RazakSAT: Difference between revisions

RazakSAT
	ATSB
COSPAR ID	2009-037A
SATCAT no.	35578
Spacecraft properties
Launch mass	Instruments: 50 kilograms (110 lb); Total: 180 kilograms (400 lb)
Power	300 watts
Start of mission
Launch date	14 July 2009, 03:35 UTC
Rocket	Falcon 1
Launch site	Omelek
Contractor	SpaceX
Orbital parameters
Reference system	Geocentric
Regime	Low Earth
Perigee altitude	667 kilometers (414 mi)
Apogee altitude	691 kilometers (429 mi)
Inclination	8.910 degrees
Period	98.20 minutes
Epoch	25 January 2015, 03:33:28 UTC
Main camera
Name	Medium-sized Aperture Camera (MAC)

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RazakSAT is a Malaysian Earth observation satellite carrying a high-resolution camera. It was launched into low Earth orbit by a Falcon 1 rocket on 14 July 2009. It was placed into a near-equatorial orbit that presents many imaging opportunities for the equatorial region. It weighs over three times a much as TiungSAT-1 and carries a high resolution Earth observation camera. Developed in conjunction with Satrec Initiative, the satellite's low inclination orbit (9 degrees) brought it over Malaysia a dozen or more times per day. This was intended to provide greatly increased coverage of Malaysia, compared to most other Earth observation satellites.^[2] An audit report released in October 2011 revealed that the satellite had failed after only 1 year of operation.^[3]

Background

This satellite is Malaysia's second remote sensing satellite after TiungSAT-1.

Originally called MACSAT, RazakSAT's payload is mainly

multi-spectral) weighing approximately 50 kg. The entire satellite weighs at about 180 kg.^[4]

Launch

SpaceX launched RazakSAT at 03:35 UTC on 14 July 2009 using a Falcon 1 rocket. This was the fifth flight of a Falcon 1, and like the previous flights lift-off was from Omelek Island in the Kwajalein Atoll. At 05:25 UTC Elon Musk, founder and CEO of SpaceX, told a reporter the launch had been a success. "We nailed the orbit to well within target parameters...pretty much a bullseye." Musk said.^[5]

Operations

RazakSAT's mission plan was carried out by engineers from

ATSB.^{[citation needed}

]

This was especially important because Malaysia is usually covered by the equatorial cloud bands. Normal sun-synchronous optical satellites, which may re-visit an area only once every 7 days, will almost never be able to see the ground during their pass. As a result, much optical satellite imagery of Malaysia have more than 50% cloud cover within the image's footprint.

Razaksat, on the other hand, revisited some parts of Malaysian territory every 90 minutes, potentially maximising its ability to exploit gaps in the clouds.^[citation needed]

RazakSAT, equipped with a high resolution Medium-Sized Aperture Camera (MAC), achieved the intended Near-Equatorial Low Earth Orbit (NEqO) at 685 km altitude and a 9 degree inclination. It was expected to provide high resolution images of Malaysia that can be applied to land management, resource development and forestry.^[2]

Be that as it may, the NEqO orbit does have 3 distinct disadvantages. Analysis through the commercially available

sun-synchronous orbits, thereby further increasing the risk of radiation damage to the satellite.^{[citation needed}

]

Originally slated for commercial purposes in 2009,[6] the aim of the RazakSAT project was then changed into a Research & Development (R&D) Project in 2010.^[3]

During its operations after its launch in 2009, it was discovered that the RazakSAT satellite could not achieve its targeted pointing accuracy of within 1 km of its intended target. The Malaysian English newspaper The Star, quoting from the Malaysian Government Auditor-General's Report 2010, reported that the images that were acquired by the RazakSAT satellite was found to be 37 km off their intended target.^[7]

As a result of the pointing error, all of the over 1,328 images acquired by the satellite were rendered unusable. Despite a promise of delivering MAC images by 2010, as of the end of 2011, the operators have not released any images. Efforts to fix the problems with the satellite were terminated in December 2010.^[8]

Specifications

The major specification of RazakSAT, as provided by the satellites' builder and operator (ATSB) in February 2010, are:^[9]

