Europa Clipper
Names | Europa Multiple Flyby Mission | ||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mission type | Europa reconnaissance | ||||||||||||||||||||
Operator | NASA | ||||||||||||||||||||
Website | europa | ||||||||||||||||||||
Mission duration | Cruise: 5.5 years[1][2] Science phase: 4 years | ||||||||||||||||||||
Spacecraft properties | |||||||||||||||||||||
Manufacturer | Jet Propulsion Laboratory | ||||||||||||||||||||
Launch mass | 6,065 kg (13,371 lb)[3][4][5] | ||||||||||||||||||||
Dry mass | 3,241 kg (7,145 lb)[6] | ||||||||||||||||||||
Payload mass | 352 kg (776 lb) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Dimensions | Height: 6 m (20 ft) Solar panel span: 22 m (72 ft)[4] | ||||||||||||||||||||
Power | 600 watts from solar panels[7] | ||||||||||||||||||||
Start of mission | |||||||||||||||||||||
Launch date | October 10, 2024 (planned)[8] | ||||||||||||||||||||
Rocket | Falcon Heavy[9] | ||||||||||||||||||||
Launch site | Kennedy Space Center, LC-39A | ||||||||||||||||||||
Contractor | SpaceX | ||||||||||||||||||||
Jupiter orbiter | |||||||||||||||||||||
Orbital insertion | April 11, 2030 (planned) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Orbits | 45[4][10] | ||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||
Europa Clipper mission patch |
Europa Clipper (previously known as Europa Multiple Flyby Mission) is a
This mission is a scheduled flight of the Planetary Science Division, designated a
The mission is scheduled to launch in October 2024 aboard a Falcon Heavy,[9] during a 21-day launch window.[8] The spacecraft will use gravity assists from Mars in February 2025 and Earth in December 2026, before arriving at Europa in April 2030.[8]
History
In 1997, a Europa Orbiter mission was proposed by a team for NASA's Discovery program[18] but was not selected. NASA's JPL announced one month after the selection of Discovery proposals that a NASA Europa orbiter mission would be conducted. JPL then invited the Discovery proposal team to be the Mission Review Committee (MRC).[citation needed]
At the same time as the proposal of the Discovery-class Europa Orbiter, the robotic Galileo spacecraft was already orbiting Jupiter. From December 8, 1995, to December 7, 1997 Galileo conducted the primary mission after entering the orbit of Jupiter. On that final date, the Galileo orbiter commenced an extended mission known as the Galileo Europa Mission (GEM), which ran until December 31, 1999. This was a low-cost mission extension, with a budget of only US$30 million. The smaller team of about 40–50 people (one-fifth the size of the primary mission's 200-person team from 1995–1997) did not have the resources to deal with problems, but when they arose it was able to temporarily recall former team members (called "tiger teams") for intensive efforts to solve them. The spacecraft made several flybys of Europa (8), Callisto (4) and Io (2). On each flyby of the three moons it encountered, the spacecraft collected only two days' worth of data instead of the seven it had collected during the primary mission. This Galileo Europa Mission was similar to a small-scale version of what the Europa Clipper is planning to accomplish. GEM included eight flybys of Europa, ranging from 196 to 3,582 km (122 to 2,226 mi), in two years.[19]
Europa has been identified as one of the locations in the Solar System that could possibly harbor microbial extraterrestrial life.[20][21][22] Immediately following the Galileo spacecraft's discoveries and the independent Discovery program proposal for a Europa orbiter, JPL conducted preliminary mission studies that envisioned a capable spacecraft such as the Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter (a US$16 billion mission concept),[23] the Jupiter Europa Orbiter (a US$4.3 billion concept), another orbiter (US$2 billion concept), and a multi-flyby spacecraft: Europa Clipper.[24]
A mission to Europa was recommended by the
In March 2013, US$75 million were authorized to expand on the formulation of mission activities, mature the proposed science goals, and fund preliminary instrument development,
In April 2015, NASA offered to the
In February 2017, the mission moved from Phase A to Phase B (the preliminary design phase).
