 		0.58
(15) 		0.78
(20) 		2.48
(63) 		14.25
(362)
Average rainy days (≥ 0.01 in) 6.1 6.3 5.1 2.8 1.9 0.5 0.4 0.1 0.4 2.2 2.8 5.5 34.1
Mean monthly sunshine hours 225.3 222.5 267.0 303.5 276.2 275.8 364.1 349.5 278.5 255.1 217.3 219.4 3,254.2
Percent possible sunshine 71 72 72 78 64 64 83 84 75 73 70 71 73
Source: NOAA (sun 1961–1977)[109][91][110][111]
Climate data for Los Angeles (LAX), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1944–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 91
(33) 		92
(33) 		95
(35) 		102
(39) 		97
(36) 		104
(40) 		97
(36) 		98
(37) 		110
(43) 		106
(41) 		101
(38) 		94
(34) 		110
(43)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 81.2
(27.3) 		80.1
(26.7) 		80.6
(27.0) 		83.1
(28.4) 		80.6
(27.0) 		79.8
(26.6) 		83.7
(28.7) 		86.0
(30.0) 		90.7
(32.6) 		90.9
(32.7) 		87.2
(30.7) 		78.8
(26.0) 		95.5
(35.3)
Average high °F (°C) 66.3
(19.1) 		65.6
(18.7) 		66.1
(18.9) 		68.1
(20.1) 		69.5
(20.8) 		72.0
(22.2) 		75.1
(23.9) 		76.7
(24.8) 		76.5
(24.7) 		74.4
(23.6) 		70.9
(21.6) 		66.1
(18.9) 		70.6
(21.4)
Daily mean °F (°C) 57.9
(14.4) 		57.9
(14.4) 		59.1
(15.1) 		61.1
(16.2) 		63.6
(17.6) 		66.4
(19.1) 		69.6
(20.9) 		70.7
(21.5) 		70.1
(21.2) 		67.1
(19.5) 		62.3
(16.8) 		57.6
(14.2) 		63.6
(17.6)
Average low °F (°C) 49.4
(9.7) 		50.1
(10.1) 		52.2
(11.2) 		54.2
(12.3) 		57.6
(14.2) 		60.9
(16.1) 		64.0
(17.8) 		64.8
(18.2) 		63.7
(17.6) 		59.8
(15.4) 		53.7
(12.1) 		49.1
(9.5) 		56.6
(13.7)
Mean minimum °F (°C) 41.8
(5.4) 		42.9
(6.1) 		45.3
(7.4) 		48.0
(8.9) 		52.7
(11.5) 		56.7
(13.7) 		60.2
(15.7) 		61.0
(16.1) 		58.7
(14.8) 		53.2
(11.8) 		46.1
(7.8) 		41.1
(5.1) 		39.4
(4.1)
Record low °F (°C) 27
(−3) 		34
(1) 		35
(2) 		42
(6) 		45
(7) 		48
(9) 		52
(11) 		51
(11) 		47
(8) 		43
(6) 		38
(3) 		32
(0) 		27
(−3)
Average rainfall inches (mm) 2.86
(73) 		2.99
(76) 		1.73
(44) 		0.60
(15) 		0.28
(7.1) 		0.08
(2.0) 		0.04
(1.0) 		0.00
(0.00) 		0.11
(2.8) 		0.49
(12) 		0.82
(21) 		2.23
(57) 		12.23
(311)
Average rainy days (≥ 0.01 in) 6.1 6.3 5.6 2.6 1.7 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.5 2.0 3.2 5.4 34.5
Average
relative humidity
(%) 		63.4 67.9 70.5 71.0 74.0 75.9 76.6 76.6 74.2 70.5 65.5 62.9 70.8
Average dew point °F (°C) 41.4
(5.2) 		44.4
(6.9) 		46.6
(8.1) 		49.1
(9.5) 		52.7
(11.5) 		56.5
(13.6) 		60.1
(15.6) 		61.2
(16.2) 		59.2
(15.1) 		54.1
(12.3) 		46.8
(8.2) 		41.4
(5.2) 		51.1
(10.6)
Source: NOAA (relative humidity and dew point 1961–1990)[109][112][113][114]

Environmental issues

Further information: Pollution in California § Los Angeles air pollution
Viewable smog in Los Angeles in December 2005
External audio
audio icon “Fighting Smog in Los Angeles”, Distillations Podcast, 2018 Science History Institute

A Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ (written Yang-na by the Spanish), which has been translated as "poison oak place".[30][31] Yang-na has also been translated as "the valley of smoke".[115][116] Owing to geography, heavy reliance on automobiles, and the Los Angeles/Long Beach port complex, Los Angeles suffers from air pollution in the form of smog. The Los Angeles Basin and the San Fernando Valley are susceptible to atmospheric inversion, which holds in the exhausts from road vehicles, airplanes, locomotives, shipping, manufacturing, and other sources.[117] The percentage of small particle pollution (the kind that penetrates into the lungs) coming from vehicles in the city can get as high as 55 percent.[citation needed]

The smog season lasts from approximately May to October.

mass transit
, and other measures.

The number of Stage 1 smog alerts in Los Angeles has declined from over 100 per year in the 1970s to almost zero in the new millennium.[120] Despite improvement, the 2006 and 2007 annual reports of the American Lung Association ranked the city as the most polluted in the country with short-term particle pollution and year-round particle pollution.[121] In 2008, the city was ranked the second most polluted and again had the highest year-round particulate pollution.[122] The city met its goal of providing 20 percent of the city's power from renewable sources in 2010.[123] The American Lung Association's 2013 survey ranks the metro area as having the nation's worst smog, and fourth in both short-term and year-round pollution amounts.[124]

Los Angeles is also home to the nation's largest urban

oil field. There are more than 700 active oil wells within 1,500 feet (460 m) of homes, churches, schools and hospitals in the city, a situation about which the EPA has voiced serious concerns.[125]

The city has an urban

loci they do not demonstrate that this produces a real difference which helps the bobcats to survive future mange outbreaks.[126]

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Los Angeles
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
18501,610—
18604,385172.4%
18705,72830.6%
188011,18395.2%
189050,395350.6%
1900102,479103.4%
1910319,198211.5%
1920576,67380.7%
19301,238,048114.7%
19401,504,27721.5%
19501,970,35831.0%
19602,479,01525.8%
19702,811,80113.4%
19802,968,5285.6%
19903,485,39817.4%
20003,694,8206.0%
20103,792,6212.6%
20203,898,7472.8%
2022 (est.)3,819,538[128]−2.0%
United States Census Bureau[129]
2010–2020, 2021[7]

The 2010 U.S. census[130] reported Los Angeles had a population of 3,792,621.[131] The population density was 8,092.3 people per square mile (2,913.0/km2). The age distribution was 874,525 people (23.1%) under 18, 434,478 people (11.5%) from 18 to 24, 1,209,367 people (31.9%) from 25 to 44, 877,555 people (23.1%) from 45 to 64, and 396,696 people (10.5%) who were 65 or older.[131] The median age was 34.1 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.6 males.[131]

There were 1,413,995 housing units—up from 1,298,350 during 2005–2009[131]—at an average density of 2,812.8 households per square mile (1,086.0/km2), of which 503,863 (38.2%) were owner-occupied, and 814,305 (61.8%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.1%; the rental vacancy rate was 6.1%. 1,535,444 people (40.5% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 2,172,576 people (57.3%) lived in rental housing units.[131]

Percentage of households with incomes above $150k across Los Angeles County
census tracts

According to the 2010 United States Census, Los Angeles had a median household income of $49,497, with 22.0% of the population living below the federal poverty line.[131]

Race and ethnicity

Racial and ethnic composition 1940[132] 1970[132] 1990[132] 2010[133] 2020[133]
Hispanic or Latino (of any race) 7.1% 17.1% 39.9% 48.5% 46.9%
White (non-Hispanic) 86.3% 61.1% 37.3% 28.7% 28.9%
Asian (non-Hispanic)
 2.2% 3.6% 9.8% 11.1% 11.7%
Black or African American (non-Hispanic)
 4.2% 17.9% 14.0% 9.2% 8.3%
Other (non-Hispanic) N/A N/A 0.1% 0.3% 0.7%
Two or more races (non-Hispanic)
 N/A N/A N/A 2.0% 3.3%
Map of racial and ethnic distribution in Los Angeles as of the 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot is 25 people: ⬤ White ⬤ Black ⬤ Asian ⬤ Hispanic ⬤ Other

According to the 2010 census, the racial makeup of Los Angeles included: 1,888,158

two or more races.[131] Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 1,838,822 persons (48.5%). Los Angeles is home to people from more than 140 countries speaking 224 different identified languages.[134] Ethnic enclaves like Chinatown, Historic Filipinotown, Koreatown, Little Armenia, Little Ethiopia, Tehrangeles, Little Tokyo, Little Bangladesh, and Thai Town provide examples of the polyglot
character of Los Angeles.