Subsystems	Specifications
Altitude	685 km
Inclination	9°
Payload (MAC)	GSD : 2.5 m (PAN), 5 m (MS) Swathwidth : 20 km @ 685 km
Attitude Determination & Control Subsystem (ADCS)	Three-axis stabilization based on four reaction wheels Pointing Accuracy : < 0.2° (2 s) Pointing Knowledge : 1 arcmin (2 s)
Electrical Power Subsystem (EPS)	GaAs/Ge solar cells on honeycomb substrate NiCd batteries (18 Ahr) Peak Power Tracking (PPT) & constant current control Solar Power : >300 W @ EOL
Command & Data Handling Subsystem (C&DH)	Two on-board computers Telemetry and command interface modules Analog Telemetry channels : up to 90 Digital Telemetry channels : up to 120
Telecommunication Subsystem (TS)	9,600 bit/s / 1,200 bit/s S-band TT&C uplink 38.4 kbs / 9,600 bit/s / 1,200 bit/s S-band TT&C downlink
Payload Data Management	32 Gbit On-board solid-state memory 30 Mbit/s X band payload data downlink
Structure & Thermal	Ø1,200 × 1,200 mm Hexagonal shape Mass : 180 kg Modular structure Passive & Active thermal control
Mission Lifetime	3 Years

Satellite bus

The satellite bus used for RazakSAT was jointly developed by ATSB and Satrec Initiative, a commercial satellite manufacturer in Korea. Satrec Initiative markets the bus system as the "SI-200".^[10]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "RAZAKSAT Satellite details 2009-037A NORAD 35578". N2YO. 25 January 2015. Retrieved 25 January 2015.
^ ^a ^b "FALCON 1 FLIGHT 5".
^ ^a ^b "RM142m RazakSAT faulty after just one year, says federal auditor - The Malaysian Insider". themalaysianinsider.com. Archived from the original on 2014-10-14. Retrieved 2014-09-13. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "Inside Razaksat". Magazine article. Asian Surveying and Mapping. 2008-04-07. Retrieved 2009-07-28.
^ "Falcon Launch Report". Spaceflight Now.
^ "Archives | The Star Online". thestar.com.my. Archived from the original on 2009-03-25. Retrieved 2014-09-13. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "RM142mil satellite is 37km off target" Archived 2011-10-27 at the Wayback Machine (The Star, Nation, page 4, 25 October 2011)
^ "RM142m RazakSAT faulty after just one year, says federal auditor" Archived 2014-10-14 at the Wayback Machine dated 25 October 2011 (Shannon Teoh, Malaysian Insider, 25 October 2011).
^ RazakSAT - The High Resolution Earth Observation Satellite - Specification,
ATSB
website, web page date uncertain, retrieved 2010-02-11.
^ "SI-200". Satrec Initiative.

External links

"ATSB®". atsb.my. Retrieved 2014-09-13.
"ASM - 17 May 2006". web.archive.org. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved 2014-09-13. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
https://web.archive.org/web/20090504213727/http://www.mosti.gov.my/mosti/
RazakSAT first images. Click MOSTI Gallery > Year 2009 > Galeri Gambar Pelancaran RazakSAT
"Selamat Datang Ke Laman Web Rasmi Kementerian Sains Teknologi dan Inovasi - Gambar-Gambar Pelancaran RazakSAT". Archived from the original on 2009-08-25. Retrieved 2014-09-13. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[n2yo-1] "RAZAKSAT Satellite details 2009-037A NORAD 35578". N2YO. 25 January 2015. Retrieved 25 January 2015.

[FALCON_1_FLIGHT_5-2] "FALCON 1 FLIGHT 5".

[themalaysianinsider-3] "RM142m RazakSAT faulty after just one year, says federal auditor - The Malaysian Insider". themalaysianinsider.com. Archived from the original on 2014-10-14. Retrieved 2014-09-13. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[ASM2-4] "Inside Razaksat". Magazine article. Asian Surveying and Mapping. 2008-04-07. Retrieved 2009-07-28.

[5] "Falcon Launch Report". Spaceflight Now.