Fabrication and assembly
- On August 19, 2019, the Europa Clipper proceeded to Phase C: final design and fabrication.[51]
- On March 3, 2022, the spacecraft moved on to Phase D: assembly, testing, and launch.[52]
- On June 7, 2022, the main body of the spacecraft was completed.[53]
- By January 30, 2024, all of the science instruments have been added to the spacecraft (The REASON instrument's electronics are aboard the spacecraft, while its antennas will be mounted to the spacecraft’s solar arrays at Kennedy Space Center later in the year.)[54]
- In March 2024, it was reported that the spacecraft underwent successful testing and is on track for launch later in the year.[55]
End of mission planning
In June 2022, project scientist Robert Pappalardo revealed that mission planners for Europa Clipper were considering disposing of the probe by crashing it into the surface of Ganymede for Europan protection purposes, in case an extended mission was not approved early. He noted that an impact would help the ESA's JUICE mission collect more information about Ganymede's surface chemistry.[56][57]
Objectives
The goals of Europa Clipper are to explore Europa, investigate its
- Ice shell and ocean: Confirm the existence, and characterize the nature, of water within or beneath the ice, and processes of surface-ice-ocean exchange
- Composition: Distribution and chemistry of key compounds and the links to ocean composition
- Geology: Characteristics and formation of surface features, including sites of recent or current activity.
Strategy
Because Europa lies well within the harsh radiation fields surrounding Jupiter, even a radiation-hardened spacecraft in near orbit would be functional for just a few months.[24] Most instruments can gather data far faster than the communications system can transmit it to Earth because there are a limited number of antennas available on Earth to receive the scientific data.[24] Therefore, another key limiting factor on science for a Europa orbiter is the time available to return data to Earth. In contrast, the amount of time during which the instruments can make close-up observations is less important.[24]
Studies by scientists from the
Shielding from Jupiter's harsh radiation belt will be provided by a radiation vault with 0.3 inches (7.6 mm) thick aluminum alloy walls, which will enclose the spacecraft electronics.[63] To maximize the effectiveness of this shielding, the electronics will also be nested in the core of the spacecraft for additional radiation protection.[62]
Design and construction
Power
Both
Initial analysis suggest that each panel will have a surface area of 18 m2 (190 sq ft) and produce 150 watts continuously when pointed towards the Sun while orbiting Jupiter.[66] While in Europa's shadow, batteries will enable the spacecraft to continue gathering data. However, ionizing radiation can damage solar panels. The Europa Clipper's orbit will pass through Jupiter's intense magnetosphere, which is expected to gradually degrade the solar panels as the mission progresses.[62] The solar panels will be provided by Airbus Defence and Space, Netherlands.[67]
Scientific payload
The Europa Clipper mission is equipped with a sophisticated suite of 9 instruments to study Europa's interior and ocean, geology, chemistry, and habitability. The electronic components will be protected from the intense radiation by a 150-kilogram titanium and aluminum shield.[4][62] The spacecraft payload and trajectory are subject to change as the mission design matures.[68] The nine science instruments for the orbiter, announced in May 2015, have an estimated total mass of 82 kg (181 lb) and are listed below:[69]
Europa Thermal Emission Imaging System (E-THEMIS)
The Europa Thermal Emission Imaging System will provide high spatial resolution as well as multi-spectral imaging of the surface of Europa in the mid to far infrared bands to help detect geologically active sites and areas, such as potential vents erupting plumes of water into space. This instrument is derived from the Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) on the 2001 Mars Odyssey orbiter, also developed by Philip Christensen.[70]
- Principal investigator: Philip Christensen, Arizona State University
Mapping Imaging Spectrometer for Europa (MISE)
The Mapping Imaging Spectrometer for Europa is an imaging near infrared spectrometer to probe the surface composition of Europa, identifying and mapping the distributions of organics (including amino acids and tholins[71][72]), salts, acid hydrates, water ice phases, and other materials. From these measurements, scientists expect to be able to relate the moon's surface composition to the habitability of its ocean.[72][73] MISE is built in collaboration with the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL).