Non-Hispanic Whites were 28.7% of the population in 2010,[131] compared to 86.3% in 1940.[132] The majority of the Non-Hispanic White population is living in areas along the Pacific coast as well as in neighborhoods near and on the Santa Monica Mountains from the Pacific Palisades to Los Feliz
.

East Los Angeles, Northeast Los Angeles and Westlake. Furthermore, a vast majority of residents in neighborhoods in eastern South Los Angeles towards Downey are of Hispanic origin.[citation needed
]

The largest Asian ethnic groups are

Armenians, Assyrians, and Iranians, many of whom live in enclaves like Little Armenia and Tehrangeles.[citation needed
]

African Americans have been the predominant ethnic group in

Mid-City and Mid-Wilshire have a moderate concentration of African Americans as well.[citation needed
]

Los Angeles has the second largest Mexican, Armenian, Salvadoran, Filipino and Guatemalan population by city in the world, the third largest Canadian population in the world, and has the largest Japanese, Iranian/Persian, Cambodian and Romani (Gypsy) population in the country.[138]

There is an Italian community in Los Angeles. Italians are concentrated in San Pedro.[139]

Religion

Religious affiliation (2014)[140][141]
Christian
 
 65%
Catholic
 
 32%
Protestant
 
 30%
Other Christian
 
 3%
Unaffiliated
 
 25%
Jewish
 
 3%
Muslim
 
 2%
Buddhist
 
 2%
Hindu
 
 1%
Other faiths
 
 1%
The Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels, the mother cathedral for the Los Angeles archdiocese[142]

According to a 2014 study by the Pew Research Center, Christianity is the most prevalently practiced religion in Los Angeles (65%).[140][141] The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles is the largest archdiocese in the country.[143] Cardinal Roger Mahony, as the archbishop, oversaw construction of the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels, which opened in September 2002 in Downtown Los Angeles.[144]

In 2011, the once common, but ultimately lapsed, custom of conducting a procession and Mass in honor of Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles, in commemoration of the founding of the City of Los Angeles in 1781, was revived by the Queen of Angels Foundation and its founder Mark Albert, with the support of the Archdiocese of Los Angeles as well as several civic leaders.[145] The recently revived custom is a continuation of the original processions and Masses that commenced on the first anniversary of the founding of Los Angeles in 1782 and continued for nearly a century thereafter.

With 621,000

Pico-Robertson, and Valley Village, while Jewish Israelis are well represented in the Encino and Tarzana neighborhoods, and Persian Jews in Beverly Hills. Many varieties of Judaism are represented in the greater Los Angeles area, including Reform, Conservative, Orthodox, and Reconstructionist. The Breed Street Shul in East Los Angeles, built in 1923, was the largest synagogue west of Chicago in its early decades; it is no longer in daily use as a synagogue and is being converted to a museum and community center.[147][148] The Kabbalah Centre also has a presence in the city.[149]

The

International Church of the Foursquare Gospel was founded in Los Angeles by Aimee Semple McPherson in 1923 and remains headquartered there to this day. For many years, the church convened at Angelus Temple, which, at its construction, was one of the largest churches in the country.[150]

Los Angeles has had a rich and influential Protestant tradition. The first Protestant service in Los Angeles was a Methodist meeting held in a private home in 1850 and the oldest Protestant church still operating,

Second Baptist Church, Crenshaw Christian Center, McCarty Memorial Christian Church
, and First Congregational Church.

The Los Angeles California Temple, the second-largest temple operated by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, is on Santa Monica Boulevard in the Westwood neighborhood of Los Angeles. Dedicated in 1956, it was the first temple of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints built in California and it was the largest in the world when completed.[153]

The Hollywood region of Los Angeles also has several significant headquarters, churches, and the

Celebrity Center of Scientology.[154][155]

Because of Los Angeles's large multi-ethnic population, a wide variety of faiths are practiced, including

joss house was founded in the city in 1875.[151] Atheism and other secular beliefs are also common, as the city is the largest in the Western U.S. Unchurched Belt
.