[thestar-6] "Archives | The Star Online". thestar.com.my. Archived from the original on 2009-03-25. Retrieved 2014-09-13. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[7] "RM142mil satellite is 37km off target" Archived 2011-10-27 at the Wayback Machine (The Star, Nation, page 4, 25 October 2011)

[8] "RM142m RazakSAT faulty after just one year, says federal auditor" Archived 2014-10-14 at the Wayback Machine dated 25 October 2011 (Shannon Teoh, Malaysian Insider, 25 October 2011).

[9] RazakSAT - The High Resolution Earth Observation Satellite - Specification,
ATSB
website, web page date uncertain, retrieved 2010-02-11.

[10] "SI-200". Satrec Initiative.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

@@ Line 42: / Line 42: @@
 }}
-'''RazakSAT''' is a [[Malaysia]]n [[Earth observation satellite]] carrying a high-resolution camera. It was launched into [[low Earth orbit]] by a [[Falcon 1]] rocket on 14 July 2009.<!-- Implicitly this is GMT--> It was placed into a near-equatorial orbit that presents many imaging opportunities for the equatorial region. <!-- claim was "unique" orbit. Please cite a ref for that assertion if it needs to be restored. -->It weighs over three times a much as [[TiungSAT-1]] and carries a high resolution Earth observation camera. Developed in conjunction with Satrec Initiative, the satellite's low inclination orbit (9 degrees) brought it over Malaysia a dozen or more times per day. This was intended to provide greatly increased coverage of Malaysia, compared to most other Earth observation satellites.<ref name="FALCON 1 FLIGHT 5">{{cite web |url=http://www.spacex.com/F1-005.php|title=FALCON 1 FLIGHT 5 }}</ref> An audit report released in October 2011 revealed that the satellite had failed after only 1 year of operation.<ref name="themalaysianinsider">{{cite web|url=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/rm142m-razaksat-faulty-after-just-one-year-says-federal-auditor/|title=RM142m RazakSAT faulty after just one year, says federal auditor - The Malaysian Insider|publisher=themalaysianinsider.com|accessdate=2014-09-13}}</ref>
+'''RazakSAT''' is a [[Malaysia]]n [[Earth observation satellite]] carrying a high-resolution camera. It was launched into [[low Earth orbit]] by a [[Falcon 1]] rocket on 14 July 2009.<!-- Implicitly this is GMT--> It was placed into a near-equatorial orbit that presents many imaging opportunities for the equatorial region. <!-- claim was "unique" orbit. Please cite a ref for that assertion if it needs to be restored. -->It weighs over three times a much as [[TiungSAT-1]] and carries a high resolution Earth observation camera. Developed in conjunction with Satrec Initiative, the satellite's low inclination orbit (9 degrees) brought it over Malaysia a dozen or more times per day. This was intended to provide greatly increased coverage of Malaysia, compared to most other Earth observation satellites.<ref name="FALCON 1 FLIGHT 5">{{cite web |url=http://www.spacex.com/F1-005.php|title=FALCON 1 FLIGHT 5 }}</ref> An audit report released in October 2011 revealed that the satellite had failed after only 1 year of operation.<ref name="themalaysianinsider">{{cite web|url=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/rm142m-razaksat-faulty-after-just-one-year-says-federal-auditor/|title=RM142m RazakSAT faulty after just one year, says federal auditor - The Malaysian Insider|publisher=themalaysianinsider.com|accessdate=2014-09-13|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014203711/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/rm142m-razaksat-faulty-after-just-one-year-says-federal-auditor/|archivedate=2014-10-14|df=}}</ref>
 ==Background==
@@ Line 71: / Line 71: @@
 Be that as it may, the NEqO orbit does have 3 distinct disadvantages. Analysis through the commercially available [[Satellite Tool Kit]] (STK) software had shown that the orbit revisit over Malaysia was found to have a maximum peak of 2-4 overpasses per day during daylight hours (from 8&nbsp;am to 6:30&nbsp;pm) to a period of 6 consecutive days without any usable daylight overpasses. The second disadvantage is that most imagery acquired through the NEqO orbit are not usable through a remote sensing perspective as the NEqO orbit is not a [[sun-synchronous]] orbit, a vital criterion for monitoring and analysis work. Thirdly, it was found that the NEqO orbit exposes the satellite to the [[South Atlantic Anomaly]] (SAA) phenomenon on every orbit it takes around the earth unlike the [[polar orbit]], near-polar or [[sun-synchronous]] orbits, thereby further increasing the risk of radiation damage to the satellite.{{citation needed|date=November 2011}}
-Originally slated for commercial purposes in 2009,<ref name="thestar">{{cite web|url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?sec=nation&file=/2009/3/22/nation/3534086|title=Archives &#124; The Star Online.|publisher=thestar.com.my|accessdate=2014-09-13}}</ref>
+Originally slated for commercial purposes in 2009,<ref name="thestar">{{cite web|url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?sec=nation&file=/2009/3/22/nation/3534086|title=Archives &#124; The Star Online.|publisher=thestar.com.my|accessdate=2014-09-13|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325052952/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2009%2F3%2F22%2Fnation%2F3534086&sec=nation|archivedate=2009-03-25|df=}}</ref>