- Principal investigator: Diana Blaney, Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Europa Imaging System (EIS)
The Europa Imaging System is a visible spectrum wide and narrow angle camera instrument that will map most of Europa at 50 m (160 ft) resolution, and will provide images of selected surface areas at up to 0.5 m (20 in) resolution.[74]
- Principal investigator: Elizabeth Turtle, Applied Physics Laboratory
Europa Ultraviolet Spectrograph (Europa-UVS)
The Europa Ultraviolet Spectrograph instrument will be able to detect small plumes and will provide valuable data about the composition and dynamics of the moon's exosphere. The principal investigator Kurt Retherford was part of a group that discovered plumes erupting from Europa while using the Hubble Space Telescope in the UV spectrum.[75]
- Principal investigator: Kurt Retherford, Southwest Research Institute
Radar for Europa Assessment and Sounding: Ocean to Near-surface (REASON)
The Radar for Europa Assessment and Sounding: Ocean to Near-surface (REASON)[76][77] is a dual-frequency ice penetrating radar instrument that is designed to characterize and sound Europa's ice crust from the near-surface to the ocean, revealing the hidden structure of Europa's ice shell and potential water pockets within. This instrument will be built by Jet Propulsion Laboratory.[72][76]
- Principal investigator: Donald Blankenship, University of Texas at Austin
Interior Characterization of Europa using Magnetometry (ICEMAG)
The Interior Characterization of Europa using Magnetometry (ICEMAG) was cancelled due to cost overruns.[78] ICEMAG will be replaced by a simpler magnetometer.[79]
Europa Clipper Magnetometer (ECM)
Replacing the ICEMAG instrument, Europa Clipper Magnetometer (ECM) will be used to characterize the magnetic fields around Europa. The instrument consists of three magnetic flux gates placed along a 25ft boom, which will be stowed during launch and deployed afterwards.[80] By studying the strength and orientation of Europa's magnetic field over multiple flybys, scientists hope to be able to confirm the existence of Europa's subsurface ocean, as well as characterize the thickness of its icy crust and measure the water's depth and salinity.[81]
- Instrument Team Lead: Margaret Kivelson, University of Michigan
Plasma Instrument for Magnetic Sounding (PIMS)
The Plasma Instrument for Magnetic Sounding (PIMS) measures the plasma surrounding Europa to characterise the magnetic fields generated by plasma currents. These plasma currents mask the magnetic induction response of Europa's subsurface ocean. In conjunction with a magnetometer, it is key to determining Europa's ice shell thickness, ocean depth, and salinity. PIMS will also probe the mechanisms responsible for weathering and releasing material from Europa's surface into the atmosphere and ionosphere and understanding how Europa influences its local space environment and Jupiter's magnetosphere.[82][83]
- Principal investigator: Joseph Westlake, Applied Physics Laboratory
Mass Spectrometer for Planetary Exploration (MASPEX)
The Mass Spectrometer for Planetary Exploration (MASPEX) will determine the composition of the surface and subsurface ocean by measuring Europa's extremely tenuous atmosphere and any surface materials ejected into space. Jack Waite, who led development of MASPEX, was also Science Team Lead of the Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer (INMS) on the Cassini spacecraft.[84][85]
- Principal investigator: Jim Burch, Southwest Research Institute
Surface Dust Analyzer (SUDA)
The SUrface Dust Analyzer (SUDA)[11] is a mass spectrometer that will measure the composition of small solid particles ejected from Europa, providing the opportunity to directly sample the surface and potential plumes on low-altitude flybys. The instrument is capable of identifying traces of organic and inorganic compounds in the ice of ejecta.[86]
Scientists expect SUDA to be able to detect a single cell in an ice grain.[87]
- Principal investigator: Sascha Kempf, University of Colorado Boulder
Gravity/Radio Science
While not intended for use specifically as an instrument, Clipper will be using its radio antenna to perform additional experiments and learn about Europa's gravitational field. As the spacecraft performs each of its 45 flybys, its trajectory will be subtly altered by the moon's gravity. By sending radio signals between Earth and the moon and characterizing the
- Team lead: Erwan Mazarico Goddard Space Flight Center
Proposed secondary elements
The Europa Clipper mission considered an extra mass of about 250 kilograms (550 lb) to carry an additional flight element.[38] About a dozen proposals have been suggested but none went beyond the concept study phase and none are planned for the Europa Clipper mission. A few of which are described next:
Nanosatellites
Since the Europa Clipper mission may not be able to easily modify its orbital trajectory or altitude to fly through the episodic water
Secondary orbiters
Biosignature Explorer for Europa
NASA was also assessing the release of an additional 250 kg (550 lb) probe called Biosignature Explorer for Europa (BEE), that would have been equipped with a basic bi-propellant engine and cold gas thrusters to be more agile and responsive to the episodic activity on Europa and sample and analyze the water plumes for
Europa Tomography Probe
A European proposal, the Europa Tomography Probe, was a concept for an independent powered spacecraft equipped with a magnetometer that would orbit Europa on a polar orbit for at least six months. It would have determined the deep interior structure of Europa and provided a good determination of the ice shell thickness and ocean depth, which arguably cannot be done accurately by multiple flybys.[38]
Impactor probes
Some proposed impactor probe concepts include those by the Netherlands,[94] and United Kingdom.[95]
Flyby sample return
The Europa Life Signature Assayer (ELSA) concept by the University of Colorado consisted of a probe that could have been flown as a secondary payload. ELSA would have used a small impactor to create a plume of subsurface particles and catapulted them to altitudes where it would have been able to pass through to collect samples and analyze them on board.[96][97] A variation of this concept is the 1996 Ice Clipper, which involves a 10-kilogram (22 lb) impactor that would be jettisoned from the main spacecraft to impact Europa, thereby creating a debris cloud in nearby space about 100 kilometers (62 mi) altitude, subsequently sampled by a small spacecraft on a close flyby and use Europa's gravitational force for a free return trajectory.[98][99][100] The collection mechanism is tentatively considered to be aerogel (similar to Stardust mission).