Homelessness

Main article:
Homelessness in Los Angeles
Several homeless tents outside Los Angeles City Hall
in 2021

As of January 2020, there are 41,290 homeless people in the City of Los Angeles, comprising roughly 62% of the homeless population of LA County.[156] This is an increase of 14.2% over the previous year (with a 12.7% increase in the overall homeless population of LA County).[157][158] The epicenter of homelessness in Los Angeles is the Skid Row neighborhood, which contains 8,000 homeless people, one of the largest stable populations of homeless people in the United States.[159][160] The increased homeless population in Los Angeles has been attributed to lack of housing affordability[161] and to substance abuse.[162] Almost 60 percent of the 82,955 people who became newly homeless in 2019 said their homelessness was because of economic hardship.[157] In Los Angeles, black people are roughly four times more likely to experience homelessness.[157][163]

Crime

Main article: Crime in Los Angeles
See also: List of criminal gangs in Los Angeles
LAPD
on May Day 2006 in front of the new Caltrans District 7 Headquarters

In 1992, the city of Los Angeles recorded 1,092 murders.[164] Los Angeles experienced a significant decline in crime in the 1990s and late 2000s and reached a 50-year low in 2009 with 314 homicides.[165][166] This is a rate of 7.85 per 100,000 population—a major decrease from 1980 when a homicide rate of 34.2 per 100,000 was reported.[167][168] This included 15 officer-involved shootings. One shooting led to the death of a SWAT team member, Randal Simmons, the first in LAPD's history.[169] Los Angeles in the year of 2013 totaled 251 murders, a decrease of 16 percent from the previous year. Police speculate the drop resulted from a number of factors, including young people spending more time online.[170] In 2021, murders rose to the highest level since 2008 and there were 348.[171]

In 2015, it was revealed that the LAPD had been under-reporting crime for eight years, making the crime rate in the city appear much lower than it really is.[172][173]

The

battle of Sunset Strip as part of the American Mafia, but has gradually declined since then with the rise of various black and Hispanic gangs in the late 1960s and early 1970s.[174]

According to the

Salvadoran descent, all originated in Los Angeles. This has led to the city being referred to as the "Gang Capital of America".[176]

Economy

Further information:
Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce
See also: Los Angeles County, California § Economy
Employment by industry in Los Angeles County
as of 2015
Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center on Sunset Boulevard
in Los Angeles County
Los Angeles gas prices before taxes
(2003 through 2022)
Median housing prices by U.S. metro area; the Los Angeles metropolitan area is the third most expensive as of 2022.

The economy of Los Angeles is driven by international trade, entertainment (television, motion pictures, video games, music recording, and production), aerospace, technology, petroleum, fashion, apparel, and tourism.[

Washington, D.C..[177]

One of the five

major film studios, only Paramount Pictures is within Los Angeles' city limits;[178] it is located in the so-called Thirty-Mile Zone
of entertainment headquarters in Southern California.

Los Angeles is the largest manufacturing center in the United States.[179] The contiguous ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach together comprise the busiest port in the United States by some measures and the fifth-busiest port in the world, vital to trade within the Pacific Rim.[179]

The

Los Angeles metropolitan area has a gross metropolitan product of over $1.0 trillion (as of 2018),[20] making it the third-largest economic metropolitan area in the world after Tokyo and New York.[20] Los Angeles has been classified an "alpha world city" according to a 2012 study by a group at Loughborough University.[180]

The Department of Cannabis Regulation enforces cannabis legislation after the legalization of the sale and distribution of cannabis in 2016.[181] As of October 2019, more than 300 existing cannabis businesses (both retailers and their suppliers) have been granted approval to operate in what is considered the nation's largest market.[182][183]

As of 2018, Los Angeles is home to three

Dine Brands Global, DreamWorks Animation, Dollar Shave Club, Fandango Media, Farmers Insurance Group, Forever 21, Hulu, Panda Express, SpaceX, Ubisoft Film & Television, The Walt Disney Company, Universal Pictures, Warner Bros., Warner Music Group, and Trader Joe's
.