 the aim of the RazakSAT project was then changed into a Research & Development (R&D) Project in 2010.<ref name="themalaysianinsider"/>
-During its operations after its launch in 2009, it was discovered that the RazakSAT satellite could not achieve its targeted pointing accuracy of within 1&nbsp;km of its intended target. The Malaysian English newspaper The Star, quoting from the Malaysian Government Auditor-General's Report 2010, reported that the images that were acquired by the RazakSAT satellite was found to be 37&nbsp;km off their intended target.<ref>[http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2011/10/25/nation/9767688&sec=nation "RM142mil satellite is 37km off target"] (The Star, Nation, page 4, 25 October 2011)</ref>
+During its operations after its launch in 2009, it was discovered that the RazakSAT satellite could not achieve its targeted pointing accuracy of within 1&nbsp;km of its intended target. The Malaysian English newspaper The Star, quoting from the Malaysian Government Auditor-General's Report 2010, reported that the images that were acquired by the RazakSAT satellite was found to be 37&nbsp;km off their intended target.<ref>[http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2011/10/25/nation/9767688&sec=nation "RM142mil satellite is 37km off target"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027110144/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2011%2F10%2F25%2Fnation%2F9767688&sec=nation |date=2011-10-27 }} (The Star, Nation, page 4, 25 October 2011)</ref>
-As a result of the pointing error, all of the over 1,328 images acquired by the satellite were rendered unusable. Despite a promise of delivering MAC images by 2010, as of the end of 2011, the operators have not released any images. Efforts to fix the problems with the satellite were terminated in December 2010.<ref>[http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/rm142m-razaksat-faulty-after-just-one-year-says-federal-auditor/ "RM142m RazakSAT faulty after just one year, says federal auditor"] dated 25 October 2011 (Shannon Teoh, Malaysian Insider, 25 October 2011).</ref>
+As a result of the pointing error, all of the over 1,328 images acquired by the satellite were rendered unusable. Despite a promise of delivering MAC images by 2010, as of the end of 2011, the operators have not released any images. Efforts to fix the problems with the satellite were terminated in December 2010.<ref>[http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/rm142m-razaksat-faulty-after-just-one-year-says-federal-auditor/ "RM142m RazakSAT faulty after just one year, says federal auditor"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014203711/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/rm142m-razaksat-faulty-after-just-one-year-says-federal-auditor/ |date=2014-10-14 }} dated 25 October 2011 (Shannon Teoh, Malaysian Insider, 25 October 2011).</ref>
 == Specifications ==
@@ Line 139: / Line 139: @@
 *{{cite web|url=http://www.atsb.my/index.php/project/space-systems/razaksatr.html|title=ATSB®|publisher=atsb.my|accessdate=2014-09-13}}
 *{{cite web|url=http://www.asmmag.com/ASM/content/2006/ASM_032/main_news_5.html |title=ASM - 17 May 2006 |publisher=web.archive.org |accessdate=2014-09-13 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927185734/http://www.asmmag.com/ASM/content/2006/ASM_032/main_news_5.html |archivedate=September 27, 2007 }}
-* http://web.archive.org/web/20090504213727/http://www.mosti.gov.my:80/mosti/
+* https://web.archive.org/web/20090504213727/http://www.mosti.gov.my/mosti/
-* [http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?sec=nation&file=/2009/3/22/nation/3534086 RazakSAT first images. ''Click'' MOSTI Gallery &gt; Year 2009 &gt; Galeri Gambar Pelancaran RazakSAT]
+* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090325052952/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2009%2F3%2F22%2Fnation%2F3534086&sec=nation RazakSAT first images. ''Click'' MOSTI Gallery &gt; Year 2009 &gt; Galeri Gambar Pelancaran RazakSAT]
-*{{cite web|url=http://www.mosti.gov.my/mosti/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1623&Itemid=572|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090825132759/http://www.mosti.gov.my:80/mosti/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1623&Itemid=572 |archive-date=2009-08-25 |dead-url=yes|title=Selamat Datang Ke Laman Web Rasmi Kementerian Sains Teknologi dan Inovasi - Gambar-Gambar Pelancaran RazakSAT|accessdate=2014-09-13}}
+*{{cite web|url=http://www.mosti.gov.my/mosti/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1623&Itemid=572|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090825132759/http://www.mosti.gov.my/mosti/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1623&Itemid=572|archive-date=2009-08-25|dead-url=yes|title=Selamat Datang Ke Laman Web Rasmi Kementerian Sains Teknologi dan Inovasi - Gambar-Gambar Pelancaran RazakSAT|accessdate=2014-09-13|df=}}
 {{Malaysian space program}}