Add-on lander history
An early Europa Clipper concept called for including a stationary lander about 1 metre (3 ft) in diameter, perhaps about 230 kg (510 lb) with a maximum of 30 kg (66 lb) for instruments
The Europa Clipper would take about three years to image 95% of the surface of Europa at about 50 metres (160 ft) per pixel. With this data, scientists could then find a suitable landing site.[101] By one estimate, including a lander could add as much as US$1 billion to the mission's cost.[101]
Separate launch
It was determined in February 2017 that designing a system capable of landing on a surface about which very little is known bears too much risk, and that the Europa Clipper will lay the foundation for a future landing mission by performing detailed reconnaissance first.
The 2022 omnibus spending bill allocates $14.2 million to Icy Satellites Surface Technology for a future Ocean Worlds lander mission (NASA had requested $5 million for the Europa Lander).[111]
Launch and trajectory
Congress had originally mandated that Europa Clipper be launched on NASA's Space Launch System (SLS) super heavy-lift launch vehicle, but NASA had requested that other vehicles be allowed to launch the spacecraft due to a foreseen lack of available SLS vehicles.[112] The United States Congress's 2021 omnibus spending bill directed the NASA Administrator to conduct a full and open competition to select a commercial launch vehicle if the conditions to launch the probe on a SLS rocket cannot be met.[113]
On January 25, 2021, NASA's Planetary Missions Program Office formally directed the mission team to "immediately cease efforts to maintain SLS compatibility" and move forward with a commercial launch vehicle.[8]
On February 10, 2021, it was announced that the mission would use a 5.5-year trajectory to the Jovian system, with gravity-assist maneuvers involving Mars (February 2025) and Earth (December 2026). Launch is targeted for a 21-day period between October 10 and 30, 2024, giving an arrival date in April 2030, and backup launch dates were identified in 2025 and 2026.[8]
The SLS option would have entailed a direct trajectory to Jupiter taking less than three years.[47][48][2] One alternative to the direct trajectory was identified as using a commercial rocket, with a longer 6-year cruise time involving gravity assist maneuvers at Venus, Earth and/or Mars. Another option was performing a 700–800-meter-per-second (1,600–1,800 mph) maneuver at insertion orbit aphelion with a Falcon Heavy. This launch window is open once a year and would have required only one gravity assist, with Earth, and would shorten the travel time to 4.5 years, while only needing a C3 of 25–28 km2/s2.[114] Additionally, a launch on a Delta IV Heavy with a gravity assist at Venus was considered.[115]
In July 2021 Falcon Heavy was chosen to launch the spacecraft.[9] Three reasons were given: launch cost, SLS availability, and "shaking".[115] The move to Falcon Heavy saved an estimated US$2 billion in launch costs alone.[116][117] NASA was not sure an SLS would be available for the mission since the Artemis program would use SLS rockets extensively, and the SLS's use of solid rocket boosters (SRBs) generates more vibrations in the payload than a launcher that does not use SRBs. The cost to redesign Europa Clipper for the SLS vibratory environment was estimated at US$1 billion.
Public outreach
To raise public awareness of the Europa Clipper mission, NASA undertook a "Message In A Bottle" campaign, i.e. actually "Send Your Name to Europa" campaign on 1 June 2023, through which people around the world are invited to send their names as signatories to a poem called, "In Praise of Mystery: A Poem for Europa" written by the U.S. Poet Laureate Ada Limón. The poem connects the two water worlds — Earth, yearning to reach out and understand what makes a world habitable, and Europa, waiting with secrets yet to be explored.
The poem is engraved on Europa Clipper inside a
See also
- Europa Orbiter – Canceled orbiter mission to Europa by NASA
- Europa Jupiter System Mission – Laplace – Canceled orbiter mission concept to Jupiter
- Exploration of Jupiter – Overview of the exploration of Jupiter the planet and its moons
- Galileo (spacecraft) – NASA probe sent to Jupiter (1989–2003)
- Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer – European Space Agency spacecraft
- Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter – Canceled NASA orbiter mission to Jupiter's icy moons
- Laplace-P – Proposed Russian spacecraft to study the Jovian moon system and land on Ganymede
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