Largest non-government employers in Los Angeles County, August 2018[186]
Rank Employer Employees
1 Kaiser Permanente 37,468
2 University of Southern California 21,055
3 Northrop Grumman Corp. 16,600
4 Providence Health and Services Southern California 15,952
5 Target Corp. 15,000
6 Ralphs/Food 4 Less (Kroger Co. Division) 14,970
7 Cedars-Sinai Medical Center 14,903
8 Walt Disney Co. 13,000
9 Allied Universal 12,879
10 NBC Universal 12,000

Arts and culture

Main article: Culture of Los Angeles
Hollywood Bowl in Hollywood Hills

Los Angeles is often billed as the creative capital of the world because one in every six of its residents works in a creative industry[187] and there are more artists, writers, filmmakers, actors, dancers and musicians living and working in Los Angeles than any other city at any other time in world history.[188] The city is also known for its prolific murals.[189]

Movies and the performing arts

Dolby Theatre on Hollywood Boulevard, the venue for the Academy Awards

The performing arts play a major role in Los Angeles's cultural identity. According to the USC Stevens Institute for Innovation, "there are more than 1,100 annual theatrical productions and 21 openings every week."[188] The Los Angeles Music Center is "one of the three largest performing arts centers in the nation", with more than 1.3 million visitors per year.[190] The Walt Disney Concert Hall, centerpiece of the Music Center, is home to the prestigious Los Angeles Philharmonic.[191] Notable organizations such as Center Theatre Group, the Los Angeles Master Chorale, and the Los Angeles Opera are also resident companies of the Music Center.[192][193][194] Talent is locally cultivated at premier institutions such as the Colburn School and the USC Thornton School of Music. The city's

television industry.[195] The city is home to major film studios as well as major record labels. Los Angeles plays host to the annual Academy Awards, the Primetime Emmy Awards, the Grammy Awards as well as many other entertainment industry awards shows. Los Angeles is the site of the USC School of Cinematic Arts which is the oldest film school in the United States.[196]

Museums and galleries

See also: List of museums in Los Angeles and List of museums in Los Angeles County, California
Academy Museum of Motion Pictures

There are 841 museums and art galleries in

Gallery Row, and tens of thousands attend the monthly Downtown Art Walk there.[206]

Libraries

The

County of Los Angeles Public Library, many of which are within walking distance to residents.[208]

Landmarks

See also:
National Register of Historic Places listings in Los Angeles, California

Important landmarks in Los Angeles include the

Staples Center, Dodger Stadium, and Olvera Street.[222]

Cuisine

Grand Central Market in Downtown Los Angeles

Los Angeles' food culture is a fusion of global cuisine brought on by the city's rich immigrant history and population. Latin American immigrants, particularly

cafés. Asian restaurants, many immigrant-owned, exist throughout the city with hotspots in Chinatown,[223] Koreatown,[224] and Little Tokyo.[225] Los Angeles also carries an outsized offering of vegan, vegetarian, and plant-based options. As of 2022, the Michelin Guide recognized 10 restaurants granting 2 restaurants two stars and eight restaurants one star. [226]

Sports

See also: Sports in Los Angeles and History of the National Football League in Los Angeles
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
Dodger Stadium, home stadium for the Los Angeles Dodgers of Major League Baseball
Crypto.com Arena, home to the Los Angeles Lakers, Los Angeles Clippers, Los Angeles Kings, and Los Angeles Sparks

Los Angeles and its metropolitan area are the home of eleven top-level professional sports teams, several of which play in neighboring communities but use Los Angeles in their name. These teams include the

Los Angeles Galaxy[234] and Los Angeles FC[235] of Major League Soccer (MLS), and the Los Angeles Sparks of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA).[236]

Other notable sports teams include the UCLA Bruins and the USC Trojans in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), both of which are Division I teams in the Pac-12 Conference, but will soon be moved to the Big Ten Conference.[237]

Los Angeles is the second-largest city in the United States but hosted no NFL team between 1995 and 2015. At one time, the Los Angeles area hosted two NFL teams: the

San Diego Chargers announced on January 12, 2017, that they would also relocate back to Los Angeles (the first since its inaugural season in 1960) and become the Los Angeles Chargers beginning in the 2017 NFL season and played at Dignity Health Sports Park in Carson, California for three seasons.[241] The Rams and the Chargers would soon move to the newly built SoFi Stadium, located in nearby Inglewood during the 2020 season.[242]