v t e ← 2008 Orbital launches in 2009 2010 →
January	USA-202 / Orion 6 Kukai, SDS-1, Sohla-1 Koronas-Foton
February	Omid NOAA-19 Progress M-66 Ekspress-AM44, Ekspress-MD1 Hot Bird 10, NSS-9, Spirale-A, Spirale-B OCO Telstar 11N Raduga-1
March	Kepler STS-119 (ITS S6) GOCE USA-203 Soyuz TMA-14
April	Eutelsat W2A USA-204 Kwangmyŏngsŏng-2 Compass-G2 RISAT-2, ANUSAT SICRAL 1B Yaogan 6 Kosmos 2450
May	USA-205 Progress M-02M STS-125 Herschel, Planck ProtoStar 2 TacSat-3, PharmaSat, AeroCube-3, HawkSat-1, CP6 Meridian 2 Soyuz TMA-15
June	LRO, LCROSS MEASAT-3a GOES 14 Sirius FM-5
July	TerreStar-1 Kosmos 2451, Kosmos 2452, Kosmos 2453 RazakSAT STS-127 (JEM-EF, AggieSat 2, BEVO-1, Castor, Pollux) Kosmos 2454, Sterkh No.11L Progress M-67 AprizeSat-4
August	AsiaSat 5 USA-206 JCSAT-RA, Optus D3 STSat-2A STS-128 (Leonardo MPLM) Palapa-D
September	USA-207 / PAN HTV-1 Meteor-M No.1, BLITS, Sterkh-2, SumbandilaSat, UGATUSAT, Universitetsky-Tatyana-2 Nimiq 5 Rubin 9.1, Rubin 9.2, BeeSat-1, UWE-2, ITU-pSat1, SwissCube-1 USA-208 / STSS-Demo 1, USA-209 / STSS-Demo 2 Soyuz TMA-16
October	Amazonas-2, COMSATBw-1 WorldView-2 Progress M-03M USA-210 Thor 6, NSS-12
November	SMOS, PROBA-2 Progress M-MIM2 (Poisk) Shijian 11-01 STS-129 (ExPRESS-1, ExPRESS-2) Kosmos 2455 Intelsat 14 Eutelsat W7 IGS Optical 3 Intelsat 15
December	USA-211 Yaogan 7 Kosmos 2456, Kosmos 2457, Kosmos 2458 Yaogan 8, Xi Wang 1 Helios IIB Soyuz TMA-17 DirecTV-12
Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ). Crewed flights are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).