Los Angeles boasts a number of sports venues, including

The Forum, SoFi Stadium, Dignity Health Sports Park, the Rose Bowl, Angel Stadium, and the Honda Center are also in adjacent cities and cities in Los Angeles's metropolitan area.[247]

Los Angeles has twice hosted the Summer Olympic Games: in 1932 and in 1984, and will host the games for a third time in 2028.[248] Los Angeles will be the third city after London (1908, 1948 and 2012) and Paris (1900, 1924 and 2024) to host the Olympic Games three times. When the tenth Olympic Games were hosted in 1932, the former 10th Street was renamed Olympic Blvd. Los Angeles also hosted the Deaflympics in 1985[249] and Special Olympics World Summer Games in 2015.[250]

8

Rose Bowl
, which happens every New Year's Day.

Los Angeles also hosted 8

final, where the United States won against China on penalty kicks. This was the game where Brandi Chastain took her shirt off after she scored the tournament-winning penalty kick, creating an iconic image. Los Angeles will be one of eleven US host cities for the 2026 FIFA World Cup with matches set to be held at SoFi Stadium.[252]

Los Angeles is one of six North American cities to have won championships in all five of its major leagues (MLB, NFL, NHL, NBA and MLS), having completed the feat with the Kings' 2012 Stanley Cup title.[253]

Government

Main article: Government of Los Angeles
See also: Government of Los Angeles County
The Tom Bradley Room makes up the entire interior of Los Angeles City Hall
's 27th floor

Los Angeles is a

general law city. The current charter was adopted on June 8, 1999, and has been amended many times.[254] The elected government consists of the Los Angeles City Council and the mayor of Los Angeles, which operate under a mayor–council government, as well as the city attorney (not to be confused with the district attorney, a county office) and controller. The mayor is Karen Bass.[255] There are 15 city council districts
.

The city has many departments and appointed officers, including the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD),[256] the Los Angeles Board of Police Commissioners,[257] the Los Angeles Fire Department (LAFD),[258] the Housing Authority of the City of Los Angeles (HACLA),[259] the Los Angeles Department of Transportation (LADOT),[260] and the Los Angeles Public Library (LAPL).[261]

The charter of the City of Los Angeles ratified by voters in 1999 created a system of advisory neighborhood councils that would represent the diversity of stakeholders, defined as those who live, work or own property in the neighborhood. The neighborhood councils are relatively autonomous and spontaneous in that they identify their own boundaries, establish their own bylaws, and elect their own officers. There are about 90 neighborhood councils.

Residents of Los Angeles elect supervisors for the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th supervisorial districts.

Federal and state representation

In the California State Assembly, Los Angeles is split between fourteen districts.[262] In the California State Senate, the city is split between eight districts.[263] In the United States House of Representatives, it is split among ten congressional districts.[264]

Education

Colleges and universities

Los Angeles branch of the California State Normal School on Vermont Avenue in Downtown Los Angeles, between 1882 and 1914. It is now the site of the Richard J. Riordan Central Library
.
California State University, Los Angeles
The Los Angeles Central Library in Downtown Los Angeles

There are three public universities within the city limits: California State University, Los Angeles (CSULA), California State University, Northridge (CSUN) and University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).[265]

Private colleges in the city include:

The community college system consists of nine campuses governed by the trustees of the Los Angeles Community College District:

There are numerous additional colleges and universities outside the city limits in the Greater Los Angeles area, including the Claremont Colleges consortium, which includes the most selective liberal arts colleges in the U.S., and the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), one of the top STEM-focused research institutions in the world.

Schools

See also:
Proposition 13
was approved in 1978, urban school districts had considerable trouble with funding. LAUSD has become known for its underfunded, overcrowded and poorly maintained campuses, although its 162 Magnet schools help compete with local private schools.

Several small sections of Los Angeles are in the Inglewood Unified School District,[297] and the Las Virgenes Unified School District.[298] The Los Angeles County Office of Education operates the Los Angeles County High School for the Arts.

Media

Main article: Media in Los Angeles
See also:
The former headquarters of the Los Angeles Times
in the Civic Center
20th Century Fox

The Los Angeles metro area is the second-largest broadcast

VHF allocations assigned to them.[299]

As part of the region's aforementioned creative industry, the Big Four major broadcast television networks,

flagship station of the religious Trinity Broadcasting Network, based out of Santa Ana. A variety of independent television stations, such as KCAL-TV (Channel 9) and KTLA
-TV (Channel 5), also operate in the area.

The major daily English-language newspaper in the area is the

The World Journal is the city and county's major Chinese newspaper. The Los Angeles Sentinel is the city's major African-American weekly paper, boasting the largest African-American readership in the Western United States.[305] Investor's Business Daily is distributed from its LA corporate offices, which are headquartered in Playa del Rey.[306]

There are also a number of smaller regional newspapers, alternative weeklies and magazines, including the

Long Beach Press-Telegram
.

Los Angeles arts, culture and nightlife news is also covered by a number of local and national online guides, including Time Out Los Angeles, Thrillist, Kristin's List, DailyCandy, Diversity News Magazine, LAist, and Flavorpill.[308][309][310][311]

Infrastructure

Transportation

Main article: Transportation in Los Angeles

Freeways

Main article: Southern California freeways
The Judge Harry Pregerson Interchange
, connecting the Century Freeway (I-105) and the Harbor Freeway (I-110)

The city and the rest of the

Oakland, Washington, D.C., and Miami. Despite the congestion in the city, the mean daily travel time for commuters in Los Angeles is shorter than other major cities, including New York City, Philadelphia and Chicago. Los Angeles's mean travel time for work commutes in 2006 was 29.2 minutes, similar to those of San Francisco and Washington, D.C.[313]

The major highways that connect LA to the rest of the nation include

Redwood Empire, and the Oregon and Washington
coasts.

Transit systems

Main article: Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority
Los Angeles Metro Rail
and Metro Transitway map

The LA County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (LA County Metro) and other agencies operate an extensive system of bus lines, as well as subway and light rail lines across Los Angeles County, with a combined monthly ridership (measured in individual boardings) of 38.8 million as of September 2011. The majority of this (30.5 million) is taken up by the city's bus system,[314] the second busiest in the country. The subway and light rail combined average the remaining roughly 8.2 million boardings per month.[314] LA County Metro recorded over 397 million boardings for the 2017 calendar year, including about 285 million bus riders and about 113 million riding on rail transit.[315] For the first quarter of 2018, there were just under 95 million system-wide boardings, down from about 98 million in 2017, and about 105 million in 2016.[316] In 2005, 10.2% of Los Angeles commuters rode some form of public transportation.[317] According to the 2016 American Community Survey, 9.2% of working Los Angeles (city) residents made the journey to work via public transportation.[318]

The

Metrolink, which links Los Angeles to all neighboring counties as well as many suburbs.[320]

Besides the rail service provided by

Metrolink and the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority, Los Angeles is served by inter-city passenger trains from Amtrak. The main rail station in the city is Union Station
just north of Downtown.

In addition, the city directly contracts for local and commuter bus service through the Los Angeles Department of Transportation, or LADOT.

Airports

Main article: List of airports in the Los Angeles area

The main international and domestic airport serving Los Angeles is Los Angeles International Airport (IATA: LAX, ICAO: KLAX), commonly referred to by its airport code, LAX.[321] It is located on the Westside of Los Angeles near the Sofi Stadium in Inglewood.

Other major nearby commercial airports include:

One of the world's busiest general-aviation airports is also in Los Angeles: Van Nuys Airport (IATA: VNY, ICAO: KVNY).[325]

Seaports

Vincent Thomas Bridge at Terminal Island
Port of Los Angeles traffic
  Loaded Imports
  Empty Exports
  Loaded Exports
  Empty Imports

The Port of Los Angeles is in San Pedro Bay in the San Pedro neighborhood, approximately 20 miles (32 km) south of Downtown. Also called Los Angeles Harbor and WORLDPORT LA, the port complex occupies 7,500 acres (30 km2) of land and water along 43 miles (69 km) of waterfront. It adjoins the separate Port of Long Beach.[326]

The sea ports of the

container port in the world, with a trade volume of over 14.2 million TEU's in 2008.[329] Singly, the Port of Los Angeles is the busiest container port in the United States and the largest cruise ship center on the West Coast of the United States – The Port of Los Angeles's World Cruise Center served about 590,000 passengers in 2014.[330]

There are also smaller, non-industrial harbors along Los Angeles's coastline. The port includes four bridges: the

Santa Catalina Island
is provided by Catalina Express.

Notable people

Main article: List of people from Los Angeles

Sister cities

A sign near City Hall
pointing Los Angeles' sister cities

Los Angeles has 25

sister cities,[331]
listed chronologically by year joined:

In addition, Los Angeles has the following "friendship cities":

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ UK: /lɒs ˈændʒɪliːz, -lɪz, -lɪs/ (listen) loss AN-jih-leez, -⁠liz, -⁠liss[13]

References

  1. ^ a b c Gollust, Shelley (April 18, 2013). "Nicknames for Los Angeles". Voice of America. Retrieved June 26, 2014.
  2. ^ Barrows, H.D. (1899). "Felepe de Neve". Historical Society of Southern California Quarterly. Vol. 4. p. 151ff. Retrieved September 28, 2011.
  3. ^ "This 1835 Decree Made the Pueblo of Los Angeles a Ciudad – And California's Capital". KCET. April 2016. Retrieved January 27, 2018.
  4. ^ "California Cities by Incorporation Date". California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions. Archived from the original (DOC) on February 21, 2013. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
  5. ^ "About the City Government". City of Los Angeles. Archived from the original on February 8, 2015. Retrieved February 8, 2015.
  6. ^ a b "2021 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 7, 2021.
  7. ^ a b c d "QuickFacts: Los Angeles city, California". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved January 21, 2023.
  8. ^ "List of 2020 Census Urban Areas". census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 8, 2023.
  9. ^ "2020 Population and Housing State Data". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 22, 2021.
  10. ^ "Angelino, Angeleno, and Angeleño". KCET. January 10, 2011.
  11. ^ "Definition of ANGELENO". www.merriam-webster.com.
  12. ^ Zip Codes Within the City of Los Angeles – LAHD
  13. ISBN 978-0-521-15255-6
    .
  14. ^ "Nicknames for Los Angeles, California". www.laalmanac.com.
  15. ^ "Slowing State Population Decline puts Latest Population at 39,185,000" (PDF). dof.ca.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 12, 2022. Retrieved June 12, 2022.
  16. ^
    ISBN 978-0-292-78209-9
    .
  17. ^ "Subterranean L.A.: The Urban Oil Fields". The Getty Iris. July 16, 2013. Retrieved December 31, 2015.
  18. ^ "Top 50 World Container Ports". World Shipping Council. Archived from the original on July 4, 2012. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
  19. ^ Karlamangla, Soumya (November 4, 2021). "The Busiest Port in the U.S." The New York Times. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
  20. ^ a b c "Table 3.1. GDP & Personal Income". U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. 2018. Retrieved April 6, 2019.
  21. ^ Hayley Smith (October 13, 2022). "Los Angeles is running out of water, and time. Are leaders willing to act?". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 14, 2022.
  22. ^ Smith, Hayley (March 1, 2022). "California drought continues after state has its driest January and February on record". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 23, 2022.
  23. ^
    doi:10.1179/nam.1953.1.1.35
    .
  24. ^ Masters, Nathan (February 24, 2011). "The Crusader in Corduroy, the Land of Soundest Philosophy, and the 'G' That Shall Not Be Jellified". KCET. Public Media Group of Southern California. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
  25. ^ Masters, Nathan (May 6, 2016). "How to Pronounce "Los Angeles," According to Charles Lummis". KCET. Public Media Group of Southern California. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
  26. ^ Lummis, Charles Fletcher (June 29, 1908). "This Is the Way to Pronounce Los Angeles". Nebraska State Journal. p. 4.
  27. ^ a b c Harvey, Steve (June 26, 2011). "Devil of a time with City of Angels' name". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
  28. ^ Kenyon, John Samuel; Knott, Thomas Albert (1944). A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English. Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam. p. 260.
  29. ISBN 978-0-307-35207-1
    .
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    • Further reading

    See also: Bibliography of Los Angeles

    General

    • Holli, Melvin G., and Jones, Peter d'A., eds. Biographical Dictionary of American Mayors, 1820-1980 (Greenwood Press, 1981) short scholarly biographies each of the city's mayors 1820 to 1980. online; see index at p. 409 for list.

    Architecture and urban theory

    Race relations

    LGBT

    Environment

    Social movements

    Art and literature

    External links